陳章彬,陳見(jiàn)中,滕毅山
(昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院 肝膽胰外科三病區(qū),云南 昆明 650101)
膽囊結(jié)石伴膽總管結(jié)石是肝膽外科常見(jiàn)病、多發(fā)病,隨膽道外科微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,使膽總管結(jié)石的治療目前已趨于多樣化[1]。內(nèi)鏡下乳頭括約肌切開(kāi)取石會(huì)損傷Oddi括約肌的功能,引起反流性膽管炎,且技術(shù)要求高,醫(yī)療費(fèi)用大,長(zhǎng)期飽受爭(zhēng)議[2],此術(shù)式更適合一般情況較差、無(wú)法耐受外科手術(shù)者。目前腹腔鏡下膽囊切除術(shù)并膽道探查術(shù)后一期縫合因其創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、避免T管留置給患者帶來(lái)身心創(chuàng)傷而得到廣大外科醫(yī)生和患者的認(rèn)可,但仍存在膽汁漏、膽道感染、術(shù)中術(shù)后出血等并發(fā)癥,如何降低此類(lèi)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生?現(xiàn)對(duì)我院膽道探查術(shù)后一期縫合術(shù)前行超聲引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝穿刺膽道引流術(shù)(percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD)治療,且術(shù)后繼續(xù)PTCD引流的效果進(jìn)行分析,討論P(yáng)TCD在腹腔鏡下膽道探查術(shù)后一期縫合中的價(jià)值。
回顧性分析65例膽囊結(jié)石伴膽總管結(jié)石行腹腔鏡下膽囊切除術(shù)并膽總管探查術(shù)患者的臨床資料。男24例,女41例;年齡26~72歲;合并高血壓11例,糖尿病5例,肺心病1例。向患者闡述兩種術(shù)式的利弊,醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)同意書(shū)上簽字,根據(jù)手術(shù)方式分為PTCD組與非PTCD組,其中PTCD組33例,腹腔鏡下膽道探查一期縫合并術(shù)前PTCD治療,術(shù)后保留PTCD引流;非PTCD組32例,行腹腔鏡下膽道探查術(shù)后一期縫合。對(duì)比分析兩組患者一般資料比較,無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(均P>0.05),有可比性(表1)。
表1 兩組一般資料比較Table 1 Comparison of the general data between the two groups of patients
術(shù)前行B超及MRCP檢查明確診斷為膽囊結(jié)石伴膽總管結(jié)石;膽總管直徑≥1.0 cm;無(wú)嚴(yán)重合并癥,能耐受腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療;排除肝內(nèi)膽管結(jié)石;排除膽囊及膽管惡性腫瘤。
1.3.1 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備 兩組均積極完善術(shù)前相關(guān)檢查,若患者年齡較大,平時(shí)心肺功能較差者予以完善心超、血?dú)夥治?、肺功能檢查,必要時(shí)行動(dòng)態(tài)血壓及動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢查,并請(qǐng)相關(guān)科室會(huì)診,排除不能耐受腹腔鏡下手術(shù)的患者。PTCD組入院后及時(shí)B超定位下行PTCD治療,術(shù)后保留PTCD引流。
1.3.2 手術(shù)方法 采取氣管插管全麻,四孔法腹腔鏡下膽囊切除術(shù)并膽道探查術(shù),術(shù)后一期縫合,PTCD組與非PTCD組手術(shù)方法一致。分離膽囊動(dòng)脈、可吸收生物夾結(jié)扎膽囊動(dòng)脈并離斷,分離膽囊管、可吸收生物夾夾閉膽囊管近端,膽囊管遠(yuǎn)端可用4號(hào)線或鈦夾或生物夾或Hemolok結(jié)扎并用剪刀離斷膽囊管,切除膽囊;解剖膽總管并用頭皮針穿刺以確定是否膽總管(圖1A);用手術(shù)刀切開(kāi)膽總管(圖1B);用膽道鏡探查膽總管(圖1C);取石網(wǎng)籃聯(lián)合分離鉗取出結(jié)石(圖1D);取石后反復(fù)探查膽管結(jié)石是否取凈并反復(fù)沖洗膽管,確定無(wú)結(jié)石殘留后用4-0或5-0可吸收線間斷縫合(圖1E);文氏孔放置引流管,手術(shù)結(jié)束。
1.3.3 術(shù)后處理 PTCD組:術(shù)后經(jīng)PTCD減壓引流膽汁3~5 d,然后關(guān)閉PTCD引流管,若無(wú)腹痛腹脹,予以PTCD造影,進(jìn)一步查看有無(wú)結(jié)石殘留,膽道通暢情況(圖1F),若無(wú)結(jié)石殘留予以拔腹腔引流管及PTCD管出院,若出現(xiàn)結(jié)石殘留,予以?xún)?nèi)鏡下經(jīng)十二指腸乳頭切開(kāi)取石、ENBD引流,復(fù)查無(wú)結(jié)石殘留后拔腹腔引流管、ENBD及PTCD管出院。非PTCD組:術(shù)后6 d予以MRCP檢查,確定有無(wú)結(jié)石殘留,若發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)石殘留,亦行內(nèi)鏡下經(jīng)十二指腸乳頭切開(kāi)取石、ENBD引流,復(fù)查無(wú)結(jié)石殘留后拔腹腔引流管及ENBD管出院。
圖1 手術(shù)相關(guān)圖片 A:穿刺確定膽管;B:尖刀切開(kāi)膽管;C:膽道鏡探查;D:直接或取石網(wǎng)籃取石;E:縫合膽管;F:經(jīng)PTCD管X線造影Figure 1 Procedure-related images A: Determination of the puncture location for the common bile duct; B: Incision of the bile duct C:Incision of the common bile duct with a sharp knife; D: Removing the stones directly or using a extraction basket; E: Closure of the common bile duct; F: Radiography through the PTCD tube
統(tǒng)計(jì)手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)前術(shù)后直接膽紅素、術(shù)后通氣時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、費(fèi)用。利用SPSS 21.0軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),定性資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),定量資料采用t檢驗(yàn)或秩和檢驗(yàn)。
兩組所有患者均手術(shù)成功,無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)腹病例。與非PTCD組比較,PTCD組手術(shù)時(shí)間[(119.5±24.8)minvs.(136.6±21.6)min]出血量[(44.70±16.25)mLvs.(62.81±30.69)mL],術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間[(9.52±2.54)hvs.(11.13±2.31)h]均明顯減少,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后直接膽紅素術(shù)水平均較術(shù)前下降,但兩組間手術(shù)前、后直接膽紅素術(shù)水平無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(均P>0.05)(表2)。
表2 兩組患者手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較(±s)Table 2 Comparison of the relevant surgical variables between two groups of patients (±s)
表2 兩組患者手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較(±s)Table 2 Comparison of the relevant surgical variables between two groups of patients (±s)
組別 n 手術(shù)時(shí)間(min) 出血量(mL) 直接膽紅素(μmol/L) 術(shù)后排氣時(shí)間(h)術(shù)前 術(shù)后3 d PTCD 組 33 119.5±24.8 44.70±16.25 25.48±8.43 13.30±3.34 9.52±2.54非 PTCD 組 32 136.6±21.6 62.81±30.69 38.75±11.36 22.13±6.30 11.13±2.31 t-2.942 -2.987 -5.483 -7.081 -2.671 P 0.005 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.010
PTCD組出現(xiàn)1例PTCD穿刺后膽道出血,量少,予以通暢引流后自行停止,2例PTCD穿刺后引流管阻塞,予以沖洗或調(diào)整引流位置后引流通暢。兩組術(shù)后均出現(xiàn)1例結(jié)石殘留,通過(guò)內(nèi)鏡下經(jīng)十二指腸乳頭切開(kāi)取石、鼻膽管引流,術(shù)后痊愈出院;非PTCD組出現(xiàn)2例膽汁漏,引流管通暢引流,以及持續(xù)沖洗負(fù)壓吸引等保守治療痊愈;非PTCD組出現(xiàn)2例膽道感染,通過(guò)術(shù)后抗生素等保守治療痊愈。兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥(結(jié)石殘留、膽汁漏、膽道感染)單項(xiàng)與總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);PTCD組的住院時(shí)間及費(fèi)用均少于非PTCD組(均P<0.05)(表3)。
表3 兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥與住院時(shí)間及費(fèi)用比較Table 3 Comparison of the postoperative complications as well as length of hospital stay and costs between the two groups
目前腹腔鏡下膽囊切除術(shù)并膽總管探查術(shù)因其微創(chuàng)及較低的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率逐步得到廣泛的應(yīng)用和認(rèn)可[3-5],然而隨腹腔鏡技術(shù)的日益發(fā)展,膽道探查術(shù)式較多,主要有腹腔鏡下經(jīng)膽囊管膽總管探查術(shù)、經(jīng)膽總管切開(kāi)膽總管探查術(shù)+T管引流術(shù)、經(jīng)膽總管切開(kāi)膽道探查術(shù)后一期縫合等術(shù)式。經(jīng)膽囊管膽總管探查術(shù),膽道鏡需從膽囊管進(jìn)入膽總管,對(duì)術(shù)者腔鏡技術(shù)要求很高,且膽囊管內(nèi)徑需相對(duì)較擴(kuò)張,適應(yīng)證較小且難度很高;腹腔鏡下膽總管探查+T管引流術(shù)為主要治療手術(shù)[6],然而切開(kāi)膽總管后放置的T管可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)膽汁漏、T管脫落、膽汁性腹膜炎等并發(fā)癥[7],還會(huì)帶來(lái)諸多問(wèn)題,如術(shù)后電解質(zhì)、消化液、消化酶的大量流失,長(zhǎng)期帶管出院可能引起膽道感染,患者生活質(zhì)量下降,治療時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),醫(yī)療費(fèi)用增加等[8-9]。經(jīng)膽總管切開(kāi)膽道探查術(shù)并一期縫合因創(chuàng)傷小,恢復(fù)快,逐步得到外科醫(yī)生及患者的接受,Khaled等[10]研究指出,對(duì)于膽管無(wú)明顯炎癥、狹窄、術(shù)中膽管探查顯示膽管遠(yuǎn)端通暢、結(jié)石取盡者,不應(yīng)常規(guī)放置T管。然而一期縫合后缺少T管對(duì)膽道的減壓引流,可能存在膽汁漏、膽汁性腹膜炎、膽道感染等并發(fā)癥,故研究膽道探查術(shù)并一期縫合術(shù)后膽道減壓引流的方式十分有必要。
本研究通過(guò)膽道探查術(shù)并一期縫合術(shù)前行PTCD治療、術(shù)后保留PTCD引流,與膽道探查術(shù)后一期縫合術(shù)行對(duì)比分析,研究PTCD在膽道探查術(shù)后一期縫合中的價(jià)值。結(jié)果顯示,手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)前直接膽紅素、術(shù)后3 d直接膽紅素、術(shù)后通氣時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、費(fèi)用等各項(xiàng),PTCD組明顯優(yōu)于非PTCD組?,F(xiàn)討論其原因如下:⑴ 術(shù)前PTCD引流,可以有效膽汁引流,降低膽紅素水平,恢復(fù)肝功能,降低術(shù)前住院天數(shù);⑵ 術(shù)前PTCD引流,可以明顯膽道減壓、減少膽道的炎癥,膽道充血水腫輕,有利于手術(shù)操作,降低手術(shù)時(shí)間及出血量;⑶ PTCD組因手術(shù)時(shí)間短、炎癥輕、出血量少,術(shù)后通氣早,進(jìn)食早,恢復(fù)更快;⑷ 術(shù)后繼續(xù)PTCD引流,進(jìn)一步引流膽汁,降低膽紅素,恢復(fù)肝功能,降低平均住院日;⑸ 術(shù)后繼續(xù)PTCD引流,有效引流膽汁,降低膽道壓力,有利于預(yù)防術(shù)后膽道感染、膽汁漏;⑹ 術(shù)后經(jīng)PTCD管造影檢查結(jié)石殘留情況,費(fèi)用更低。本資料中非PTCD組中發(fā)生2例膽瘺、2例膽道感染,PTCD組中無(wú)膽瘺、膽道感染發(fā)生,雖然最后數(shù)據(jù)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但術(shù)后PTCD引流的情況下,膽道壓力可以得到有效的減低,降低膽道感染可能,有利于膽管壁愈合,有利于預(yù)防術(shù)后膽汁漏。
膽汁漏是膽總管探查術(shù)后一期縫合中最常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥[11-14],原因可能有:⑴ 膽道炎癥較重,管壁充血水腫,縫合效果較差;⑵ 一期縫合時(shí),反復(fù)加針,針距較密,打結(jié)用力過(guò)大,造成膽管切割;⑶ 選擇縫針及線較粗,導(dǎo)致從針眼處滲漏。一期縫合術(shù)后膽汁漏一般發(fā)生率為10%以上[1,6],而我院一期縫合術(shù)后膽汁漏發(fā)生率為3.1%(2/65),發(fā)生率低,原因可能有:⑴ 腹腔鏡手術(shù)的廣泛開(kāi)展,腹腔鏡器械的不斷更新及腹腔鏡下縫合技術(shù)的日益提高;⑵ 膽管壁采用手術(shù)刀直接切開(kāi),避免電刀致膽管壁發(fā)生凝固性壞死,降低膽管壁愈合難度[15];⑶ 選擇4-0或5-0可吸收線縫合,降低了縫針及線較粗致針眼處滲漏;⑷ TCD組中未出現(xiàn)膽汁漏,術(shù)前PTCD引流,有效膽汁引流及膽道減壓,膽道炎癥輕,管壁充血水腫輕;術(shù)后PTCD繼續(xù)引流,有效膽汁引流及膽道減壓,降低了膽汁漏及膽道感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
PTCD是一種微創(chuàng)的肝內(nèi)膽管置管引流術(shù)[16],特點(diǎn)是可以快速解除梗阻,達(dá)到減輕黃疸的目的,具有簡(jiǎn)捷方便、患者損傷及痛苦小、感染率低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[17]。經(jīng)多年臨床應(yīng)用開(kāi)展,PTCD技術(shù)目前已十分成熟,成功率已接近100%[17-18]。穿刺技術(shù)要點(diǎn):⑴ 精確彩超定位,辨清膽管與血管,避免出血;⑵ 利用彩超實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)視的優(yōu)勢(shì),選擇直徑0.4 cm以上的膽管[19];⑶ 穿刺針與目標(biāo)膽管平行或成頓角,能更好的穿刺與導(dǎo)絲置入;⑷ 避免暴力穿刺,是避免膽道出血的關(guān)鍵[20]。主要并發(fā)癥[21]:膽道出血、膽道感染、引流管移位、脫出、阻塞。膽道出血是PTCD常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥,臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)引起重視[22],在穿刺過(guò)程中,應(yīng)盡量避免暴力穿刺而引起出血和術(shù)后感染;引流管阻塞時(shí),可反復(fù)沖洗至通暢;引流管移位時(shí)可在X線下進(jìn)行膽管造影[23],調(diào)整引流管位置。多數(shù)并發(fā)癥為輕型并發(fā)癥,對(duì)癥治療后好轉(zhuǎn)[24],本資料中PTCD組出現(xiàn)1例PTCD穿刺后膽道出血,量少,予以通暢引流后自行停止,2例PTCD穿刺后引流管阻塞,予以沖洗或調(diào)整引流位置后引流通暢。超聲定位下經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝穿刺膽道引流術(shù)能促進(jìn)患者康復(fù),減少并發(fā)癥,能更好地被患者接受[24]。
腹腔鏡下膽道探查術(shù)后一期縫合行術(shù)前PTCD治療,可通暢引流膽汁,降低膽紅素,恢復(fù)肝功能,膽道減壓、降低炎癥,有利于手術(shù)操作,手術(shù)時(shí)間短,出血量少。術(shù)后繼續(xù)PTCD引流,可以繼續(xù)降低膽紅素,恢復(fù)肝功能,減低膽管壓力、炎癥,有利于膽管壁愈合,降低膽汁漏、膽道感染。患者恢復(fù)快,平均住院日及費(fèi)用低。膽道探查術(shù)后一期縫合時(shí),即使沒(méi)有嚴(yán)重肝功能損傷,術(shù)前經(jīng)超聲檢查膽總管直徑≥1.0cm,亦可置入PTCD引流,有利于術(shù)前術(shù)后肝功能恢復(fù)、降低平均住院日及費(fèi)用,值得臨床推廣。
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