山西 唐興平

隨著語(yǔ)境和搭配的變化，as隨時(shí)可以體現(xiàn)出比較復(fù)雜且多樣化的用法，因此也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在高考試題里。筆者現(xiàn)將在多年教學(xué)實(shí)踐中積累的有關(guān)于as的用法歸納如下，以饗讀者。

一、as作從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間、原因、讓步、比較、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句

1.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“正當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”

As the teacher is explaining the text, the students are taking notes. 當(dāng)老師解釋課文時(shí)，學(xué)生們?cè)谟浌P記。

此時(shí)應(yīng)該注意as與when, while之間的區(qū)別。when,while和as三者均為從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，三者區(qū)別如下：

when意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候，在……的時(shí)候”，在從句中可指較短的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，也可指較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間段。如：

（1）When I came in, she was cooking dinner.（時(shí)間點(diǎn)）

（2）When she was cooking dinner, I came in.（時(shí)間段）

while意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候，在某一段時(shí)間里”，強(qiáng)調(diào)主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作延續(xù)的過(guò)程當(dāng)中，即從句動(dòng)作為延續(xù)性的。如上面句（2）可用while代替when，但句（1）不可以。再如：

Please keep quite while others are studying.

as意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”，更強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作的同時(shí)發(fā)生，當(dāng)從句動(dòng)作為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可與when和while通用，但從句動(dòng)作為短暫性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，僅可以和when互換。如：

“No, I won’t, I’ll be fine,”said Zhou Kai, as he opened the door.（外研版，Book Ⅱ，P2）

The sun was shining brightly as we sailed downstream through a hilly region.（外研版，Book Ⅳ，P42）

..., as I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily.（2015年湖北卷）

As you go through this book, you will find that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱ had a different experience.（2015年湖南卷）

2.引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“由于，因?yàn)?，既然?/p>

As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home.

要注意區(qū)分as與引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的because, since和for。

四者都表示原因，引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，because語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，since次之，as又次之，for語(yǔ)氣最弱。

because著重說(shuō)明聽(tīng)話人或讀者所不知道的原因或理由，從句可在主句前或后，在對(duì)話中用它來(lái)回答由why引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。如：

I did it because they asked me to do it.

注意：在名詞reason后，用that引導(dǎo)從句，而不用because。如：

The reason for my absence was that I was ill.

since表示人們已知的客觀事實(shí)或原因被用來(lái)作推斷的理由。如：

It must have rained, since the ground is wet.（推斷的理由）

as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)是向人們提供人們已知的原因、理由，從句只是起到了附帶說(shuō)明的作用，其著重點(diǎn)在于主句。如：

Cities are exciting, interesting places to live, and I have always enjoyed living in them， as there is so much to do and see. （外研版，Book I，P37）

for表示因果概念時(shí)，是并列連詞，引導(dǎo)的從句語(yǔ)氣最弱，提供的原因可有可無(wú)，且從句只能位于句尾。如：

He couldn’t have seen me, for I was not there.

3.as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于though，意為“盡管，雖然”

as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要采用倒裝語(yǔ)序，其語(yǔ)氣要比though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句更強(qiáng)，主要有以下幾種形式：

（1）原句為：主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)?？筛臑椋罕碚Z(yǔ)+as+主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞。如：

①Though we are students, we all have our own cellphones.→Students as we are, we all have our own cell-phones.

②Though she is a little girl, she dares to go out alone at night. →Little girl as she is, she dares to go out alone at night.

注意：當(dāng)表語(yǔ)為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)且?guī)Ч谠~a或an時(shí)，將其倒裝后，省去冠詞，只保留單數(shù)名詞，如句②。

（2）原句為：主語(yǔ)+be+過(guò)去分詞。可改為：過(guò)去分詞+as+主語(yǔ)+be。如：

Though our classroom was cleaned this morning, it is not clean now. →Cleaned as our classroom was this morning, it is not clean now.

（3）原句為：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+副詞（狀語(yǔ)）?？筛臑椋焊痹~（狀語(yǔ)）+as+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)。如：

Though I failed again in doing my experiment, I didn’t lose heart.→Again as I failed in doing my experiment, I didn’t lose heart.

（4）原句為：主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞。可改為：動(dòng)詞+as+主語(yǔ)+情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞。如：

Though you may try, you still cant’ make him change his mind. →Try as you may, you still cant’ make him change his mind.

（5）原句為：主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)）?？筛臑椋簞?dòng)詞+as+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞。（說(shuō)明：如果原句謂語(yǔ)部分中沒(méi)有任何情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞，將實(shí)意動(dòng)詞提前后，要根據(jù)實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和主語(yǔ)的人稱，在主語(yǔ)后分別借用do, does或did之類的助動(dòng)詞）。如：

Though he escaped, Il’l try my best to find him. →Escape as he did, I’ll try my best to find him.

注意：這類從句需要注意以下幾種特殊情況：

①這類從句在整個(gè)句子中位置靈活，可位于主句前、主句中或主句后。如：I know much, young as I am.

②這類從句和主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定，不必要求一致。

③as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句也有類似將形容詞、名詞、動(dòng)詞等提前置于從句之首的情況，此時(shí)要注意區(qū)分兩種狀語(yǔ)從句。如：

Teacher as he is, he can explain it very clearly. (原因狀語(yǔ)從句)

4.as引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句

（1）as...as...，意為“和……一樣的……”。常省去與主句相同的部分，第二個(gè)as后可接人稱代詞的主格或賓格。

I like him as much as she (likes him).

I like him as much as (I like) her.

The expanded European Union has a population of more than half a billion people, twice as big as the population of the United States.（外研版，Book Ⅲ，P9）

The failure was a big blow to him, but he wasn’t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever. （2015年福建卷）

（2）not as...as...，not so...as...，意為“不如……那樣……，和……不一樣”。

Beautiful Zhang Ziyi plays the part of Yu Jiaolong, a young woman who is not as good as she seems.（外研版，BookⅡ，P53）

Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.（2016年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ）

（3）...as...;...just as...; as..., so...; just as..., so...;意為“正如……那樣”。

(Just) as two is to four, so one is to two.

注意：上述句型與what引導(dǎo)的一種從句在意義上相似，但結(jié)構(gòu)不同。如：

Air is to us what water is to fish.

這種句型中what起連接代詞的作用，what從句在主句中起表語(yǔ)的作用，而且what在從句中也起表語(yǔ)的作用。這一句型的語(yǔ)義功能有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

①對(duì)兩件不同的事情進(jìn)行對(duì)比，語(yǔ)義重點(diǎn)在主句，側(cè)重所未知的內(nèi)容，從句是說(shuō)明已知的內(nèi)容。通過(guò)已知和未知的對(duì)比，便可獲得新知。如：

Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.

②為了說(shuō)明某一事物而進(jìn)行比喻，方式是用熟知的來(lái)比喻不熟知的，用近的來(lái)比喻遠(yuǎn)的，用具體的來(lái)比喻抽象的，所以讀者在理解的過(guò)程中，必須先弄清楚句子的哪個(gè)部分是作者在語(yǔ)義上加以強(qiáng)調(diào)的未知內(nèi)容。如：

Manure is to crops what food is to man.

上述例句側(cè)重主句，即通過(guò)讀者所熟悉的從句來(lái)說(shuō)明主句中未知的內(nèi)容。

二、as作從屬連詞，可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句、插入語(yǔ)或分詞短語(yǔ)

1.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，意為“像……一樣，如……那樣”

It is just as he has described. 正如他剛才描寫的那樣。

2.引出插入語(yǔ)，意為“正如……那樣，如同……那樣”，用逗號(hào)或破折號(hào)隔開(kāi)，置于句首、句中或句尾

Because of this, I make sure that I have a good diet, and as I’ve said, this isn’t a problem because my mother feeds us so well.（外研版，BookⅡ，P3）

As Muhammad Ali puts it,“Champions aren’t made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire, a dream, a vision.”（2016年江蘇卷）

3.引出分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，意為“正如”

It went on smoothly as intended.（2015年湖南卷）

More efforts, as reported, will be made in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.（2016年江蘇卷）

As shown here, Lainey can become excited about reading when presented with literature on topics that interest her, and when the people around her model involvement in the reading process.（2016年四川卷）

三、作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句，as可以指人、指物或指動(dòng)作及狀態(tài)

1.作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，as在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，往往和s u c h, t h e s a me 等詞搭配使用。主要構(gòu)成下列結(jié)構(gòu)：

such...as...意為“像……這樣的，像……之類的”，the same...as...意為“和……同樣的”。

It is a truly delightful place, which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.（2015年湖南卷）

（1）as在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。

We should read such books as have been recommended to us by Tom.

（2）as在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。

You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.

（3）as在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)。

She is not such a clever girl as she looks.

注意：此時(shí)要注意區(qū)分兩組句型。

A: such...as...與such...that...

B: the same...as...與the same...that...

它們的具體意義如下：

①such...as...引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，as在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。如：

This is such an interesting story as I have ever read.

②such...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。如：

It is such an interesting film that we all want to see it.

③the same...as..., as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，表示它所指代的內(nèi)容與主句內(nèi)容“相似”，即指同一類的人或物。如：

This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.

④the same...that..., that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，為關(guān)系代詞，表示它所指代的內(nèi)容與主句內(nèi)容是“同一”的，即指相同的人或物。如：

This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.

2.as作關(guān)系代詞，用來(lái)代替一個(gè)句子或一件事，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，從句位于主句前、后均可。as在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，意為“如，像，據(jù)”，多用于書面文章中

（1）在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。如：

Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly（多疙瘩的）Cat’s Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.（2016年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ）

（2）as在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。如：

As we all can see, great changes have taken place in China.

（3）as有時(shí)可引起一個(gè)不完整的從句，對(duì)于as作為關(guān)系代詞還是連詞的問(wèn)題，在語(yǔ)法界仍有爭(zhēng)論。如：

Universities started using the Internet at the same time as the army.（外研版，BookⅠ，P53）

But the spirit of Venice carnival is not quite the same as the great American carnivals. （外研版，Book Ⅴ，P33）

四、作介詞，與名詞、代詞等構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)

1.表示“作為，如同”等意義，說(shuō)明某人的職業(yè)、職務(wù)或某物的用途、作用等。說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的情況，作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week’s events.（2015年福建卷）

2.as與一些動(dòng)詞搭配，意為“把……當(dāng)作……，把……認(rèn)為……”，引出主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

如：（1）take...as...;（2）consider...as...;（3）describe...as...;（4）look on/upon...as...;（5）see...as...;（6）view...as...;（7）accept...as...;（8）regard...as.../regard as;（9）say...as...;（10）think...as...

In China we say 40,000 as 4 wan.（外研版，BookⅠ，P42）

New Zealand he describes as“wonderful”.（外研版，Book Ⅳ，P49）

People saw Carnival as a last chance to have fun at the end of the winter season.（外研版，BookⅤ，P32）

You dont’ want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.（2016年全國(guó)卷 Ⅲ）

Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable;...（2016年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）

Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.（2015年福建卷）

五、常見(jiàn)含有as的相似短語(yǔ)

1.as far as 與so far as

二者在當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)中已經(jīng)完全通用，盡管仍有人認(rèn)為so far as在語(yǔ)義上比as far as強(qiáng)一些，但在使用中并無(wú)區(qū)別，其主要用法是：

（1）意為“直到（或遠(yuǎn)到）……”時(shí)，運(yùn)用于“距離”方面。如：

The boys ran fast as far as the small village.

（2）意為“直到……程度、范圍”時(shí)，表示“比喻性質(zhì)的距離、程度”。如：

He went as far as to disregard the labor discipline.

（3）意為“就……來(lái)說(shuō)”。如：

As far as construction is concerned, the computer is similar to the human brain.

2.as long as 與so long as

二者可以指時(shí)間，意為“長(zhǎng)達(dá)……之久”；也有“只要”之意，表示條件。但美國(guó)人用這兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)表示“由于，因?yàn)椋热弧?，相?dāng)于since, because。so long as語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)，as long as用得較多，但在含義上并無(wú)區(qū)別，主要用法是：

（1）意為“長(zhǎng)達(dá)……之久”。如：

Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years!

（2）意為“只要”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。如：

Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide,but theyl’l exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.（2017年北京卷）

（3）意為“既然，由于，因?yàn)椤薄Ｈ纾?/p>

So long as the weather is changeable these days, wed’ better get in wheat in time.