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術(shù)中吲哚菁綠熒光造影在神經(jīng)血管外科手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

2018-01-16 17:27孫振興王貴懷烏優(yōu)圖荊林凱
關(guān)鍵詞:神經(jīng)外科造影熒光

師 煒,孫振興,王 勁,王貴懷,烏優(yōu)圖,荊林凱,郭 毅

(清華大學(xué)附屬北京清華長(zhǎng)庚醫(yī)院,清華大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,北京102218)

0 引言

吲哚菁綠(indocyanine green,ICG)熒光血管造影作為一種安全、簡(jiǎn)便和實(shí)用的術(shù)中血管成像技術(shù),目前已逐漸成為神經(jīng)外科手術(shù)中常用的血流評(píng)價(jià)手段。自2003年率先引入血管神經(jīng)外科手術(shù)以來(lái),其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域不斷拓展,涵蓋血管、腫瘤以及其它等神經(jīng)外科多個(gè)領(lǐng)域。本文通過(guò)回顧已發(fā)表的ICG熒光血管造影相關(guān)文章,就其應(yīng)用價(jià)值及前景進(jìn)行討論。

1 ICG熒光血管造影背景介紹

ICG熒光血管造影最早于1956年被美國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)用于心血管和肝功能研究領(lǐng)域[1]。 2003 年,Raabe 等[2]第一次將 ICG 熒光血管造影應(yīng)用于動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉手術(shù),并成為術(shù)中評(píng)估載瘤動(dòng)脈及分支血管通暢,評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉程度的新方法。自此以后,該技術(shù)逐漸在神經(jīng)外科多個(gè)領(lǐng)域(如腦血管病、腦腫瘤及神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)等)中推廣使用。

ICG是一種近紅外三碳氰類染料,分子式為C43H47N2NaO6S2,其最大吸收峰和發(fā)射峰分別為805 nm和835 nm(可見(jiàn)光波長(zhǎng)為390~780 nm)。經(jīng)快速靜脈推注后,ICG迅速與a1球蛋白結(jié)合,并始終存在于血管內(nèi)。ICG經(jīng)肝臟代謝通過(guò)腸道排出,平均半衰期3~4 min,10~15 min后可再次靜脈使用。ICG 的推薦用量為 0.2~0.5 mg/kg,快速靜脈推注,每日極量為5 mg/kg[3]。 ICG 臨床使用安全可靠,不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率低,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道為 0.05%~0.20%,包括惡心、皮膚瘙癢、低血壓、心律失?;蚝币?jiàn)的過(guò)敏性休克等[4]。

2 ICG熒光血管造影在神經(jīng)血管外科手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用

2.1 顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤手術(shù) 手術(shù)夾閉目前仍是治療顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤的重要手段。但據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,術(shù)者僅憑顯微鏡下直視觀察操作,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,包括4%~19%的患者出現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉不全,0.3%~12%的患者因相關(guān)血管狹窄或閉塞引發(fā)缺血性卒中[5]。術(shù)中數(shù)字減影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)因其能有效評(píng)估動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉程度,評(píng)價(jià)載瘤動(dòng)脈和分支血管的血流通暢程度,目前仍是動(dòng)脈瘤手術(shù)中血管檢查的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但由于其費(fèi)用昂貴,需要額外的設(shè)備和人員輔助,在一定程度上增加了手術(shù)時(shí)間和手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且不能有效評(píng)估細(xì)小穿支血管的通暢性,目前僅常規(guī)用于顱內(nèi)巨大、復(fù)雜動(dòng)脈瘤手術(shù)中[6]。2003年,Raabe等[2]首先將ICG熒光血管造影應(yīng)用于動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉手術(shù),成為術(shù)中評(píng)估載瘤動(dòng)脈及分支血管通暢、評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉程度的新方法。Dashti等[7]在 2009 年、Washington 等[8]在 2013 年、Roessler等[9]在2014年先后報(bào)道了190例、155例和232例ICG血管造影單中心臨床使用結(jié)果,并將其與微血管多普勒檢查、DSA造影等其它術(shù)中血流評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)進(jìn)行比較,證實(shí)了其在顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤手術(shù)中用于術(shù)中觀察并評(píng)價(jià)血流狀況的有效性。Hardesty等[10]在研究中將術(shù)中DSA與ICG血管造影進(jìn)行分組比較,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者術(shù)中動(dòng)脈瘤夾再調(diào)整率(因殘頸或載瘤動(dòng)脈狹窄等原因)、圍手術(shù)期缺血性卒中發(fā)生率均無(wú)顯著差異,且常規(guī)術(shù)中使用DSA檢查組手術(shù)相關(guān)費(fèi)用明顯高于ICG組。

雖然血管痙攣是動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血后缺血性卒中最常見(jiàn)的原因,但蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者中因術(shù)中血管損害導(dǎo)致梗死達(dá)到了22.8%,且8%是因穿通動(dòng)脈閉塞引起[6]。穿通動(dòng)脈均為毫米或亞毫米級(jí)的血管,常供應(yīng)重要腦功能區(qū),傳統(tǒng)的影像學(xué)方法難以顯示如此細(xì)小的血管。de Oliveira等[6]進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)ICG血管造影(ICG angiography,ICGA)在動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉術(shù)中穿通動(dòng)脈血流的研究,針對(duì)60例患者的64個(gè)動(dòng)脈瘤共應(yīng)用93次ICGA,在術(shù)野中能見(jiàn)到穿通動(dòng)脈的36例(56%)中ICGA均可顯影,并可用于血流評(píng)價(jià),其中11例穿通動(dòng)脈發(fā)自動(dòng)脈瘤頸或鄰近的部位,因此在夾閉動(dòng)脈瘤過(guò)程中存在潛在的損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。ICGA結(jié)果顯示10例在動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉后與穿通動(dòng)脈關(guān)系密切,但未損傷,1例基底動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉后ICGA發(fā)現(xiàn)起自P1的穿通動(dòng)脈閉塞,重新放置動(dòng)脈瘤夾后穿通動(dòng)脈隨即顯影。

雖然ICG造影在顱內(nèi)動(dòng)脈瘤手術(shù)應(yīng)用中存在一定優(yōu)勢(shì),但其同樣存在因技術(shù)原因?qū)е碌膬?nèi)在缺陷[11-14]:近紅外熒光腦組織穿透性能較弱,使其成像結(jié)果易受遮擋、光線等原因干擾;熒光成像結(jié)果僅提供黑白灰度影像,動(dòng)脈瘤及相關(guān)血管的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)評(píng)估,特別是局部血流灌注的定量分析,目前尚無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)。因此,對(duì)于復(fù)雜動(dòng)脈瘤病例,特別是當(dāng)載瘤動(dòng)脈及其分支血管存在遮擋時(shí),術(shù)中DSA仍是目前評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)脈瘤手術(shù)夾閉效果的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),ICG血管造影單獨(dú)用于術(shù)中血流評(píng)估仍需謹(jǐn)慎。然而值得期待的是,隨著神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的廣泛使用,上述問(wèn)題有望得以解決。Bruneau等[15]率先將內(nèi)鏡整合下ICG造影技術(shù)應(yīng)用于顱內(nèi)前交通動(dòng)脈瘤手術(shù)夾閉治療中。該技術(shù)不受制于顯微鏡觀察視野的局限性,并可根據(jù)需要深入術(shù)野進(jìn)行多角度、全方位的調(diào)整觀察。因此,傳統(tǒng)顯微鏡下ICG血管造影的部分難題(如深部區(qū)域,特別是術(shù)野后方被遮擋的動(dòng)脈瘤體/頸,被動(dòng)脈瘤、瘤夾或周圍結(jié)構(gòu)遮擋部位血流狀態(tài)的觀察評(píng)估)有望通過(guò)內(nèi)鏡整合下的ICG造影得以解決。

2.2 血管搭橋手術(shù) 術(shù)中ICG熒光血管造影同樣應(yīng)用于顱內(nèi)?外(或顱內(nèi)?內(nèi))旁路血管搭橋手術(shù)[16-17]。Woitzik等[18]在45例顱內(nèi)外旁路血管搭橋術(shù)中應(yīng)用ICGA,其中35例顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈(superficial temporal artery?middle cerebral artery, STA?MCA) 搭橋,2例顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦后動(dòng)脈(superficial temporal artery?posterior cerebral artery, STA?PCA)搭橋,8 例隱靜脈高流量搭橋,術(shù)中共進(jìn)行51次ICGA,發(fā)現(xiàn)4例STA?MCA橋血管閉塞,2例隱靜脈高流量搭橋吻合口遠(yuǎn)端狹窄,均經(jīng)修正吻合后充盈良好,并為術(shù)后DSA或CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)所證實(shí)。因ICG熒光血管造影能快速識(shí)別供體和受體血管,實(shí)時(shí)評(píng)估橋血管的通暢性,有效減少搭橋手術(shù)早期失敗率,降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,因此其在各型顱內(nèi)?外(或顱內(nèi)?內(nèi))旁路血管搭橋手術(shù)中均發(fā)揮著重要作用[18-20]。

但傳統(tǒng)的ICG造影技術(shù)主要用于評(píng)估顱內(nèi)?外或顱內(nèi)?內(nèi)搭橋手術(shù)橋血管通暢性,然而,Januszewski等[21]認(rèn)為橋血管的通暢性并不與其中的血流情況完全吻合,且橋血管內(nèi)血流方式的改變可直接引起術(shù)后遲發(fā)性橋血管閉塞。因此,作者根據(jù)橋血管血流通過(guò)特點(diǎn)建立了一種新的搭橋術(shù)中血流分型評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):Ⅰ型(正向血流,血流強(qiáng)勁):強(qiáng)烈提示術(shù)后早期橋血管通暢性良好;Ⅱ型(正向血流,血流速度較周圍鄰近血管減慢);Ⅲ型(正向血流,無(wú)持續(xù)性血流通過(guò)):提示早期搭橋手術(shù)失敗風(fēng)險(xiǎn),術(shù)中應(yīng)及時(shí)翻修以避免術(shù)后相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。

目前已有早期研究報(bào)道使用半定量分析方法評(píng)估腦血管搭橋術(shù)中局部腦皮層灌注情況。Awano等[22]對(duì)13例煙霧病以及21例非煙霧病性缺血性卒中患者行顳淺動(dòng)脈?大腦中動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)(STA?MCA bypass),術(shù)中行ICG熒光血管造影并通過(guò)采集ICG熒光強(qiáng)度測(cè)量搭橋局部腦皮層灌注信息。結(jié)果顯示,煙霧病患者局部腦灌注在行STA?MCA搭橋術(shù)后較非煙霧病者明顯增加,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)提示在煙霧病患者中橋血管兩端的血流存在更大的壓力梯度,因此煙霧病患者術(shù)后需進(jìn)行更為嚴(yán)苛的血壓控制以預(yù)防因腦過(guò)度灌注引起的腦出血。

最近,Prinz等[23]報(bào)道采用 FLOW 800計(jì)算機(jī)整合軟件分析技術(shù),即時(shí)彩色顯示術(shù)中ICG熒光造影結(jié)果和實(shí)時(shí)定量分析ICG熒光強(qiáng)度動(dòng)態(tài)變化,評(píng)估搭橋手術(shù)前后局部腦灌注和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變,該技術(shù)有效填補(bǔ)了當(dāng)前術(shù)中高分辨率下腦皮層微循環(huán)灌注的可視化研究及定量測(cè)定方法上的空白。FLOW血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)的即時(shí)顏色標(biāo)碼描繪(又稱“彩色地圖”)通過(guò)術(shù)區(qū)血管結(jié)構(gòu)的高清顯示和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)分析結(jié)果的即時(shí)解讀,對(duì)于搭橋術(shù)中受體血管的選取、手術(shù)效果的實(shí)時(shí)評(píng)估起到了重要作用,并有效降低了術(shù)后不良事件的發(fā)生率。然而,需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,F(xiàn)LOW 800技術(shù)目前尚無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)局部血流的連續(xù)性實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)分析,其主要用途目前仍僅限于對(duì)同一患者手術(shù)操作前后的對(duì)比分析。

2.3 動(dòng)靜脈畸形/動(dòng)靜脈瘺手術(shù) ICG熒光血管造影在腦動(dòng)靜脈畸形(arteriovenous malformation,AVM)手術(shù)中具有一定的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[24-27]。 Takagi等[28]在一例左額頂葉AVM兒童病例中使用ICG熒光血管造影成功在術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)殘余畸形血管團(tuán)進(jìn)而全切,這也是ICG應(yīng)用于腦AVM手術(shù)中的首例報(bào)道。Zaidi等[29]將ICG熒光血管造影用于大腦表淺部位AVM手術(shù)中,用于判斷供血?jiǎng)用}、畸形血管團(tuán)及引流靜脈等血管構(gòu)筑學(xué)信息,并通過(guò)局部腦血流變化掌握供血?jiǎng)用}的阻斷情況。但是對(duì)位于腦深部的病變,或術(shù)中判斷AVM是否存在殘留時(shí),傳統(tǒng)的ICG熒光血管造影效果依然有限[30]。

腦和脊髓動(dòng)靜脈瘺(arteriovenous fistula,AVF)手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵在于術(shù)中準(zhǔn)確判斷瘺口的位置并予以完全阻斷[31-36]。ICG血管造影技術(shù)通過(guò)觀察血管內(nèi)熒光造影劑的顯影時(shí)間和流經(jīng)方向,可快速、準(zhǔn)確辨別瘺口及引流靜脈位置[37];手術(shù)后再次行ICG造影可幫助確認(rèn)瘺口是否阻斷完全[38]。

2.4 其它進(jìn)展 由于ICG熒光血管造影無(wú)創(chuàng)、簡(jiǎn)便且不良反應(yīng)少見(jiàn),其在神經(jīng)外科多種疾病研究中均有嘗試使用[39-45]。 如在 moyamoya 病研究中,通過(guò) ICG熒光血管造影技術(shù)證實(shí)了腦皮層微血管密度和微血管直徑的明顯增加(導(dǎo)致微血管表面積的增加)可能是血流動(dòng)力學(xué)損害的特異性動(dòng)脈代償機(jī)制[46];對(duì)于行去骨瓣減壓手術(shù)的患者[47],ICG熒光血管造影用于評(píng)估腦表面血管解剖特點(diǎn)和軟腦膜側(cè)枝代償程度。通過(guò)術(shù)中精確測(cè)量局部皮層腦組織灌注,幫助術(shù)者實(shí)時(shí)判斷和控制顱內(nèi)壓,并為腦卒中病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制的深入研究提供寶貴數(shù)據(jù);ICG熒光血管造影技術(shù)在腦海綿狀血管瘤手術(shù)中應(yīng)用價(jià)值有限[48-49]?,F(xiàn)有的研究病例數(shù)不足,且由于病變多位于深部并被正常腦組織包繞,手術(shù)視野受限,因此ICG熒光血管造影的作用尚存爭(zhēng)議。傳統(tǒng)的術(shù)中ICG熒光血管造影可用于定性評(píng)價(jià)血流的通暢性,但無(wú)法進(jìn)行局部灌注及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的定量分析[6]。新型彩色熒光造影(Carl Zeiss Surgical, Oberkochen, Germany),在原有傳統(tǒng) ICG 黑白熒光造影基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行革新,通過(guò)采集術(shù)區(qū)造影劑熒光強(qiáng)度和通過(guò)時(shí)間等參數(shù)信息,運(yùn)用整合于手術(shù)顯微鏡上的計(jì)算軟件進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)分析,并最終將結(jié)果以“彩色地圖”(造影劑最早通過(guò)的部位呈紅色,最晚通過(guò)的部位呈紫色,且顏色隨延遲時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短呈階梯性漸變)的形式呈現(xiàn)于顯微鏡屏幕,便于術(shù)者和相關(guān)人員進(jìn)行更為直觀、詳盡的形態(tài)學(xué)和血流動(dòng)力學(xué)評(píng)估[30]。 Faber等[50]和 Kamp 等[51]率先報(bào)道了 FLOW 800彩色熒光造影技術(shù)在神經(jīng)外科特別是神經(jīng)血管外科手術(shù)中應(yīng)用的早期經(jīng)驗(yàn),并證實(shí)了其在腦動(dòng)靜脈畸形、動(dòng)靜脈瘺以及顱內(nèi)外血管搭橋手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。Woitzik等[47]將這一技術(shù)用于大面積腦梗塞去骨瓣減壓術(shù)中評(píng)價(jià)腦血流灌注,并得到了極佳的腦動(dòng)脈、皮層血流灌注及側(cè)枝循環(huán)影像,進(jìn)而可精確定量檢測(cè)腦皮層血流組織灌注,對(duì)未來(lái)卒中研究極有價(jià)值。

在神經(jīng)外科新領(lǐng)域的不斷嘗試和突破將是ICG熒光血管造影未來(lái)研究的一個(gè)重要方向。包括在原有基礎(chǔ)上做出更大樣本量的系統(tǒng)論證,在定量評(píng)估腦和脊髓血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化的深入研究以及在神經(jīng)腫瘤等領(lǐng)域的逐步探索。術(shù)中ICG熒光血管造影最近被應(yīng)用于急性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血開顱后術(shù)中評(píng)估腦皮層灌注改變。蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血急性期患者的臨床表現(xiàn)對(duì)預(yù)后判斷至關(guān)重要,而決定其癥狀輕重的因素在很大程度上取決于急性期腦血流量的改變[52-53]。但是,目前術(shù)中實(shí)時(shí)評(píng)估腦血流量的動(dòng)態(tài)改變?nèi)允且淮箅y題,同時(shí)也給臨床治療帶來(lái)了挑戰(zhàn)。Schubert等[54]近期在研究中使用腦皮層ICG熒光造影得到急性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者早期出現(xiàn)血管痙攣的證據(jù),更重要的是,它提供了一種新的、有效的術(shù)中腦血流量測(cè)定方法(采用FLOW 800軟件分析工具測(cè)量腦皮層熒光信號(hào)反射強(qiáng)度推測(cè)腦血流量)。而神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡下的術(shù)中ICG熒光血管造影是未來(lái)研究的另一方向。在Nishiyama等[55]報(bào)道的內(nèi)鏡輔助下動(dòng)脈瘤手術(shù)中,內(nèi)鏡可以提供傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)顯微鏡無(wú)法觀察到的深部穿支動(dòng)脈的血流情況。與此同時(shí),在內(nèi)鏡輔助下三腦室底造瘺手術(shù)中,ICG熒光血管造影被用于術(shù)中動(dòng)態(tài)觀察基底動(dòng)脈及其穿支血管的位置和走形,降低血管損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[56]。尤其在三腦室底部不透明、合并血管結(jié)構(gòu)變異或是二次手術(shù)的病例之中,其優(yōu)勢(shì)更為顯著[56-57]。

3 結(jié)論

近年來(lái),術(shù)中ICG熒光血管造影在神經(jīng)外科多個(gè)領(lǐng)域,特別是在神經(jīng)血管手術(shù)中得到了廣泛應(yīng)用。未來(lái)的發(fā)展方向包括局部腦血流定量分析功能的拓展和與神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的整合應(yīng)用。在朝著更加微創(chuàng)、安全的神經(jīng)外科發(fā)展大趨勢(shì)下,作為一種簡(jiǎn)便、經(jīng)濟(jì)、安全、有效的術(shù)中實(shí)時(shí)腦血流評(píng)價(jià)工具,術(shù)中ICG熒光血管造影擁有良好的應(yīng)用前景。

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