吳蔽野 鄭暉
隨著世界人口的增長(zhǎng),腫瘤患者數(shù)量迅速上升,惡性腫瘤成為人類最主要的致死疾病之一[1]。在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中,宿主免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮了主導(dǎo)且十分復(fù)雜的作用。免疫系統(tǒng)與腫瘤細(xì)胞持續(xù)相互作用的過(guò)程主要包括免疫清除,免疫平衡和免疫逃逸三個(gè)階段[2]。免疫功能受損可引起腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移,影響其預(yù)后[3]。對(duì)于腫瘤患者而言,手術(shù)為重要的治療手段,而大量的臨床前和臨床研究表明,在手術(shù)期間麻醉藥物或麻醉方式以及圍術(shù)期鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的應(yīng)用可能會(huì)影響患者免疫功能從而影響腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)移與復(fù)發(fā)。因此,深入分析麻醉對(duì)免疫功能影響,對(duì)術(shù)后腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)及患者長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后具有重要意義。
研究證實(shí)人體的免疫功能會(huì)影響腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。免疫細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,功能及組織結(jié)構(gòu)因腫瘤類型和階段以及個(gè)體差異的不同而有所變化,多種免疫細(xì)胞共同參與調(diào)控并清除腫瘤細(xì)胞[4]。人體抗腫瘤的免疫效應(yīng)主要是以自然殺傷細(xì)胞(natural killer cells,NK cell)、輔助T細(xì)胞1(T helper cells1,Th1 cell)以及CD8+細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte,CTL)為主的細(xì)胞免疫。而輔助T細(xì)胞2(T helper 1 cells,Th2 cell),腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs),髓系衍生抑制細(xì)胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs),調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cell,Treg cells)通過(guò)阻礙對(duì)于腫瘤免疫的應(yīng)答來(lái)促進(jìn)腫瘤的定植,生長(zhǎng)和進(jìn)展。根據(jù)Th細(xì)胞分泌的物質(zhì)分類,Th主要可以分為Th1細(xì)胞,Th2細(xì)胞,Th17細(xì)胞,Treg細(xì)胞等。其中,Th1細(xì)胞分泌白細(xì)胞介素2(Interleukin 2,IL2),干擾素 -γ(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)等激活抗原遞呈細(xì)胞,介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞免疫反應(yīng),增強(qiáng)CTL和NK細(xì)胞活性和其抗腫瘤抗病毒效應(yīng)。Th2細(xì)胞分泌細(xì)胞因子IL4,IL5和IL13等,參與體液免疫反應(yīng)[5],該過(guò)程會(huì)抑制CTL和NK細(xì)胞的活性,抑制它們的抗腫瘤效應(yīng)。CD8+CTL細(xì)胞通過(guò)T細(xì)胞抗原識(shí)別受體(T cell receptor,TCR)特異性識(shí)別并結(jié)合靶細(xì)胞上的主要組織相容性復(fù)合物Ⅰ類(major histocompatibility complex Ⅰ,MHCⅠ)肽復(fù)合物,釋放穿孔素、IFN-γ等殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞[6]。大量研究表明,圍術(shù)期麻醉操作,用藥,管理可能會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)體免疫功能產(chǎn)生增強(qiáng)或抑制效應(yīng),進(jìn)而影響腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā),并改變腫瘤治療的預(yù)后。
局部麻醉包括外周神經(jīng)麻醉,硬膜外麻醉和脊髓麻醉。局部麻醉可以緩解疼痛,同時(shí)能夠阻礙神經(jīng)信號(hào)的傳遞,減輕應(yīng)激反應(yīng)所引起的免疫抑制。它通過(guò)阻礙傷害性刺激傳遞到中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),緩解圍術(shù)期免疫功能抑制減輕手術(shù)所致的下丘腦——垂體——腎上腺軸(the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA)和交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(sympathetic nervous system,SNS)的激活。目前大量關(guān)于局部麻醉與腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)的研究表明,局部麻醉藥具有良好的抗腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移作用,這可能是因?yàn)榇祟愃幬飳?duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞直接產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒性、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移與侵襲并且通過(guò)甲基化調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá)。此外,由于全身麻醉用藥相對(duì)復(fù)雜,包括鎮(zhèn)靜,鎮(zhèn)痛,肌松多個(gè)方面。常用的阿片類藥物,除鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)外,還有許多非鎮(zhèn)痛作用,包括直接和間接影響癌細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞,巨噬細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤免疫[7],研究表明長(zhǎng)期大劑量使用阿片藥物可能會(huì)增加腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[8],局部麻醉可以減少此類藥物使用,因而具有潛在減輕免疫系統(tǒng)抑制的作用,并可能對(duì)腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)與轉(zhuǎn)移產(chǎn)生影響[9]。其他研究表明,與只接受全身麻醉的小鼠相比,接受脊髓麻醉和全身麻醉小鼠的Th1/Th2平衡保護(hù)較好,可以增強(qiáng)肝單核細(xì)胞殺傷腫瘤的功能,抑制癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[10]。有研究表明蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔麻醉可以有效阻止全身麻醉下前列腺外科手術(shù)患者有絲分裂原誘導(dǎo)的淋巴細(xì)胞增殖抑制效應(yīng)。然而,近期一項(xiàng)關(guān)于乳腺癌患者的5年生存的回顧性分析表明:在胸椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯下接受乳腺癌改良根治術(shù)的患者,這種麻醉方式對(duì)于患者短期預(yù)后有一定積極作用,但無(wú)明確證據(jù)支持其對(duì)乳腺癌手術(shù)的長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后有影響[11]。
全身麻醉簡(jiǎn)稱全麻。是指麻醉藥經(jīng)呼吸道吸入、靜脈或肌肉注射進(jìn)入體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生神志消失、全身痛覺(jué)消失、遺忘、反射抑制和骨骼肌松弛等麻醉效應(yīng),全身麻醉主要分為吸入麻醉,靜脈麻醉,靜吸復(fù)合麻醉等方式。在腫瘤細(xì)胞生物學(xué)研究中,全身麻醉中的吸入麻醉劑會(huì)導(dǎo)致有絲分裂,血管生成和腫瘤的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。吸入性麻醉藥能夠直接抑制NK細(xì)胞和T淋巴細(xì)胞的活性,同時(shí)還可以上調(diào)HIF-1的表達(dá)來(lái)抑制IFN誘下NK細(xì)胞的毒性反應(yīng),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)高表達(dá)HIF-1因子的T淋巴細(xì)胞向Th2發(fā)生優(yōu)勢(shì)漂移。這兩點(diǎn)均可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體的抗腫瘤免疫力下降。靜脈麻醉作為全身麻醉常見(jiàn)的麻醉方式,常用的麻醉藥物如丙泊酚等則會(huì)產(chǎn)生抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生發(fā)展的作用。與單純?nèi)橄啾龋瑥?fù)合全麻可以減輕對(duì)患者術(shù)后免疫功能的抑制程度。丙泊酚——椎旁麻 醉(propofol-paravertebral anesthesia,PPA) 是一種椎旁神經(jīng)阻滯的獨(dú)特組合,大量實(shí)驗(yàn)證明其可以減輕乳腺癌圍手術(shù)期的免疫抑制[12]。
1.吸入麻醉藥
吸入性麻醉藥主要通過(guò)氣體形式,經(jīng)呼吸道進(jìn)入人體發(fā)揮麻醉作用。目前認(rèn)為,它的麻醉作用主要是通過(guò)阻斷離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)而阻斷神經(jīng)信號(hào)傳導(dǎo),產(chǎn)生麻醉作用的主要部位是在突觸或軸突膜上[13]。吸入麻醉藥是癌癥患者手術(shù)中常用的麻醉藥物,并且經(jīng)常與靜脈麻醉藥合用,維持手術(shù)所需麻醉深度。吸入麻醉藥對(duì)免疫細(xì)胞,包括NK細(xì)胞和T淋巴細(xì)胞,呈劑量與時(shí)間依賴性的關(guān)系抑制其增殖和誘導(dǎo)其凋亡,降低機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)應(yīng)答,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤的增殖、遷移與復(fù)發(fā)[9]。
吸入性麻醉藥,包括異氟烷、七氟烷和地氟烷,通過(guò)干擾細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路和缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子直接促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[14]。氟烷和笑氣都顯出很強(qiáng)的促進(jìn)肺癌和黑色素瘤小鼠術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移以及導(dǎo)致一些不易被發(fā)現(xiàn)的器官轉(zhuǎn)移。笑氣主要通過(guò)選擇性地抑制甲硫氨酸合成酶的活性來(lái)減少DNA,嘌呤和胸苷酸鹽的合成,直接抑制巨噬細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)胞的功能以及抑制中性粒細(xì)胞趨化作用達(dá)到免疫抑制效應(yīng)[15]。異氟醚可以促進(jìn)腎癌細(xì)胞的增長(zhǎng),同時(shí),對(duì)于有惡性潛能的細(xì)胞具有重要作用[16]。將膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞暴露于臨床使用的異氟醚濃度中,異氟醚能夠促進(jìn)膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移能力[17]。還有一些研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,使用異氟醚可以增加卵巢癌細(xì)胞對(duì)糖酵解抑制劑的敏感性,提示異氟醚在卵巢癌臨床治療中的潛在作用[18]。然而在另一項(xiàng)體外研究證實(shí)使用七氟醚和地氟烷預(yù)處理人嗜中性粒細(xì)胞可以抑制40%基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(Matrix Metalloproteinase-9,MMP9)的釋放,影響趨化因子配體 2(chemokine ligand receptor 2,CXCR2)下游信號(hào)通路,減少細(xì)胞間基質(zhì)的降解進(jìn)而減緩結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移[19]。并且在各類研究中多提示異氟醚可以促進(jìn)體外環(huán)境和嚙齒類動(dòng)物的癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移擴(kuò)散,而大多研究卻表明,七氟醚具有抗腫瘤效應(yīng)。除了臨床上較常用的吸入性麻醉藥物,較少應(yīng)用于臨床的氙氣對(duì)于腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)與轉(zhuǎn)移也有影響。急性暴露于氙氣的乳腺癌細(xì)胞遷移受到抑制而細(xì)胞存活率不受影響,促腫瘤生長(zhǎng)因子分泌減少,而異氟烷并不影響細(xì)胞的遷移[14]。雖然不同類型腫瘤,各研究之間存在相互矛盾的證據(jù),但現(xiàn)有的體外數(shù)據(jù)難以證實(shí)揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)具有潛在有害影響,也無(wú)足夠證據(jù)說(shuō)明這些藥物在腫瘤患者體內(nèi)的效應(yīng)。
2.靜脈麻醉藥
靜脈麻醉藥是經(jīng)靜脈注射進(jìn)入體內(nèi),通過(guò)血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)而產(chǎn)生全身麻醉狀態(tài)的一類藥物。目前在臨床上經(jīng)常應(yīng)用于誘導(dǎo)麻醉,基礎(chǔ)麻醉和短時(shí)間小手術(shù)的麻醉。
氯胺酮(ketamine)屬于非巴比妥靜脈類麻醉劑,是NMDA受體(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor)的非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性阻斷藥,其可以選擇性抑制丘腦內(nèi)側(cè)核,阻滯脊髓網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)束的上行傳導(dǎo),是唯一具有確切鎮(zhèn)痛作用的靜脈麻醉藥,常用于兒童手術(shù)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)氯胺酮對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞和肥大細(xì)胞具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,氯胺酮能夠抑制成熟樹(shù)突狀細(xì)胞的(dendritic cells,DCs)功能并干擾其所誘導(dǎo)的Th1免疫反應(yīng)[20]。在一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,氯胺酮可以抑制NK細(xì)胞活性,顯著降低手術(shù)后小鼠的肺轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)量和減少未手術(shù)老年小鼠的腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移[21]。然而,還其他研究顯示氯胺酮可通過(guò)上調(diào)Bcl-2的表達(dá),促進(jìn)乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的增殖和侵襲[22]。目前對(duì)氯胺酮與腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系的研究仍十分有爭(zhēng)議,可能與不同腫瘤及不同細(xì)胞的性質(zhì)有關(guān)。
丙泊酚(propofol)是臨床上最常用的靜脈麻醉藥之一,能夠快速起到鎮(zhèn)靜作用,常用于麻醉誘導(dǎo)和維持。除了E2,抑制前列腺素E2的促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)、侵襲和血管生成功能[23]。在一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,對(duì)比與氯胺酮、硫噴妥鈉、氟烷顯著降低外周血NK細(xì)胞活性的麻醉作用外,其具有眾所周知的非麻醉作用,即抗氧化和抗嘔吐,另一個(gè)可能作用是抑制環(huán)加氧酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)活性,減少人單核粒細(xì)胞向細(xì)胞外分泌前列腺素,丙泊酚對(duì)上述細(xì)胞活性無(wú)明顯影響。同時(shí),丙泊酚不影響肺腫瘤的存活和MADB106乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移,而前述麻醉藥物會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生顯著影響。因此,與其他麻醉劑相比,丙泊酚對(duì)NK細(xì)胞抑制作用可能是最小的[24]。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于腹腔鏡下宮頸癌根治術(shù)與術(shù)后淋巴細(xì)胞減少的研究表明,在保護(hù)循環(huán)淋巴細(xì)胞方面,異丙酚優(yōu)于對(duì)照組七氟醚。該結(jié)果可能為減少圍手術(shù)期免疫抑制和減少宮頸癌患者近期和遠(yuǎn)期不良反應(yīng)的麻醉技術(shù)和麻醉藥物選擇提供一定參考[25]。近年來(lái),很多研究集中于丙泊酚的免疫反應(yīng)所介導(dǎo)的腫瘤抑制和促進(jìn)外周Th細(xì)胞的激活與活化,提高機(jī)體抗腫瘤與抗感染免疫方面,這也是較多研究者認(rèn)可的在腫瘤手術(shù)方面,靜脈麻醉優(yōu)于吸入麻醉的原因。
阿片類藥物(opioids)經(jīng)常應(yīng)用于腫瘤患者復(fù)合麻醉誘導(dǎo)和維持以及術(shù)后急性疼痛和長(zhǎng)期慢性疼痛。除了鎮(zhèn)痛作用外,此類藥物還具有復(fù)雜的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用。已證明阿片受體不僅存在于神經(jīng)元中,也存在于免疫細(xì)胞[26]和部分如肺癌、結(jié)腸癌、乳腺癌等腫瘤細(xì)胞中。阿片類藥物在離體、活體實(shí)驗(yàn)及長(zhǎng)期臨床觀察中有顯著的免疫抑制作用。常用的阿片類藥物嗎啡,可以抑制T、B淋巴細(xì)胞的增殖和活性,抑制特異性細(xì)胞免疫和體液免疫反應(yīng)同時(shí)還能夠抑制NK細(xì)胞活性[27],因而可能會(huì)對(duì)腫瘤的免疫產(chǎn)生一定影響。Buckley等[28]人研究表明,在大鼠剖腹手術(shù)模型中,芬太尼可抑制NK細(xì)胞功能,而觀察腫瘤患者和動(dòng)物手術(shù)后的NK細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)曲馬多可以增強(qiáng)NK細(xì)胞活性同時(shí)防止腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移。因而,目前有越來(lái)越多相關(guān)研究顯示,阿片類藥物能夠起到一定的抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移的作用,并有望成為腫瘤治療的新藥。嗎啡可通過(guò)防止白細(xì)胞跨內(nèi)皮轉(zhuǎn)移和減少與腫瘤生長(zhǎng)密切相關(guān)的血管生成過(guò)程,抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)移[29]。另一項(xiàng)研究顯示阿片類藥物所介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞增殖和死亡可能取決于治療藥物的濃度和持續(xù)時(shí)間。長(zhǎng)期高濃度阿片類藥物暴露可抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng),單劑量或低濃度阿片類藥物則促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)[8]。κ阿片類受體(KOR)激動(dòng)劑通過(guò)抑制VEGFR2的表達(dá),降低人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cell,HUVEC)遷移和防止新血管形成,從而抑制腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移,而在KOR敲除小鼠中,Lewis肺癌或B16黑色素瘤腫瘤中生長(zhǎng)加快,腫瘤血管生成能力顯著增強(qiáng),腫瘤極易發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)[30]。除了對(duì)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)的影響,阿片類藥物可以直接參與對(duì)下丘腦——垂體——腎上腺信號(hào)軸以及自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的調(diào)控,或直接與免疫細(xì)胞上阿片類受體相結(jié)合而調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)。此外,還有部分研究顯示,阿片類藥物與免疫系統(tǒng)之間無(wú)確切關(guān)系,對(duì)腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移影響也不十分明確。一個(gè)關(guān)于阿片類藥物與乳腺癌復(fù)發(fā)的丹麥人群隊(duì)列研究中,在丹麥人口基礎(chǔ)上,阿片類藥物使用不同類型,強(qiáng)度,劑量,服藥時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短不一均與乳腺癌復(fù)發(fā)率之間無(wú)明顯的相關(guān)性[31]。這些研究之間的相互矛盾的原因可能與腫瘤的進(jìn)展,腫瘤類別及使用統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法不同等因素相關(guān)。因此,還需進(jìn)行大量且充分的實(shí)驗(yàn)確定阿片類藥物對(duì)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)的影響。
3.局部麻醉藥(local anaesthetic,LA)
局部麻醉藥主要是在用藥局部暫時(shí)、完全、可逆性地阻斷感覺(jué)神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)和傳導(dǎo),在意識(shí)清醒的狀態(tài)下,喪失對(duì)局部的痛覺(jué)與感覺(jué)。其作用機(jī)理主要是麻醉藥與神經(jīng)細(xì)胞膜上Na+通道結(jié)合,阻滯Na+內(nèi)流,降低神經(jīng)細(xì)胞興奮性,從而阻斷神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)、傳導(dǎo)。
Grégoire Le Gac等人的研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,局部麻醉可以誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞基因表達(dá)層面的修飾,包括調(diào)控細(xì)胞基因周期相關(guān)的表達(dá),這種表達(dá)會(huì)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制和誘導(dǎo)凋亡作用的結(jié)果[32]。局部麻醉藥利多卡因和羅哌卡因可以抑制TNFβ誘導(dǎo)的Src激活和細(xì)胞間粘附因子1的磷酸化,抑制肺癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移[33]。100 μM的利多卡因,羅哌卡因和布比卡因能夠抑制間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞增殖,減少細(xì)胞集落形成,影響干細(xì)胞分化成成骨細(xì)胞,抑制腫瘤形成與轉(zhuǎn)移起始相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄信號(hào)通路,從而抑制腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移與復(fù)發(fā)[34]。而局部麻醉藥細(xì)胞毒性作用一般呈現(xiàn)濃度依賴關(guān)系,低濃度麻醉藥誘導(dǎo)T淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡,高濃度麻醉藥誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞壞死。利多卡因和布比卡因以濃度依賴關(guān)系誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的凋亡來(lái)抑制腫瘤活性[35]。研究顯示丁卡因和利多卡因能夠抑制微管延伸以及其促進(jìn)腫瘤聚集和粘附的能力,降低腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[36]。然而最近的一項(xiàng)三盲、對(duì)照、隨機(jī)前瞻性臨床試驗(yàn)顯示,沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何證據(jù)表明術(shù)后即刻在單次椎旁阻滯中加用多次連續(xù)羅哌卡因輸注可以降低乳腺癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[37]。因而仍需大量前瞻性研究來(lái)闡述不同種類的局部麻醉藥和不同類型腫瘤之間的關(guān)系。
不同麻醉方式對(duì)腫瘤患者的免疫功能可能產(chǎn)生不同的影響,眾多回顧性研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明區(qū)域麻醉可以抑制圍術(shù)期患者免疫功能的下降,提高患者生存率。與全身麻醉相比,局部麻醉可以抑制皮質(zhì)醇和兒茶酚胺水平,減少術(shù)后肌肉破裂,免疫功能抑制較輕,并可能減輕促炎癥細(xì)胞因子的反應(yīng)。因此,局麻藥物可以更好保護(hù)重要器官功能(如腦和腎)[38]。圍手術(shù)期區(qū)域麻醉可以提高患者總體生存率而并不能減少腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率[39]。在一項(xiàng)區(qū)域麻醉與全身麻醉的回顧性分析中,24位膀胱癌患者進(jìn)行全身麻醉,137位患者進(jìn)行局部麻醉(脊髓或硬模外麻醉),卡方檢驗(yàn)比較兩組五年生存率,邏輯回歸分析用于評(píng)價(jià)影響生存的因素,結(jié)果顯示全身麻醉的[40]5年生存率為87.5%,區(qū)域麻醉的生存率為96.3%[41]。局部麻醉潛在益處在于抑制手術(shù)后神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和減少揮發(fā)性麻醉劑和阿片類藥物的用量,在一些臨床回顧性研究中局部麻醉可以降低轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和增加患者生存期[42]。與全身性麻醉相比,丙泊酚——硬膜外麻醉(propofol-epidural anaesthesia,PEA)能夠降低結(jié)腸癌患者血清中促血管生成因子VEGF-C,TGF-β(transforming growth factor β-1),IL6的生成和增加血清中IL10的含量,抑制機(jī)體免疫功能與腫瘤增殖[43]。
綜上,在腫瘤治療圍術(shù)期,眾多因素影響著術(shù)后腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移與復(fù)發(fā),麻醉因素也是其中之一。合理的麻醉藥物使用與麻醉方式選擇可以減少與應(yīng)激相關(guān)激素的釋放,增強(qiáng)免疫細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤效應(yīng),降低腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)與轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前臨床上不同麻醉藥物和麻醉方式對(duì)患者免疫功能的影響和腫瘤發(fā)展過(guò)程的機(jī)制尚未十分明確,同一種麻醉藥物對(duì)不同腫瘤影響的具體機(jī)制也未完全闡釋清楚。但是,基于現(xiàn)階段的一些研究,我們可以了解到:針對(duì)不同腫瘤選擇不同的麻醉藥物與麻醉方式,對(duì)于減輕圍術(shù)期患者免疫功能的抑制,降低腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)與轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有較大意義。由于麻醉與腫瘤患者免疫功能及術(shù)后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移之間的關(guān)系十分復(fù)雜,目前仍需大量研究揭示其機(jī)制。
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