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局限期小細(xì)胞肺癌胸部放射治療的研究進(jìn)展

2018-02-13 02:31:06許昌根劉百龍龔守良董麗華
關(guān)鍵詞:靶區(qū)中位生存期

許昌根,劉百龍,龔守良,2,劉 敏,董麗華

(1.吉林大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院放療科,吉林 長春 130021;2. 吉林大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院 衛(wèi)生部放射生物學(xué)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,吉林 長春 130021)

肺癌是致死率最高的腫瘤,其中小細(xì)胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)約占14%[1-2],分為局限期和廣泛期2種[3]。局限期定義為Ⅰ~Ⅲ期(任何T,任何N,M0,排除多個肺結(jié)節(jié)、太廣泛的T3-T4或無法被一個放療計(jì)劃包括的腫瘤),如果腫瘤超出局限期范圍即為廣泛期[4-7],其中局限期SCLC(limited-disease small cell lung cancer,LD-SCLC)占SCLC的1/3[8]。

極早期的LD-SCLC(T1-2N0M0)可以手術(shù)治療,如果術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)陰性,可給予化療;若術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)陽性,需給予術(shù)后放化療[9]。但手術(shù)只適用于5%的SCLC患者[10]。EP方案化療同步放療是LD-SCLC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的治療方案,其中位生存期可以達(dá)到16~24個月,5年生存率為25%[11]。對于無法耐受同步放化療的患者,可以行序貫放化療,治療后中位生存期和5年生存率可分別達(dá)到14.0~19.7個月和20%[12]。然而,對具體的放療介入的時機(jī)、靶區(qū)照射范圍、胸部照射劑量及分割方式,尤其是超分割、低分割等問題仍缺乏共識。本文作者將結(jié)合最新文獻(xiàn)就相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行闡述。

1 放療的時機(jī)

1.1 放療在化療開始30 d內(nèi)介入對于LD-SCLC,胸部放療聯(lián)合化療與單純化療比較可以減少25%~30%的局部失敗率,2年生存率可提高5%~7%[13-14]。多項(xiàng)研究表明放療的早期介入效果明顯優(yōu)于晚放療。當(dāng)胸部放療同步鉑類化療時,與晚放療比較,放療在化療開始30 d內(nèi)介入(早放療)能夠明顯提高LD-SCLC患者2年和5年總生存率[15]。De Ruysscher等[16]研究表明:從化療開始到胸部放療結(jié)束的時間(start of any treatment until the end of radiotherapy,SER) 是影響LD-SCLC生存的最重要因素,如果SER<30 d,5年生存率將超過20%。加拿大國家癌癥研究所進(jìn)行的Ⅲ期臨床研究[17]表明:與晚放療組(第6周 期化療時介入)比較,早放療組(第2周期化療時介入)患者局部和全身控制率明顯提高,進(jìn)而轉(zhuǎn)化為更長的生存。近期的一項(xiàng)Meta分析納入了12項(xiàng)研究 (2 668例LD-SCLC患者)結(jié)果表明:與晚放療比較,早期的同步放化療提高了5年總生存率[18]。

1.2 放療在2~3周期誘導(dǎo)化療后介入一項(xiàng)韓國的Ⅲ期臨床研究[19]表明:與第1周期化療時加入胸部放療比較,第3周期化療時加入胸部放療在完全緩解率、總生存期(overall survival,OS)及無進(jìn)展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)上均無明顯差異。如果病灶巨大,放射治療導(dǎo)致肺損傷的風(fēng)險過高,也可以考慮先采用2~3周期的化療,然后盡快開始放療。劉維帥等[20]對誘導(dǎo)化療后行放療的148例LD-SCLC患者進(jìn)行分析,根據(jù)2~3周期誘導(dǎo)化療后是否直接行放療將患者分為早放療組和晚放療組,結(jié)果顯示:化療有效患者,早放療組和晚放療組的OS分別為36.9個月和22.8個月(P=0.043),PFS分別為19.4個月和11.7個月(P=0.011);誘導(dǎo)化療后無效的患者,早放療和晚放療的中位OS分別為18.0個月和9.5個月(P=0.015),中位PFS分別為12.4個月和10.3個月(P=0.566);表明對于LD-SCLC患者,2~3周期誘導(dǎo)化療后無論是否有效,都應(yīng)盡快行胸部放療。

2 放療靶區(qū)的范圍

2.1 累及野照射傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為:因SCLC易轉(zhuǎn)移到縱隔淋巴結(jié),應(yīng)根據(jù)情況給予預(yù)防野照射。關(guān)于累及野照射,De Ruysscher等[21]在2006年開展了一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期臨床研究,27例LD-SCLC 患者參照治療前CT采用累及野照射同步化療,治療后患者中位OS為 21個月,中位PFS 為16個月,但同側(cè)淋巴結(jié)失敗率達(dá)到11%,表明累及野照射只能應(yīng)用于臨床研究。另一項(xiàng)荷蘭的多中心研究Ⅱ期臨床研究[22]入組了37例LD-SCLC患者,根據(jù)1療程化療后陽性淋巴結(jié)(短徑≥1 cm 的淋巴結(jié))采用累及野照射45 Gy/25 f,治療后中位OS為 19個月,5年生存率為27%,結(jié)果表明:累及野照射同步化療是LD-SCLC有效的治療模式。隨后的2項(xiàng)研究[23-24]顯示:CT指導(dǎo)下累及野照射后單純淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率僅為2.4%~4.6%,且均為同側(cè)鎖骨上淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。最近公布的CONVERT[25]Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)中,547例患者均接受累及野照射治療,其中274例45 Gy/30 f,3周方案放療組2年生存率達(dá)到56%,高于INT0096中超分割組(預(yù)防野),進(jìn)一步提示累及野照射有效。

治療相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng)是患者難以堅(jiān)持治療的原因之一,縮小受照野面積,有助于減少周圍危及器官的受照劑量,同時也可以通過累及野照射提高腫瘤區(qū)劑量,提高局控率。近年來的一些臨床研究[23-25]表明:淋巴結(jié)區(qū)累及野照射是可取的。然而,是否可以進(jìn)一步縮小靶區(qū)勾畫范圍[如臨床靶區(qū)(CTV)],尚無高級別證據(jù)支持。

2.2 PET-CT指導(dǎo)放療靶區(qū)勾畫PET-CT對腫瘤敏感度和特異性高,因此更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤原發(fā)灶和轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié),可以精確地勾畫放療靶區(qū)[26]。Cai等[27]在PET-CT指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)一步縮小了靶區(qū)范圍,將有CTV組和無CTV組患者的療效進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果顯示:與有CTV組比較,無CTV組患者3~4級放射性肺炎和放射性食管炎的發(fā)生率明顯降低(P<0.05),2組患者生存期比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.517)。

3 常規(guī)分割高劑量放療

INT 0096試驗(yàn)[11]已證明:采用45 Gy/30 f、每天2次、3周方案超分割放療的療效優(yōu)于45 Gy/25 f、每天1次、5周方案放療,其局控率和5年生存率分別提高16%和10%,這也是目前主要推薦的方案;但由于超分割放療執(zhí)行較復(fù)雜,存在嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)(3級食管炎發(fā)生率27%),大部分患者更傾向于選擇每天1次的放療方案。Zhu等[28]認(rèn)為:生物有效劑量(BED)與患者生存期及局控率密切相關(guān),BED每提高10 Gy,患者的1、3和5年生存率會分別提高6.3%、5.1%和3.7%,且局部復(fù)發(fā)率會降低5.5%;而Xia等[29]認(rèn)為:接受BED>57 Gy的胸部放療,其生存期及局控率要好于BED<57 Gy的患者。

Zabra等[30]研究顯示:82%的患者(入組42例)接受了61.2 Gy/34 f常規(guī)分割放療聯(lián)合EP或EC方案化療,完成治療后,患者的2年和5年生存率分別為47%和21%,而3級以上食管毒性為13.1%,未發(fā)生3級以上肺炎。Samala等[31]對200例EC方案化療同步70 Gy常規(guī)分割胸部放療LD-SCLC的患者進(jìn)行了回顧性分析,同步放化療前患者均接受2個療程紫杉醇和拓?fù)涮婵?,口服依托泊苷和伊立替康?lián)合順鉑等不同方案誘導(dǎo)化療,其5年生存率和食管炎發(fā)生率分別為21%和23%。上述2項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)表明:常規(guī)分割高劑量放療較超分割放療放射性食管炎的發(fā)生率低且生存期尚可。Faivre-Finn等[25]公布了547例LD-SCLC的研究結(jié)果:66 Gy/33 f組和45 Gy/30 f(2次·d-1)組患者2年生存率分別為51%和56%,組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,進(jìn)一步表明常規(guī)分割高劑量放療與超分割放療療效相當(dāng)。

4 低分割放療

4.1低分割放療療效Lee等[32]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):SER小于60 d的患者其生存期長于SER>60 d的患者。Sas Korczynska等[33]認(rèn)為:SER每延長1 d,生存率會降低0.28%,無病生存率降低0.31%。上述研究表明:縮短放療時間對LD-SCLC患者至關(guān)重要,低分割放療是LD-SCLC放療的一種模式,不僅可以迅速消除對化療藥物耐藥的SCLC亞群,而且可以縮短治療時間,最大程度地減少腫瘤細(xì)胞再增殖[34]。對于具有快速增殖特點(diǎn)的SCLC,低分割放療更具有意義[35]。在給予40 Gy/15 f的試驗(yàn)中,LD-SCLC患者中位OS達(dá)到21.2 ~ 22.0個月,5年生存率達(dá)到20%~25%[36-37]。2項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)共128例患者接受55 Gy/22 f放療,治療后1和2年無進(jìn)展生存率分別為64.8%~65.7%和32.4%~49.0%,1和2年生存率分別達(dá)到81.1% ~ 87.0%和58.2%~62.2%,且治療毒性可接受[34,38],療效不亞于常規(guī)分割高劑量放療或超分割放療。

4.2 立體定向放療(SBRT)療效SBRT是治療肺癌的新型技術(shù),由于可以對腫瘤區(qū)進(jìn)行高劑量照射以及對周圍正常組織進(jìn)行低劑量照射,使得SBRT可以在未引起嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的情況下,獲得理想的局控率和生存期[39]。在一項(xiàng)小樣本報道中,8例SCLC(cT1-T2N0M0)患者接受48 Gy/4 f的SBRT,其中6例接受化療,所有患者未接受腦預(yù)防放療,治療后局控率為100%,3年生存率為72%,未出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,治療過程中未出現(xiàn)2級以上毒性[40]。Videtic等[41]報道:6例Ⅰ期SCLC患者接受SBRT聯(lián)合或不聯(lián)合化療(3例接受4療程化療,1例接受3療程化療,2例未接受化療),SBRT放療劑量分別為60 Gy/3 f(3例)、50 Gy/5 f(2例)和30 Gy/1 f(1例),治療后1年局控率和生存率分別為100%和75%,3例死于非腫瘤因素,其中1例死亡時出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。一項(xiàng)入組29例LD-SCLC患者的Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)[42]中,患者接受EP方案化療(4~6個療程)同步SBRT胸部放療,計(jì)劃靶區(qū)(PTV)劑量為4 000~4 500 cGy,腫瘤靶區(qū)(GTV)劑量為5 600~6 300 cGy,分10次放療;其中4例、8例和17例患者分別診斷為Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ期,1和2年生存率為79.3%和47.7%,中位PFS為12個月;20.7%的患者單純局部復(fù)發(fā),27.6%的患者出現(xiàn)單純遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,24.1%的患者同時出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和局部復(fù)發(fā)。治療過程中未出現(xiàn)4級以上毒性反應(yīng),4例出現(xiàn)3級食管炎,1例出現(xiàn)3級中性粒細(xì)胞減少癥。

雖然SBRT在早期非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)中應(yīng)用廣泛,但在SCLC中的應(yīng)用較為局限。少數(shù)試驗(yàn)[39-43]表明:SBRT在早期LD-SCLC中的療效理想,可能成為治療早期LD-SCLC的重要手段。

綜上所述,放化療是LD-SCLC的主要治療方法,放療介入時機(jī)、靶區(qū)勾畫、放療劑量和分割方式是其主要熱點(diǎn)問題。對于介入的時機(jī),建議早放療,如病灶巨大,放射治療導(dǎo)致肺損傷的風(fēng)險過高,也可以考慮先采用2~3周期的化療,然后盡快開始放療。2~3周期誘導(dǎo)化療后無論是否有效,都應(yīng)盡快行胸部放療。累及野照射安全有效,高劑量常規(guī)分割放療與超分割放療療效相當(dāng),隨著累及野照射概念的普及可以嘗試更高劑量的超分割放療。低分割放療也是LD-SCLC患者治療方法之一,但其具體劑量及與化療聯(lián)合的方式等需要進(jìn)一步探索。

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