国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

小鼠胚胎心動(dòng)脈囊的發(fā)生發(fā)育

2018-03-08 21:33張潔張濤李海榮楊艷萍崔慧林曹錫梅
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2017年23期
關(guān)鍵詞:平滑肌心包遠(yuǎn)端

張潔+張濤+李海榮+楊艷萍+崔慧林+曹錫梅

【摘要】 目的:探討小鼠胚胎動(dòng)脈囊的發(fā)生發(fā)育及其與第二生心區(qū)的關(guān)系。方法:對胚齡9~13 d(ED9~13)小鼠頭胸部切片做HE和免疫組織化學(xué)PAP法染色。結(jié)果:ED10,動(dòng)脈囊出現(xiàn)于心流出道遠(yuǎn)端,管壁主要由胰島素增強(qiáng)子結(jié)合蛋白-1(ISL1)陽性內(nèi)皮和間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成,可見第二生心區(qū)、原始咽腹側(cè)壁內(nèi)胚層的ISL1陽性細(xì)胞增生并遷移至動(dòng)脈囊壁。ED11~12,心動(dòng)脈端向尾端移位、心包腔向頭端及背側(cè)擴(kuò)展及ISL1陽性細(xì)胞的添加使動(dòng)脈囊大部降入心包腔。ED12~13,含有ISL1陽性細(xì)胞的主肺動(dòng)脈隔與流出道嵴愈合,將心包內(nèi)動(dòng)脈囊分隔為升主動(dòng)脈和肺動(dòng)脈干;動(dòng)脈囊壁ISL1陽性細(xì)胞分化為大動(dòng)脈相鄰及游離壁的平滑肌細(xì)胞。結(jié)論:小鼠胚胎動(dòng)脈囊是第二生心區(qū)細(xì)胞添加在流出道遠(yuǎn)端形成的。動(dòng)脈囊壁ISL1陽性細(xì)胞分化為流出道心肌和主肺動(dòng)脈干的平滑肌。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 胚胎; 動(dòng)脈囊; 胰島素增強(qiáng)子結(jié)合蛋白-1; 免疫組織化學(xué); 小鼠

【Abstract】 Objective:To research the development of aortic sac in mouse embryo and its association with the second heart field.Method:Serial paraffin sections through head to thorax of mouse embryo,from embryonic day 9 to 13(ED9-13),were stained with HE or immunohistochemical PAP method.Result:ED10,the aortic sac appeared distal to the outflow tract.Its wall was mainly composed of islet-1(ISL1) positive endothelium and mesenchymal cells.At this period,ISL1 positive cells from the second heart field and ventral endoderm of the primitive pharynx were observed migrating into the aortic sac.During ED11-12,the arterial pole of the heart moving caudally,the pericardial cavity expanding rostral and dorsally and the addition of ISL1 positive cells to the aortic sac collaboratively caused most of the aortic sac descended into the pericardial cavity.During ED12-13,the aorticopulmonary septum containing ISL1 positive cells,from the dorsal wall of the aortic sac,fused with the distal ridges of the outflow tract, resulting in the aortic sac in the pericardial cavity being separated into the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk.During this period,ISL1 positive cells in the aortic sac wall gradually differentiated into the smooth muscle cells of the facing walls and lateral walls of the great arteries.Conclusion:In the mouse embryo,the aortic sac develops from the addition of the second heart field-derived cells to the outflow tract.ISL1 positive cells in its wall differentiate into myocardium of the outflow tract and smooth muscle of the aortic and pulmonary trunk.

【Key words】 Embryo; Aortic sac; Islet-1; Immunohistochemistry; Mouse

First-authors address:Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001,China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.23.009

胚胎心動(dòng)脈極發(fā)生發(fā)育異常導(dǎo)致先天性心血管缺陷[1]。22q11.2缺失綜合征患者80%有先天性主動(dòng)脈弓畸形[2],傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為主動(dòng)脈弓源自胚胎早期的動(dòng)脈囊。動(dòng)脈囊連接弓動(dòng)脈和流出道,主要由間充質(zhì)構(gòu)成。胚胎心流出道是右心室遠(yuǎn)端延伸至心動(dòng)脈端的心肌性管道,內(nèi)襯內(nèi)皮,與心肌間為心膠質(zhì)。因成體無動(dòng)脈囊,多數(shù)學(xué)者將成體心室的流出道對應(yīng)于胚胎心流出道,多關(guān)注胚胎流出道的發(fā)生發(fā)育。亦有學(xué)者將動(dòng)脈囊和流出道作為整體進(jìn)行研究,但忽視對動(dòng)脈囊的觀察[3-4]。近來發(fā)現(xiàn)流出道是原始心管形成后第二生心區(qū)添加在心動(dòng)脈端形成的[5-7],隨流出道近段逐漸心室化[8-9],流出道遠(yuǎn)端心肌界逐漸向心包腔內(nèi)退卻,提示動(dòng)脈囊的發(fā)生發(fā)育可能亦與咽部組織的添加有關(guān)。endprint

本研究用抗α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(SMA)抗體標(biāo)記早期分化的心肌細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞[10-11],用抗ISL1抗體標(biāo)記第二生心區(qū)細(xì)胞[12-13],用抗心肌肌球蛋白重鏈(MHC)抗體標(biāo)記心肌,對ED9~13小鼠頭胸部的切片進(jìn)行HE和免疫組織化學(xué)染色,觀察了動(dòng)脈囊的發(fā)生發(fā)育及轉(zhuǎn)歸?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 材料與方法

1.1 標(biāo)本制作 購買山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心足3月齡健康雌性中國昆明小鼠32只,體重23~32 g,在明暗相間條件下自由進(jìn)食飲水飼喂(明:7 am~7 pm),動(dòng)情期與同種3月齡健康雄性小鼠于7∶30 pm合籠,次晨分籠,發(fā)現(xiàn)陰栓者即為妊娠0.5 d。乙醚麻醉妊娠小鼠,剖腹收集ED9~13胚胎,ED9胚胎帶子宮固定,其余胚齡胚胎從子宮內(nèi)剝離出后固定。標(biāo)本經(jīng)甲醇:丙酮:水(2∶2∶1 v/v)混合固定液室溫下固定24 h后梯度乙醇、正丁醇脫水透明,石蠟包埋。取不同胚齡胚胎5~7只,制作為8 μm厚連續(xù)石蠟切片,每4片取1片做HE染色以觀察各胚胎的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),選出頭胸部的切片用于免疫組織化學(xué)PAP法染色。載玻片經(jīng)多聚賴氨酸處理。

1.2 免疫組織化學(xué)PAP法染色 所選標(biāo)本經(jīng)二甲苯脫蠟、梯度乙醇水化后,3%H2O2、TENG-T

[10 mmol/L Tris,5 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA),150 mmol/L NaCl,0.25% gelatin,0.05% Tween-20,pH=8.0]依次各處理30 min,以減低內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶活性和非特異性背景染色。處理后的切片分別用小鼠抗心肌肌球蛋白重鏈(myosin heavy chain,MHC,1∶1000,upstate)單克隆抗體、小鼠抗胰島素增強(qiáng)子結(jié)合蛋白-1(islet-1,ISL1,1∶100,Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank)單克隆抗體、小鼠抗α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,SMA,1∶800,IA4,Sigma)單克隆抗體室溫下過夜孵育。孵育后的切片順次滴加兔抗小鼠IgG、羊抗兔IgG、兔過氧化物酶-抗過氧化物酶復(fù)合物各孵育2、2、1.5 h;DAB顯色,蒸餾水終止,陽性結(jié)果呈棕黃色。常規(guī)脫水、透明、封片。抗體均用pH值7.4 1×PBS稀釋。

2 結(jié)果

ED9,心管靜脈端尚未融合,流出道的形成使心管向右成襻(圖1A~1D)。心管心肌表達(dá)MHC(圖1B)、SMA(圖1C),但大部分不表達(dá)ISL1(圖1D)。流出道外包心肌,內(nèi)襯內(nèi)皮,兩者之間為豐富心膠質(zhì),心膠質(zhì)內(nèi)無細(xì)胞(圖1B~1C)。其動(dòng)脈端未見動(dòng)脈囊,直接通入1st弓動(dòng)脈(圖1A)。原始咽外側(cè)ISL1陽性細(xì)胞(圖1D↑)經(jīng)背側(cè)心包添加至流出道壁并逐漸表達(dá)SMA(圖1C↑)、MHC(圖1B↑)。

ED10,鰓弓內(nèi)間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞增多,流出道遠(yuǎn)端出現(xiàn)由內(nèi)皮和間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)脈囊,管壁無心膠質(zhì)(圖2A~2D)。連續(xù)切片示動(dòng)脈囊除尾端腹面外,大部分包埋于心包腔外咽部間充質(zhì)內(nèi),通過弓動(dòng)脈連于背主動(dòng)脈(圖2D)。動(dòng)脈囊壁細(xì)胞多呈ISL1陽性,除鰓弓、體壁及心動(dòng)脈端心包的ISL1陽性細(xì)胞(圖2C)外,還可見原始咽腹側(cè)壁內(nèi)胚層的ISL1陽性細(xì)胞(圖2C↑)增生并遷移至心包背側(cè)壁及動(dòng)脈囊壁,這些細(xì)胞于近流出道心肌處逐漸表達(dá)SMA(圖2B↑)和MHC(圖2A↑)。

ED11~12,鰓弓內(nèi)、動(dòng)脈囊壁間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞增加(圖3A~3D)。動(dòng)脈囊背側(cè)的喉氣管溝(或憩室)上皮及其腹側(cè)大部分間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞呈ISL1陽性(圖3C)。心動(dòng)脈端向胚體尾端移位、心包腔向頭端及背側(cè)的擴(kuò)展以及喉氣管原基腹側(cè)、心動(dòng)脈端心包及體壁ISL1陽性細(xì)胞向動(dòng)脈囊的添加使4th弓動(dòng)脈尾側(cè)的動(dòng)脈囊移入心包腔內(nèi)(圖3A~3D)。ED12,4th、6th弓動(dòng)脈間喉氣管腹側(cè)的ISL1陽性間充質(zhì)向動(dòng)脈囊內(nèi)突起形成主肺動(dòng)脈隔,表面覆有SMA陽性細(xì)胞,其腹面與流出道嵴遠(yuǎn)端愈合將動(dòng)脈囊分隔為心包內(nèi)升主動(dòng)脈和肺動(dòng)脈干的雛形(圖3A~3D)。添加至升主動(dòng)脈和肺動(dòng)脈干的ISL1陽性細(xì)胞(圖3C)僅逐漸表達(dá)SMA(圖3B),不表達(dá)MHC(圖3A)。

ED13,心包內(nèi)升主動(dòng)脈和肺動(dòng)脈干明顯增長,管壁增厚,SMA陽性細(xì)胞增多(圖4A),未見MHC表達(dá)。心包背側(cè)壁及氣管腹側(cè)的ISL1陽性細(xì)胞明顯減少,仍可見向升主動(dòng)脈及肺動(dòng)脈干的添加(圖4B↑)。

3 討論

動(dòng)脈囊是心動(dòng)脈端一個(gè)獨(dú)立的結(jié)構(gòu),有獨(dú)特的組織學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu),主要由間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ED9,心管尚在融合中,動(dòng)脈端向右彎曲成襻。流出道遠(yuǎn)端直接通入1st弓動(dòng)脈,兩者之間無形態(tài)和組織學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)與流出道不同的動(dòng)脈囊。流出道管壁由心肌、心內(nèi)膜及不含細(xì)胞的心膠質(zhì)構(gòu)成。此時(shí),原始咽背外側(cè)ISL1陽性細(xì)胞向流出道遠(yuǎn)端遷移并逐漸表達(dá)心肌標(biāo)志SMA和MHC,表明第二生心區(qū)細(xì)胞不斷分化為心肌細(xì)胞至心動(dòng)脈端使流出道增長。Hiruma等[14]報(bào)道妊娠8.5 d(GD8.5)晚期心管動(dòng)脈端通過腹主動(dòng)脈、動(dòng)脈襻(兩者相當(dāng)于1st弓動(dòng)脈)連于背主動(dòng)脈,但未對動(dòng)脈囊進(jìn)行探討。ED10,流出道遠(yuǎn)端與弓動(dòng)脈間出現(xiàn)由內(nèi)皮和間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的動(dòng)脈囊,管壁無心膠質(zhì),除尾端腹面外,大部分包埋于心包外間充質(zhì)中;可見鰓弓、體壁、動(dòng)脈端心包及動(dòng)脈囊背側(cè)咽內(nèi)胚層的ISL1陽性細(xì)胞增生并遷移動(dòng)脈囊壁,提示繼流出道形成后,第二生心區(qū)ISL1陽性細(xì)胞向心動(dòng)脈端添加形成了動(dòng)脈囊。同時(shí)這些細(xì)胞于動(dòng)脈囊與流出道交界處逐漸表達(dá)SMA和MHC,表明動(dòng)脈囊近端的細(xì)胞受心肌細(xì)胞的誘導(dǎo)不斷分化為心肌細(xì)胞使流出道增長,動(dòng)脈囊是第二生心區(qū)心肌前體細(xì)胞進(jìn)入心流出道的通道。ED11~12,隨著尾端鰓弓及弓動(dòng)脈的形成,鰓弓、動(dòng)脈端心包、體壁及氣管腹面ISL1陽性第二生心區(qū)細(xì)胞在動(dòng)脈囊壁不斷添加,動(dòng)脈囊向尾端延伸,心動(dòng)脈端向胚體尾端移位、心包腔向頭端及背側(cè)的擴(kuò)展使動(dòng)脈囊逐漸向心包腔內(nèi)移位。目前資料多報(bào)道胚胎心流出道源于第二生心區(qū),并未指出動(dòng)脈囊與其相同的胚胎學(xué)來源。endprint

Waldo等[15]報(bào)道雞胚流出道遠(yuǎn)端尾側(cè)心包反折處的第二生心區(qū),表達(dá)遷移標(biāo)志HNK1,于Stage16~19(S16~19)添加至流出道分化為心肌,于S22~24添加至動(dòng)脈囊區(qū)分化為升主動(dòng)脈和肺動(dòng)脈干根部游離壁的平滑肌,其余大血管壁的平滑肌細(xì)胞來自神經(jīng)嵴。第二生心區(qū)心肌前體細(xì)胞呈螺旋狀添加至流出道的對側(cè)壁,平滑肌前體細(xì)胞則垂直進(jìn)入動(dòng)脈囊壁。第二生心區(qū)來源的平滑肌細(xì)胞SMA的表達(dá)晚于神經(jīng)嵴來源的平滑肌細(xì)胞。認(rèn)為大血管根部第二生心區(qū)來源的心肌和平滑肌之間及第二生心區(qū)來源和神經(jīng)嵴來源的平滑肌之間的“縫”是馬凡綜合征主動(dòng)脈夾層的好發(fā)部位[11]。心神經(jīng)嵴切除后,心肌前體細(xì)胞到達(dá)流出道遠(yuǎn)端心肌而未進(jìn)入流出道,平滑肌前體細(xì)胞則正常添加至心動(dòng)脈端[15];神經(jīng)嵴切除致添加至流出道遠(yuǎn)端心肌的第二生心區(qū)細(xì)胞減少,流出道變短,心襻形成異常,但均未觀察對動(dòng)脈囊形態(tài)及結(jié)構(gòu)的影響[16]。本結(jié)果表明,ED9~11,第二生心區(qū)細(xì)胞添加至心動(dòng)脈端分化為流出道心肌,ED12~13,第二生心區(qū)細(xì)胞添加至心動(dòng)脈端形成大血管壁的平滑肌細(xì)胞。Jiang等[17]用Wntl-Cre轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠發(fā)現(xiàn)主動(dòng)脈和肺動(dòng)脈干近段由神經(jīng)嵴細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞構(gòu)成,并推斷后者可能來自氣管附近咽部組織。我們的結(jié)果表明,ED10~13,流出道可能誘導(dǎo)其背側(cè)的咽腹側(cè)上皮增生增厚,形成喉氣管溝(喉氣管憩室)上皮及其腹側(cè)的ISL1陽性細(xì)胞群,這些細(xì)胞可能受遠(yuǎn)端流出道的吸引,逐漸添加在其遠(yuǎn)端參與形成動(dòng)脈囊壁。在基因調(diào)控和局部微環(huán)境作用下,于ED10~11,動(dòng)脈囊近流出道的ISL1陽性細(xì)胞分化為心肌,于ED12~13,動(dòng)脈囊壁大部分ISL1陽性細(xì)胞分化為大血管壁的平滑肌。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道ISL1陽性第二生心區(qū)細(xì)胞不僅形成大血管的游離壁,亦參與形成其相鄰壁[12]。本研究結(jié)果表明,隨著動(dòng)脈囊被分隔為升主動(dòng)脈和肺動(dòng)脈干,主肺動(dòng)脈隔內(nèi)的ISL1陽性細(xì)胞形成大血管相鄰壁的平滑肌細(xì)胞,其余動(dòng)脈囊壁的ISL1陽性細(xì)胞形成游離壁的平滑肌細(xì)胞。本結(jié)果支持ISL1陽性第二生心區(qū)細(xì)胞是多潛能細(xì)胞,不僅可以分化為心肌、心內(nèi)膜細(xì)胞,還可以分化為大血管壁的平滑肌細(xì)胞[11,13,18-20],文獻(xiàn)[21]報(bào)道部分心神經(jīng)嵴細(xì)胞亦表達(dá)ISL1。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] Hoffman J I,Kaplan S.The incidence of congenital heart disease[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2002,39(12):1890-1900.

[2] Momma K.Cardiovascular anomalies associated with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome[J].Am J Cardiol,2010,105(11):1617-1624.

[3] Anderson R H,Mori S,Spicer D E,et al.Development and Morphology of the Ventricular Outflow Tracts[J].World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg,2016,7(5):561-577.

[4] Ya J,van den Hoff M J,de Boer P A,et al.Normal development of the outflow tract in the rat[J].Circulation Research,1998,82(4):464-472.

[5] Mjaatvedt C H,Nakaoka T,Moreno-Rodriguez R,et al.The outflow tract of the heart is recruit ED from a novel heart-forming field[J].Dev Biol,2001,238(1):97-109.

[6] Kelly R G,Brown N A,Buckingham M E.The arterial pole of the mouse heart forms from Fgf10-expressing cells in pharyngeal mesoderm[J].Dev Cell,2001,1(3):435-440.

[7] Buckingham M,Meilhac S,Zaffran S.Building the mammalian heart from two sources of myocardial cells[J].Nat Rev Genet,2005,6(11):826-835.

[8] Rana M S,Horsten N C,Tesink-Taekema S,et al.Trabeculated right ventricular free wall in the chicken heart forms by ventricularization of the myocardium initially forming the outflow tract[J].Circ Res,2007,100(7):1000-1007.

[9]李海榮,楊艷萍,王晶晶,等.小鼠胚胎心流出道近段心室化形成右心室小梁部[J].解剖學(xué)報(bào),2014,45(5):698-703.

[10]李海榮,李素云,楊艷萍,等.人胚胎早期心臟流出道的發(fā)育[J].解剖學(xué)報(bào),2008,39(3):400-405.

[11] Waldo K L,Hutson M R,Ward C C,et al.Secondary heart field con-tributes myocardium and smooth muscle to the arterial pole of the developing heart[J].Dev Biol,2005,281(1):78-90.endprint

[12] Sizarov A,Lamers W H,Mohun T J,et al.Three-dimensional and molecular analysis of the arterial pole of the developing human heart[J].J Anat,2012,220(4):336-349.

[13] Cai C L,Liang X,Shi Y,et al.Isl1 identifies a cardiac progenitor population that proliferates prior to differentiation and contributes a majority of cells to the heart[J].Dev Cell,2003,5(6):877-889.

[14] Hiruma T,Nakajima Y,Nakamura H.Development of pharyngeal arch arteries in early mouse embryo[J].Journal of Anatomy,2002,201(1):15-29.

[15] Waldo K L,Hutson M R,Stadt H A,et al.Cardiac neural crest is necessary for normal addition of the myocardium to the arterial pole from the secondary heart field[J].Dev Biol,2005,281(1):66-77.

[16] Yelbuz T M,Waldo K L,Kumiski D H,et al.Shortened outflow tract leads to altered cardiac looping after neural crest ablation[J].Circulation,2002,106(4):504-510.

[17] Jiang X,Rowitch D H,Soriano P,et al.Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest[J].Development,2000,127(8):1607-1616.

[18] Moretti A,Caron L,Nakano A,et al.Multipotent embryonic isl1+ progenitor cells lead to cardiac, smooth muscle, and endothelial cell diversification[J].Cell,2006,127(6):1151-1165.

[19] Bu L,Jiang X,Martin-Puig S,et al.Human ISL1 heart progenitors generate diverse multipotent cardiovascular cell lineages[J].Nature,2009,460(7251):113-117.

[20] Laugwitz K L,Moretti A,Caron L,et al.Islet1 cardiovascular progeni-tors:a single source for heart lineages[J].Development,2008,135(2):193-205.

[21] Engleka K A,Manderfield L J,Brust R D,et al.Islet1 derivatives in the heart are of both neural crest and second heart field origin[J].Circulation Research,2012,110(7):922-926.

(收稿日期:2017-01-16) (本文編輯:程旭然)endprint

猜你喜歡
平滑肌心包遠(yuǎn)端
橈骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折復(fù)位固定器對橈骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折患者復(fù)位效果、愈合時(shí)間、骨折愈合率的影響研究
經(jīng)皮鋼板內(nèi)固定治療脛骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折37例
老年橈骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折經(jīng)手法復(fù)位小夾板外固定治療療效探討
延胡索酸水合酶缺陷型平滑肌瘤的研究進(jìn)展
要命的心包積液
ALOX15對血管平滑肌細(xì)胞鐵死亡的影響
瘦素對人腦血管平滑肌細(xì)胞活性及ROS表達(dá)的影響
ANO1抑制劑對AngⅡ誘導(dǎo)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖影響
心包穿刺的診斷及治療
最方便的健身