朱偉
【摘要】 目的:探討電子輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)治療孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石的臨床效果。方法:回顧性分析2016年1月-2017年7月利用電子輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)治療孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石11例患者的臨床資料。所有患者術(shù)前均預(yù)置F5雙J管1~2周作輸尿管被動(dòng)擴(kuò)張。結(jié)果:11例患者均順利放置輸尿管軟鏡輸送鞘并置入電子輸尿管軟鏡,其中10例成功進(jìn)行鈥激光碎石,7例術(shù)后1個(gè)月復(fù)查腹部平片未見(jiàn)明顯殘留結(jié)石,3例患者殘留結(jié)石<4 mm(無(wú)效殘石),3個(gè)月后再次復(fù)查腹部平片,結(jié)石均完全排出;1例下盞結(jié)石患者,因腎盂-腎下盞漏斗部夾角(IPA)<30°未能成功碎石,術(shù)后配合體外沖擊波碎石及體外物理振動(dòng)排石,3個(gè)月后再次復(fù)查腹部平片,結(jié)石完全排出。術(shù)中無(wú)大出血、輸尿管穿孔、輸尿管黏膜撕脫等并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后3例出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱,其中2例經(jīng)抗感染治療后體溫降至正常,1例出現(xiàn)寒戰(zhàn)高熱(體溫>38.5 ℃,心率105次/min),診斷為全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,予以抗感染、激素及補(bǔ)液等對(duì)癥處理后好轉(zhuǎn)。平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(75±32)min。術(shù)后1個(gè)月隨訪5例肌酐不正?;颊撸◆謴?fù)正常。結(jié)論:電子輸尿管軟鏡治療孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石,具有圖像清晰、安全有效、結(jié)石清除率較高的優(yōu)點(diǎn),可以作為孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石的首選治療方式。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 電子輸尿管軟鏡; 孤立腎; 上尿路結(jié)石
【Abstract】 Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of electronic flexible ureteroscopy holmium laser lithotripsy for the treatment of upper urinary tract calculi in patients with a solitary kidney.Method:The clinical data of 11 patients with isolated upper renal calculi treated with holmium laser lithotripsy under electronic ureteroscope from January 2016 to July 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were prepositioned with F5 double J catheter for 1-2 weeks ureteral passive dilation.Result:Successful insertion of ureteric access sheath was performed in 11 cases and 10 cases had stones successfully crushed for single procedure,of these cases,7 cases showed no residual stones after one month of follow-up,
the diameter of 3 cases residual stones was smaller than 4 mm and the stones were fully discharged after 3 months.The operation failed in 1 case because the infundibulopelvic angle (IPA) was smaller than 30°,after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL) and external physical vibration lithecbole there were no residual stones with three months of follow-up.No major complications was developed,such as severe hematuria,ureteral mucosal avulsion and ureteral perforation. After operation,fever occurred in 3 cases,of which 2 cases had hypothermia to normal after anti-infection treatment,1 case had shivering fever (body temperature >38.5 ℃, heart rate 105 beats/min),diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome,anti-infection,hormone and fluid replacement and other symptomatic treatment improved. The average operation time was (75±32)min.5 cases of creatinine dysfunctional patients were followed up 1 month after operation,and creatinine was restored to normal.Conclusion:Electronic ureteroscope for the treatment of solitary kidney upper urinary tract calculi has the advantages of clear,safe and effective and high stone clearance rate,it can be used as the preferred treatment for solitary kidney upper urinary tract calculi.endprint
【Key words】 Electronic flexible ureteroscopy; Solitary kidney; Upper urinary tract calculi
First-authors address:Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Nanjing 210028,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.36.029
孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石一直是泌尿外科結(jié)石治療領(lǐng)域的疑難點(diǎn),因其極易引起尿路梗阻且患腎代償功能差,處理不當(dāng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致腎功能不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的衰竭,因此對(duì)于孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石治療上應(yīng)盡量采用安全有效,同時(shí)又微創(chuàng)、對(duì)患腎功能影響小的手術(shù)方法。隨著電子輸尿管軟鏡成像系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展及設(shè)備的不斷更新,其碎石能力不斷提高,適應(yīng)證也更加廣泛,對(duì)于孤立腎合并上尿路結(jié)石的處理又多了一個(gè)新思路。本院于2016年1月-2017年7月應(yīng)用電子輸尿管軟鏡治療11例孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石患者,療效滿意,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 回顧性分析2016年1月-2017年7月利用電子輸尿管軟鏡鈥激光碎石術(shù)治療孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石11例患者的臨床資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):長(zhǎng)徑大于1 cm的孤立腎輸尿管上段結(jié)石及腎結(jié)石,腎盂、腎盞無(wú)明顯擴(kuò)張。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)排除未糾正的全身出血性疾病的患者;(2)排除有嚴(yán)重心臟疾病和肺功能不全,無(wú)法承受手術(shù)的患者;(3)排除未控制的糖尿病和高血壓的患者;(4)排除未控制的泌尿道感染的患者;(5)排除嚴(yán)重尿道狹窄、腔內(nèi)手術(shù)無(wú)法解決以及嚴(yán)重髖關(guān)節(jié)畸形、截石位困難的患者。其中男7例,女4例,年齡22~73歲;輸尿管上段結(jié)石3例,腎結(jié)石6例(含3例腎下盞結(jié)石),腎結(jié)石合并輸尿管上段結(jié)石2例;結(jié)石直徑10~22 mm;先天性孤立腎1例,功能性孤立腎7例(對(duì)側(cè)腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)<10 mL/min),對(duì)側(cè)腎切除所致孤立腎3例。術(shù)前常規(guī)行血、尿常規(guī)、肝腎功能電解質(zhì)、尿培養(yǎng)+藥敏、腹部平片、B超、泌尿系CT等檢查。全組病例均有不同程度腎積水,術(shù)前血肌酐不正常5例(血肌酐>200 μmol/L)。所有患者術(shù)前均預(yù)置F5雙J管1~2周作輸尿管被動(dòng)擴(kuò)張。術(shù)前尿培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性予以敏感抗生素治療,復(fù)查尿培養(yǎng)陰性后進(jìn)行手術(shù)。該研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 手術(shù)方法 本組病例均使用日本奧林巴斯電子輸尿管軟鏡(Olympus URF-V,F(xiàn)8.5~9.9)。氣管插管全身麻醉后取膀胱截石位,常規(guī)以F8/9.8輸尿管硬鏡拔出預(yù)置雙J管,向患側(cè)輸尿管插入斑馬導(dǎo)絲(圖1),沿導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)鏡至輸尿管內(nèi)(盡量上行到較高位置),觀察斑馬導(dǎo)絲頭端放置位置,退鏡。沿斑馬導(dǎo)絲置入輸尿管軟鏡輸送鞘(F12/14,Boston),在輸尿管軟鏡輸送鞘置入過(guò)程中,需反復(fù)抽動(dòng)導(dǎo)絲,以確保輸送鞘沿導(dǎo)絲在輸尿管內(nèi)上行(圖2)。隨后置入電子輸尿管軟鏡觀察(圖3),進(jìn)入輸尿管上段或腎盂后退出導(dǎo)絲,調(diào)整輸尿管軟鏡頭端位置,依次觀察輸尿管上段、腎盂及上中下各腎盞(圖4),尤其注意不要遺漏后組盞,定位結(jié)石后使用鈥激光(美國(guó)科醫(yī)人)碎石(圖5),光纖為200 μm,調(diào)節(jié)功率為0.6~0.8 J,頻率為25~40 Hz,將結(jié)石盡量粉末化至最大直徑小于2 mm,以便結(jié)石排出,在留置輸尿管輸送鞘的情況下以沖水引流、套式籃取石等方法將結(jié)石取出或部分取出。對(duì)于輸尿管上段結(jié)石,術(shù)中可將結(jié)石推入腎盂,如無(wú)法推入,則將斑馬導(dǎo)絲留置在結(jié)石下方,同法沿導(dǎo)絲置入輸尿管軟鏡輸送鞘及進(jìn)行鈥激光碎石。術(shù)后患者常規(guī)留置F5雙J管4周。術(shù)后3 d常規(guī)復(fù)查腹部平片了解碎石情況及雙J管位置,術(shù)后1~3個(gè)月復(fù)查腹部平片了解排石情況。
2 結(jié)果
11例患者均順利放置輸尿管軟鏡輸送鞘并置入電子輸尿管軟鏡,其中10例成功進(jìn)行鈥激光碎石,7例術(shù)后1個(gè)月復(fù)查腹部平片未見(jiàn)明顯殘留結(jié)石,3例患者殘留結(jié)石<4 mm(無(wú)效殘石),3個(gè)月后再次復(fù)查腹部平片,結(jié)石均完全排出;1例下盞結(jié)石患者,因腎盂-腎下盞漏斗部夾角(IPA)<30°未能成功碎石,術(shù)后配合體外沖擊波碎石及體外物理振動(dòng)排石,3個(gè)月后再次復(fù)查腹部平片,結(jié)石完全排出。術(shù)中無(wú)大出血、輸尿管穿孔、撕脫等并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后3例出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱,其中2例經(jīng)抗感染治療后體溫降至正常,1例出現(xiàn)寒戰(zhàn)高熱(體溫>38.5 ℃,心率105次/min),診斷為全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,予以抗感染、激素及補(bǔ)液等對(duì)癥處理后好轉(zhuǎn)。平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(75±32)min。術(shù)后1個(gè)月隨訪5例肌酐不正?;颊?,肌酐均恢復(fù)正常。
3 討論
孤立腎合并上尿路結(jié)石是泌尿外科臨床治療的難點(diǎn),臨床上孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石極易引起尿路梗阻和感染進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致腎功能不可逆的受損,因此治療上盡量選用微創(chuàng)安全的方法。體外沖擊波碎石術(shù)(extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)、經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)及輸尿管軟鏡碎石術(shù)(flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsic,f-URL)是目前上尿路結(jié)石治療的三種主要微創(chuàng)手段。ESWL治療存在碎石形狀不規(guī)則,大小不可控的缺點(diǎn),容易形成石街而引起尿路梗阻,且ESWL可導(dǎo)致治療區(qū)域腎實(shí)質(zhì)缺血和腎功能損害[1-3],因此目前不建議使用ESWL治療孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石。PCNL作為孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石的主要治療手段之一,國(guó)外報(bào)道具有結(jié)石清除率高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),且經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)月隨訪能顯著改善腎功能[4-7],但仍存在較多的相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,如嚴(yán)重出血、發(fā)熱、尿源性膿毒血癥、集合系統(tǒng)損傷沖洗液外滲、結(jié)腸損傷等[8-9],且孤立腎患者由于無(wú)對(duì)側(cè)腎代償,手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。endprint
隨著光學(xué)電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,近年來(lái)輸尿管軟鏡技術(shù)開(kāi)始逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床。輸尿管軟鏡處理上尿路結(jié)石因其通過(guò)人體自然腔道,因此具有創(chuàng)傷小、安全性好及可重復(fù)治療等優(yōu)點(diǎn),避免了PCNL穿刺所致的腎實(shí)質(zhì)損傷,更加符合微創(chuàng)理念。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道對(duì)于<2 cm腎結(jié)石,f-URL的結(jié)石清除率僅略低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)PCNL,但高于mini-PCNL和micro-PCNL,而且手術(shù)并發(fā)癥明顯低于PCNL[10]。本組患者均采用奧林巴斯電子輸尿管軟鏡URF-V(F8.5~9.9),其最大優(yōu)勢(shì)在于內(nèi)置CCD位于鏡體頭部,手術(shù)視野無(wú)顆粒感,較纖維軟鏡清晰明亮[11-13],孤立腎患者由于失去對(duì)側(cè)腎臟的代償,碎石過(guò)程中操作視野清晰對(duì)防止腎臟損傷顯得更為重要。電子輸尿管軟鏡具有更大的彎曲范圍(向下270°,向上180°的彎曲度,軸向180°旋轉(zhuǎn)),可使其幾乎可以到達(dá)腎內(nèi)集合系統(tǒng)所有位置,結(jié)合鈥激光系統(tǒng)能提高孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石的結(jié)石清除率及手術(shù)成功率[14-17]。
對(duì)于孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石患者,應(yīng)嚴(yán)格控制手術(shù)時(shí)間,采用低流率及低壓灌注(間歇性人工沖洗),同時(shí)保證了術(shù)中視野清晰及腎盂內(nèi)低壓狀態(tài)。筆者基于安全性考慮,在術(shù)前常規(guī)留置雙J管1~2周,使得輸尿管被動(dòng)擴(kuò)張充分,易于將輸尿管輸送鞘置入至腎盂輸尿管連接部位置或上段輸尿管,這樣術(shù)中的沖洗液能夠通暢地從輸送鞘流出體外,既保證了沖洗速度維持術(shù)野清晰,又降低了腎盂內(nèi)壓力,從而縮短了手術(shù)時(shí)間及降低了相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn)。Wright等[18]報(bào)道使用輸尿管輸送鞘后能顯著降低腎盂內(nèi)壓。Torricelli等[19]也認(rèn)為使用輸尿管輸送鞘可以保證沖洗速度,維持視野清晰,降低腎盂內(nèi)壓。本組1例患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)寒戰(zhàn)高熱(體溫>38.5 ℃,心率加快105次/min),診斷為全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,考慮與該患為者輸尿管上段嵌頓性結(jié)石,輸尿管輸送鞘未能置入至腎盂輸尿管連接部位置,沖洗液引流不暢所致,術(shù)后經(jīng)抗感染、激素及補(bǔ)液等對(duì)癥處理后好轉(zhuǎn)。
本組11例患者術(shù)中均采用低能高頻(功率為0.6~0.8 J,頻率為25~40 Hz)的鈥激光設(shè)置方式將結(jié)石盡量粉末化,術(shù)中部分小結(jié)石顆??山?jīng)輸尿管軟鏡輸送鞘沖出,對(duì)于較大結(jié)石顆粒筆者主張應(yīng)用套石籃取出。本組患者由于均成功放置輸尿管軟鏡輸送鞘,易于套石籃取出結(jié)石,提高了手術(shù)成功率及結(jié)石清除率,且減少了軟鏡對(duì)輸尿管黏膜的損傷。文獻(xiàn)[20]研究表明,對(duì)于孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石患者,應(yīng)盡量采取主動(dòng)取石以避免術(shù)后形成石街堵塞輸尿管。對(duì)于孤立腎下盞結(jié)石,術(shù)中采用頭低腳高位或于患者背部托起患腎,應(yīng)用套石籃將結(jié)石置于較佳的碎石部位進(jìn)行碎石,來(lái)提高碎石成功率[21]。本組中有1例下盞結(jié)石患者因腎盂-腎下盞漏斗部夾角(IPA)<30°,未能成功碎石,術(shù)后配合體外沖擊波碎石及體外物理振動(dòng)排石。Giusti等[22]報(bào)道利用輸尿管軟鏡技術(shù)處理孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石,一期清石率和二期清石率分別為72.4%和93.1%;Atis等[23]報(bào)道一期清石率和二期清石率分別為83.3%和95.8%。本組研究采用電子輸尿管軟鏡處理孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石一期清石率為90.9%(10/11),二期均成功排石,較文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道高,考慮與電子輸尿管軟鏡視野清晰及雙向彎曲范圍較大有關(guān)。
綜上所述,電子輸尿管軟鏡治療孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石,具有圖像清晰、安全有效、微創(chuàng)、手術(shù)成功率及結(jié)石清除率較高的優(yōu)點(diǎn),較ESWL及PCNL具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),可以作為孤立腎上尿路結(jié)石的首選治療方式。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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(收稿日期:2017-10-18) (本文編輯:張爽)endprint