鄭佳露,閆 霞,沈克平,胡 兵
(1. 上海中醫(yī)藥大學附屬龍華醫(yī)院,上海 200032;2. 上海市中醫(yī)藥研究院,上海 200032)
烏索酸(ursolic acid)又名烏蘇酸、熊果酸,廣泛分布于藤梨根、白花蛇舌草、石見穿、夏枯草、女貞子等中藥;研究證明烏索酸具有廣泛的生物學活性,具有抗癌、保護臟器(肺、腎、肝和腦)、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒(HIV和HCV)、抗原蟲(antiprotozoal)、抗骨質(zhì)疏松等藥理作用,并表現(xiàn)出低毒性[1-3]。UA防治腫瘤的作用及機制已成為研究熱點。
正常細胞可由致癌因素誘發(fā),突變轉(zhuǎn)化為腫瘤細胞,抑制腫瘤發(fā)生是提高腫瘤防治水平的重要措施。Liu等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸可以抑制香煙煙霧提取物對支氣管上皮細胞的細胞毒作用,其機制與恢復氧化還原平衡、減輕DNA損傷相關(guān);烏索酸還可抑制A549肺癌發(fā)展。Kowalczyk等[5]研究表明烏索酸可抑制二甲基苯丙蒽(DMBA)和12-O-十四烷酰佛波醇-13-醋酸酯(TPA)誘發(fā)的上皮增生和腫瘤發(fā)生,其機制與抑制c-jun、p50、COX-2和 IL-6表達相關(guān)。Shanmugam等[6]研究證實,烏索酸可以前列腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展,其機制可能是通過下調(diào)各種促炎癥介質(zhì)(包括NF-κB,STAT3,AKT和IKKα/β),降低TNF-α和IL-6,下調(diào)細胞周期素D1、COX-2,上調(diào)Caspase-3水平。
Furtado等[7]通過評估烏索酸對1,2-二甲基肼(DMH)誘導的雄性Wistar大鼠的結(jié)腸隱窩病灶(ACF)的影響,結(jié)果顯示烏索酸可以抑制ACF的形成,提示烏索酸對結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)生具有保護作用。胡晶等[8]亦發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸可抑制大腸癌的形成,其可能機制為抑制癌組織中COX-2的表達。毛文超等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸對二乙基亞硝胺誘發(fā)的小鼠肝癌前病變具有防護作用,并可保護肝功能,并證實烏索酸與枸杞聯(lián)合應(yīng)用效果更好。Gayathri等[10]在對二乙基亞硝胺誘發(fā)苯巴比妥米那促發(fā)的大鼠肝癌模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),烏索酸可抑制細胞增生,降低氧化應(yīng)激介導的改變。
腫瘤細胞呈現(xiàn)失控增殖,抑制增殖是控制腫瘤生長的重要方法。Xiang等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸可抑制BGC-823胃癌細胞增殖,促進BGC-823胃癌細胞凋亡,增加G1期細胞比例,并可抑制BGC-823胃癌細胞遷移,其機制可能與上調(diào)miR-133a相關(guān)。Yie等[12]研究表明烏索酸可抑制肝癌HepG2細胞生長,促HepG2細胞細胞凋亡,其機制可能是促AMP活化蛋白激酶α(AMPKα)磷酸化,抑制DNA甲基1(DNMT1)和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Sp1表達。Lin等[13]研究表明烏索酸可以抑制大腸癌的生長和細胞增殖,抑制Cyclin D1和CKD4表達,上調(diào)p21表達,阻滯細胞周期于G0/G1期;抑制Bcl-2表達,上調(diào)BAX表達,促大腸癌細胞凋亡[14]。Wang等[15]研究表明,烏索酸可抑制STAT3磷酸化,降低結(jié)腸癌起始細胞(colon cancer-initiating cells)存活和干細胞球形成;烏索酸通過活化Caspase-3,-8和-9,下調(diào)Bcl-2表達,抑制BGC-803胃癌細胞的增殖并誘導凋亡,從而抑制其在體外和體內(nèi)的的生長。
細胞凋亡是由基因控制的自主性細胞死亡,抗癌在藥物作用重要機制。Aguiriano-Moser等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸可抑制甲狀腺癌髓樣癌細胞增殖,激發(fā)凋亡。Li等[17]的研究結(jié)果表明,烏索酸可活化ROCK1和PTEN,促絲切蛋白1(cofilin-1)從細胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移至線粒體,激活Caspase-3和caspase-9,促進胃癌SGC-7901細胞凋亡。Son等[18]的研究證實,烏索酸通過激活AMPK,促GSK3β磷酸化,激發(fā)HepG2肝癌細胞凋亡。Wang等[19]實驗結(jié)果表明,在結(jié)腸癌細胞中,烏索酸可抑制細胞增殖和移動,活化Caspase-3和9,激發(fā)細胞凋亡。Gai等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸通過抑制Akt1和IκBα,抑制NF-κB和Bcl-2表達,上調(diào)Caspase-3,激發(fā)人膀胱癌細胞的凋亡。張慧鋒等[21]研究證實熊果酸可以激發(fā)卵巢癌SKOV3細胞凋,其作用機制與增強Caspase-9和Caspase-3的活性相關(guān)。Meng等[22]研究顯示,烏索酸可抑制前列腺腫瘤的生長,抑制前列腺癌細胞增殖,并可促前列腺癌細胞凋亡,其機制與調(diào)控PI3K/AKT/mTOR信號通路相關(guān)。
腫瘤細胞由于基因表達的改變,呈現(xiàn)失控的增殖周期,阻滯細胞周期是治療腫瘤的重要策略。Weng等[23]研究結(jié)果表明,烏索酸可抑制膽囊癌腫瘤生長和細胞增殖,阻滯細胞周期于S期,并可活化Caspase-3和9,激發(fā)細胞凋亡。Harmand等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸可HaCaT永生化表皮細胞增殖,上調(diào)p21WAF1表達,阻滯HaCaT細胞周期于G1期;活化Caspase-3,促HaCaT細胞凋亡。Zhang等[25]研究表明烏索酸可抑制MDM2和TOPK,上調(diào)p53和p21,阻滯乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌細胞周期于G1期,并可促細胞凋亡。
細胞自噬(autophagy)也稱II型程序性細胞死亡(type II programmed cell death),是損壞的蛋白或細胞器被自噬小泡包裹后,進入溶酶體降解,引發(fā)的細胞死亡,細胞自噬已成為腫瘤治療的靶標。Shen等[26]研究表明烏索酸可通過活性氧介導的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激促惡性神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤U87MG自噬。Leng等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸可促進宮頸癌細胞TC-1自噬,其機制與Atg5相關(guān)。Xavier等[28]研究證實烏索酸可促凋亡耐受大腸癌細胞自噬,抑制結(jié)腸癌腫瘤生長,其機制與活化JNK相關(guān)。
此外,細胞自噬作為細胞存活機制,在不同的情況下,可能起到促腫瘤細胞死亡或抑制腫瘤細胞死亡乃至參與化療耐藥的作用[29]。Shin等[30]研究顯示,烏索酸可以促前列腺癌PC3細胞凋亡和自噬,但3-methyladenine或RNA干擾抑制自噬可增強烏索酸對PC3細胞凋亡的作用。其他中藥制劑,如欖香烯注射液,作為細胞自噬誘導劑,可抑制apatinib或血清饑餓誘發(fā)的細胞凋亡[29]。這些研究提示,烏索酸對腫瘤細胞自噬作用對治療結(jié)局的影響需要更多的研究。
上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是上皮類細胞,包括上皮類腫瘤細胞,向成纖維細胞或間質(zhì)細胞形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化的生物過程。EMT細胞呈現(xiàn)上皮標志蛋白表達下調(diào),如E-cadherin等;間質(zhì)標志蛋白表達上調(diào),如N-cadherin、波形蛋白(Vimentin)。EMT可增強腫瘤細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移能力,并與化療耐藥密切相關(guān)。Zhang等[31]研究表明烏索酸通過抑制上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT),抑制卵巢癌干細胞的增殖,促細胞凋亡,增強化療敏感性,從而抑制卵巢癌干細胞裸鼠移植腫瘤生長。Liu等[32]研究證實烏索酸能抑制人肺癌A549細胞粘附、移動和侵襲,并可抑制EMT,其機制與抑制NF-κB信號進而抑制AEG-1表達相關(guān)。
腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移涉及多個生物過程,如細胞黏附、移動、侵襲,失巢凋亡耐受以及上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化等。轉(zhuǎn)移是惡性腫瘤治療失敗的重要原因,中醫(yī)藥在腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移防治方面顯示出一定優(yōu)勢。Kim等[33]實驗證實烏索酸可抑制Bcl-2表達,上調(diào)BAX和Caspase-3,誘導SNU-484胃癌細胞凋亡;降低基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-2表達,抑制SNU-484細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移表型。Huang等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸可以降低VEGF和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1水平,抑制細胞間黏附分子-1 (ICAM-1)、MMP-9和MMP-2表達,從而抑制肺癌細胞增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。
Xiang等[35]研究顯示烏索酸可抑制肝癌、黑色素瘤細胞黏附、移動、侵襲,并可抑制黑色素瘤轉(zhuǎn)移,其機制與抑制FAK信號轉(zhuǎn)導相關(guān)。Prasad等[36]研究表明烏索酸能抑制結(jié)腸癌細胞增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移,其機制與抑制NF-κB,下調(diào)Bcl-xL、Cyclin D1、MMP-9等表達相關(guān);還可抑制VEGF表達和血管生成。米磊等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸可抑制人腺樣囊性癌ACC-83細胞的侵襲力、黏附力及運動能力。于麗波等[38]研究表明烏索酸能抑制卵巢癌細胞HO-8910PM的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,可能與抑制MMP-2和MMP-9相關(guān)。
腫瘤的化療耐藥,特別是多藥耐藥,是影響化療療效和腫瘤根治的重要原因;逆轉(zhuǎn)耐藥可以提高腫瘤化療的治療作用。Li等[39]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸抑制吉西他濱耐藥胰腺癌細胞增殖,誘導細胞凋亡,其機制與抑制PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信號通路和活化JNK有關(guān)。Shan等[40]研究顯示烏索酸可多藥耐藥結(jié)腸癌細胞增殖,其機制可能與下調(diào)Bcl-2、Bcl-xL和survivin表達相關(guān)。楊茗鈁等[41]研究表明烏索酸可抑制順鉑耐藥卵巢癌細胞增殖,誘導細胞凋亡并可阻滯細胞周期于G0/G1期。Yang等[42]研究顯示烏索酸可通過活化BAX,促半胱天冬酶非依賴性細胞凋亡誘導因子(AIF)核轉(zhuǎn)位,誘導多柔比星耐藥HepG2細胞凋亡。
放化療是腫瘤治療的主要方法之一,中藥聯(lián)合放化療已成為我國腫瘤治療的一大特色。Prasad等[43]實驗表明烏索酸通過抑制炎癥微環(huán)境,抑制胰腺癌生長并增強吉西他濱的作用。Kim等[44]研究表明烏索酸抑制肺癌細胞VRK1催化活性,與DNA損傷化療藥協(xié)同抗癌。蔣潔敏等[45]發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸能增強紫杉醇對人胃癌BGC-823細胞的敏感性,可能與熊果酸抑制PI3K/Akt信號通路,降低P-gp的表達相關(guān)。
Yang等[46]研究表明烏索酸能有效增強胃癌BGC-823細胞對放療的敏感性,其機制與G2/M期細胞周期阻滯,增加活性氧生成,下調(diào)Ki-67表達和誘導細胞凋亡相關(guān)。
血管生成是腫瘤生長、轉(zhuǎn)移的基礎(chǔ),抗血管生成已成為腫瘤治療的常規(guī)方法。Saraswati等[47]實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)烏索酸能抑制艾氏腹水瘤皮下移植瘤血管生成,可能與抑制VEGF等蛋白表達相關(guān)。Lin等[48]認為烏索酸通過抑制VEGF-A、bFGF等,抑制大腸癌血管生成;還可抑制人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細胞增殖、移動和管腔形成。沈晶等[49]研究證實烏索酸可以抑制雞胚尿囊膜血管生成。
綜上所述,烏索酸在腦膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤、腺樣囊性癌、甲狀腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、膽囊癌、胰腺癌、大腸癌、卵巢癌、宮頸癌、前列腺癌、黑色素瘤等惡性腫瘤中有明顯的抗癌作用;可以抑制腫瘤發(fā)生、抑制細胞增殖、激發(fā)細胞凋亡、阻滯細胞周期、誘導細胞自噬、抑制上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化和轉(zhuǎn)移、作用于耐藥細胞、增強放化療作用及抑制血管生成,烏索酸有希望開發(fā)為新型的腫瘤防治藥物。
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