文/吳平

在新疆和田市一家沙漠生物科技企業(yè)的種植基地，工作人員正在檢修滴灌管道 （新華社記者胡虎虎攝）

我國是世界上荒漠化面積最大的國家，同時也是全球治沙取得重大成果的實踐典范。根據(jù)《中國荒漠化和沙化狀況公報》，截至2014年，全國荒漠化土地面積261.16萬平方公里，占國土面積的27.20%；沙化土地面積172.12萬平方公里，占國土面積的17.93%。治理沙漠對于改善生態(tài)環(huán)境、實施精準扶貧、推進生態(tài)文明建設具有重大的現(xiàn)實意義。

China is the country with the largest desertification area in the world. In the meantime, China is also a practice model of achieving significant results on deserti fication control in the world. According to Bulletin of Desertification and Sandification Status in China,up to 2014, the national desertification land area was 2,611,600 square kilometers which occupied 27.20% of the national territorial area; the sandi fication land area was 1,721,200 square kilometers which occupied 17.93%of the national territorial area. Desert governance has great realistic signi ficance for improving ecological en-vironment, implementing targeted poverty alleviation,and promoting ecological civilization construction.

從“沙進人退”到“人沙和諧”

荒漠化和沙化土地呈面積減少、程度減輕趨勢。經(jīng)過長期不懈努力，三北防護林、京津風沙源治理、退耕還林、退牧還草等重點生態(tài)工程持續(xù)取得進展。目前我國荒漠化和沙化狀況呈現(xiàn)整體遏制、持續(xù)縮減、功能增強、成效顯著的良好態(tài)勢。根據(jù)2015年發(fā)布的第五次全國荒漠化和沙化監(jiān)測結果顯示，我國荒漠化和沙化土地面積自2004年以來連續(xù)10余年保持“雙縮減”，其中荒漠化土地面積已從上世紀末年均擴展1.04萬平方公里轉變?yōu)槟壳暗哪昃s減2424平方公里，沙化土地面積由上世紀末年均擴展3436平方公里變?yōu)槟壳暗哪昃s減1980平方公里。

發(fā)展沙產(chǎn)業(yè)使沙害變沙利，黃沙變黃金，沙漠成良田。1984年錢學森提出，具有充沛陽光資源的沙漠、戈壁可以發(fā)展成為農(nóng)業(yè)型產(chǎn)業(yè)空間。應該大力發(fā)展“多采光、少用水、新技術、高效益”的沙產(chǎn)業(yè)。30多年來，在沙產(chǎn)業(yè)理論的指導下，在我國西部沙區(qū)已初步形成了以灌草飼料、中藥材、經(jīng)濟林果、沙漠旅游等為重點的沙區(qū)特色產(chǎn)業(yè)，開發(fā)出了飼料、藥品、保健品等一大批沙產(chǎn)品，并帶動了種植、加工、物流等相關產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，沙產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈不斷延長，產(chǎn)值不斷增加，成長起了一批從沙漠中淘金的龍頭企業(yè)，昔日的不毛之地如今生機盎然。沙產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展使沙害變沙利，黃沙變黃金，沙漠成良田，增加了土地存量，為糧食安全奠定了基礎。

沙漠治理仍然任重而道遠

沙漠治理認識不高、資金不足、知識不夠?？傮w上看，我國各地沙漠治理工作仍不平衡，一些地方存有畏難情緒和消極思想，資金投入力度不夠、管理不善，“生態(tài)欠賬”問題突出，甚至有些地方存在故意污染沙漠的情形。目前，國內(nèi)外治理沙漠主要通過圍欄封育、退耕還林還草、植樹造林等生物措施增加植被覆蓋度或通過工程和化學措施固定沙質地表，減少風沙活動。這些方式在短期內(nèi)產(chǎn)生了一定的生態(tài)效益，但忽視了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)整體功能恢復和協(xié)調發(fā)展。同時，荒漠化治理的物理、化學措施由于忽視了沙區(qū)的社會經(jīng)濟效益，其可持續(xù)性也受到質疑。

沙產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模小，組織化程度低，整體效益不顯著。許多荒漠化、沙化地區(qū)生態(tài)雖然有所好轉，但農(nóng)牧民卻并未脫貧致富，存在“生態(tài)強、經(jīng)濟弱”的現(xiàn)象。防沙治沙項目投融資模式簡單、資金壓力大，只依靠國家撥款投資，引入市場機制和民間資本力度不夠。沙產(chǎn)業(yè)是知識密集的高科技農(nóng)業(yè)型產(chǎn)業(yè)，項目周期長、投資風險大、企業(yè)規(guī)模小、科技創(chuàng)新力度不足、資源綜合利用水平不高、產(chǎn)業(yè)精深加工能力弱等因素制約了沙產(chǎn)業(yè)的進一步發(fā)展。

From “desert advance and human retreat” to “harmony of human and desert”

There is a trend that the area of desertification and sandification decreases， and the severity degree is alleviated. Through long-term and unremitting efforts, the key ecological projects, such as Three North Shelterbelt, Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control,returning cultivated land to forest, and returning grazing land to grassland, have obtained continuous progress. At present, the deserti fication and sandi fication situation of our country appear the good situation of overall containment, continuous shrinkage,and remarkable effectiveness. According to the result of the fifth national desertification and sandification monitoring in 2015, the land area of desertification and sandification of our country has been keeping “double shrinkage” for more than 10 consecutive years since 2004. The desertification land area has changed from annual average expansion of 10,400 square kilometers at the end of last century to annual average shrinkage of 2,424 square kilometers now; the sandification land area has changed from annual average expansion of 3,436 square kilometers at the end of last century to annual average shrinkage of 1,980 square kilometers now.

Develop desert industry; change the desert hazard to desert benefit; change yellow desert to gold; change desert to fertile farmland. In 1984, Qian Xuesen came up with the opinion that the desert and gobi with abundant sunshine resources could be developed into agricultural industrial space. It shall make great effort to develop desert industry of “more lighting, less water, new technology, and high bene fi t”. For more than 30 years, under the guidance of desert industry theory,we have formed preliminary desert land characteristic industry in desert land of western China which focuses on shrub grass fodder, traditional Chinese medical herbs, economic forest and fruit tree, desert tourism,etc.; developed a batch of desert products, such as fodder, medicine and health care products; and driven the development of planting, processing, logistics and related industries; extended the desert industry chain and increased production value continuously; developed a batch of leading enterprises which seek gold in desert. The land which did not grow anything in the past has been transferred to the land which is full of vitality. The development of desert industry changes the desert hazard to desert bene fi t; changes the desert to fertile farmland and increases land inventory which lays foundation for food security.

Arduous task and long road for desert governance

There are problems of low awareness, insufficient fund and knowledge for desert governance. In general,the desert governance work throughout China is not balanced; the people of some regions have the fear of difficulty and negative thoughts; the investment is not enough; even in some regions the desert is polluted on purpose. At present, the desert governance at home and abroad mainly takes the biological control measures like fencing enclosure, returning cultivated land to forest and grassland, and forestation for increasing vegetation coverage; or takes engineering and chemical measures for fixing desert surface and reducing wind-sand activity. These methods have certain ecological effect in short period. However, they neglect the overall function restoration of ecosystem and harmonious development. In the meantime, some the physical and chemical measures of desertification governance neglect the social and economic benefits of the desert area, so the sustainability is questioned.

There are problems of small scale production of desert industry, low organization degree, and unremarkable overall benefit. Although the ecological environment turns better in many regions of desertification and sandification, the peasant and herdsman could not overcome poverty and achieve prosperity. For the desert prevention and control project, the financing and investment mode is simple with great capital pressure. It only relies on the fund investment by the government now. The strength for bringing in market mechanism and private capital is not enough. Desert industry is a knowledge-intensive and high-tech agricultural industry. The factors, such as long project cycle, big investment risk, small scale enterprise, deficient science and technology innovation strength, low comprehensive resource utilization level, and weak industrial intensive processing capability, etc., restrain the further development of the desert industry.

Create new chapter of desert prevention, governance and utilization together

Set up green development concept; strengthen legal guarantee; and promote Chinese experience. There are many methods for desert prevention and governance.We shall set up green development concept; adjust measures to local conditions; come up with integrated solution of technology, product and governance for different situation. Complete the “Three Rights Separation” system design of desert land gradually; extend the valid period of contracting right and operational right of desert land; and provide legal guarantee for desert government. Clarify desert land property right;protect all the required rights of operating entity for engaging in desert governance by law; and make more efficient and reasonable utilization of desert land resource. Strengthen international cooperation of desert prevention and governance, especially among countries along the Belt and Road; share “Chinese experi-ence” in desert governance with countries in the world together.

新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)策勒縣在建設防風治沙屏障的同時大面積種植抗旱、耐風沙的紅棗，為農(nóng)民拓寬了增收之路。圖為策勒縣一處紅棗種植園（新華社記者胡虎虎攝）

共創(chuàng)防沙、治沙、用沙新篇章

樹立綠色發(fā)展理念，強化法治保障，推廣中國經(jīng)驗。防沙治沙不是只有一種方式，而應樹立綠色發(fā)展理念，因地制宜，針對不同情況提出技術、產(chǎn)品、治理一體化的解決方案。逐步完善沙漠土地“三權分置”制度設計，延長沙漠土地承包權、經(jīng)營權流轉年限，為沙漠治理提供法治保障。清晰沙漠土地產(chǎn)權，依法維護經(jīng)營主體從事沙漠治理所需的各項權利，使沙漠土地資源得到更有效合理的利用。加強國際合作，推進“一帶一路”地區(qū)防沙治沙，共筑絲綢之路經(jīng)濟帶生態(tài)屏障；推廣沙漠治理“中國經(jīng)驗”，共促世界各國生態(tài)治理。

創(chuàng)新發(fā)展沙漠經(jīng)濟，打造金色產(chǎn)業(yè)。要改變單純以固沙為主要目標的傳統(tǒng)防沙治沙理念，堅持“防沙治沙與用沙”相結合。充分開發(fā)沙漠潛能，發(fā)揮沙區(qū)光熱資源充足、土地資源廣闊的優(yōu)勢，采取“多采光、少用水、新技術、高效益”的技術路線，積極發(fā)展綠色富民產(chǎn)業(yè)，培育沙產(chǎn)業(yè)龍頭企業(yè)，提升沙產(chǎn)業(yè)的質量和效益。發(fā)展沙漠經(jīng)濟，將沙漠治理與沙區(qū)植物、新能源和旅游等資源產(chǎn)業(yè)化結合起來，依靠產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新、技術創(chuàng)新、金融創(chuàng)新等手段，構建以“科技支撐—生態(tài)修復—產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展—社會進步”為主線的沙漠治理新型模式。

“沙漠就是資源，生態(tài)就是生意”，沙區(qū)扶貧是全國扶貧攻堅難啃的硬骨頭。治理沙漠必須與發(fā)展經(jīng)濟、改善民生、精準扶貧有效結合起來，讓沙區(qū)群眾從治沙中受益，看到治沙的經(jīng)濟、生態(tài)前景。充分考慮沙區(qū)的自然條件、社會環(huán)境，因地制宜利用沙區(qū)資源稟賦，探索出一條把“治沙”和“治窮”相結合的生態(tài)扶貧道路。

統(tǒng)籌節(jié)水、集水、護水、調水手段，合理、高效利用水資源。讓“沙漠變綠洲”，水資源是決定性因素，要推廣節(jié)水灌溉技術，提高水資源利用效率。選育和引進節(jié)水高效的牧草、農(nóng)作物、林果品種，實現(xiàn)“高投入—高產(chǎn)出—高收益”的良性循環(huán)。慎重開采地下水，保證合理水位，避免過度開采地下水使淺層水位下降，造成土地沙化。充分開發(fā)利用“邊緣水資源”，包括天然降水的收集，沙漠居民的廢水回收利用和沙漠地下咸水的挖掘及淡水轉化。

Develop desert economy in innovative way, create gold industry. It shall change the traditional desert prevention and governance concept which only regards stabilization of desert as main target; insist the combination of “desert prevention, governance and utilization”. Fully develop the potential of desert; exert the advantage of desert area of sufficient sunshine and heat resources and wide land resource; adopt the technical path of“more lighting, less water, new technology, and high benefit”; develop green industry which enriches people actively; cultivate leading enterprise of desert industry;improve the quality and benefit of desert industry.Develop desert economy; combine desert governance with industrialization of plant, new energy and tourism in desert area; build new mode of desert governance with the main line of “science and technology support-ecological restoration-industry developmentsocial progress” by the means of industrial innovation,technical innovation and financial innovation

“Desert is resource, ecological environment is business”. Poverty alleviation in desert area is a tough nut to crack in national poverty alleviation. It must combine desert governance with economy development,improvement of people’s livelihood, targeted poverty alleviation effectively; benefit the people in desert area during desert governance; and make people see the economic and ecological prospect of desert governance. Take fully consideration of natural condition and social environment in desert area; adjust measures to local conditions and utilize resource endowment in desert area; explore an ecological and poverty alleviation road with the combination of “desert governance”and “poverty governance”.

Make overall planning of water saving, water collection, water protection and water adjustment; use water resource reasonably and effectively. Water resource is a decisive factor for “changing desert to oasis”. It shall promote water-saving irrigation technique and improve utilization efficiency of water resource. Select breeding and bring in water-saving ef fi cient grass, crop and fruit variety; realize virtuous circle of “high investment-high output-high benefit”.Consider carefully for mining groundwater; ensure reasonable water level; prevent the dropping of shallow water level and sandification of land due to excessive exploitation of groundwater. Fully develop and utilize “marginal water resources”, including the collection natural rainfall, reclamation of waste water,excavate saline groundwater.