謝國強(qiáng) 郭振宇 師蔚 左毅 肖三潮 雷振海 陳尚軍 郝五記
(陜西省核工業(yè)215醫(yī)院:1神經(jīng)外科,2醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,陜西 咸陽 712000;3西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,陜西 西安 710000)
·論著·
低成本增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)在高血壓腦出血神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡治療中的應(yīng)用
謝國強(qiáng)1郭振宇3師蔚3*左毅1肖三潮1雷振海1陳尚軍1郝五記2
(陜西省核工業(yè)215醫(yī)院:1神經(jīng)外科,2醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,陜西 咸陽 712000;3西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科,陜西 西安 710000)
目的探討應(yīng)用低成本增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)在高血壓腦出血神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)治療中的可行性和可靠性。方法采集17例高血壓腦出血擬行神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療患者頭顱CT數(shù)據(jù),運(yùn)用3D-slicer免費(fèi)軟件進(jìn)行虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)重建并設(shè)置標(biāo)記物后,將重建圖片導(dǎo)入智能手機(jī),應(yīng)用相機(jī)功能程序進(jìn)行頭皮與重建圖片準(zhǔn)確融合,精確描畫腦內(nèi)血腫體表投影,實(shí)現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù),個(gè)體化選擇手術(shù)入路,進(jìn)而在神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡輔助下行腦內(nèi)血腫清除手術(shù)。結(jié)果運(yùn)用低成本增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)17例高血壓腦出血患者均可成功完成腦內(nèi)深部血腫穿刺,并經(jīng)神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡觀察證實(shí)到達(dá)目標(biāo)部位。結(jié)論低成本增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)可以為高血壓腦出血的神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療提供準(zhǔn)確可靠的定位指導(dǎo)。
高血壓腦出血; 增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí); 智能手機(jī); 神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡
高血壓性腦出血約占自發(fā)性腦出血的65%~70%,大部分位于基底節(jié)區(qū)和丘腦等腦組織深部,致殘率及致死率均較高[1]。目前關(guān)于高血壓腦出血的治療方法國內(nèi)外學(xué)者還存在諸多爭議,但隨著神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)及設(shè)備的不斷發(fā)展和更新,神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)治療高血壓腦出血的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢逐漸被眾多學(xué)者所認(rèn)可[2-3]。相比常規(guī)開顱手術(shù)清除深部腦內(nèi)血腫,神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)治療對腦內(nèi)血腫的準(zhǔn)確定位具有更高的要求。陜西省核工業(yè)215醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科對17例高血壓性腦出血擬行神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療的患者,應(yīng)用低成本增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù),指導(dǎo)術(shù)中腦內(nèi)深部血腫穿刺,均取得滿意療效,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
收集我院神經(jīng)外科2016年1月至2016年10月17例高血壓腦出血住院患者擬行神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療病例資料,其中男12例,女5例,年齡52~78(平均63.2)歲;發(fā)病時(shí)間6~17(平均10.5) h;17例出血均為幕上腦內(nèi)血腫,出血部位位于丘腦基底節(jié)區(qū)15例,位于顳頂葉2例,其中出血位于左側(cè)7例、右側(cè)10例,破入腦室系統(tǒng)5例;出血量30~75 mL,平均45.7 mL。入院時(shí)意識(shí)狀態(tài):神志清楚2例、嗜睡狀5例、意識(shí)模糊8例、淺昏迷2例。
將所有17例患者入院時(shí)急診頭顱CT(圖1;飛利浦PNMS, MX16, 16排螺旋CT機(jī), 荷蘭)醫(yī)學(xué)數(shù)字影像和通訊(digital imaging and communications in medicine, DICOM)格式原始數(shù)據(jù),通過院內(nèi)網(wǎng)HiNet-PACS軟件系統(tǒng)傳送至工作電腦。
圖1 頭顱CT平掃:右側(cè)基底節(jié)區(qū)腦出血破入腦室系統(tǒng)(箭頭),出血量約57 mL
Fig 1 Emergency cranial CT scan showed the right basal ganglia hematoma broken into the ventricle (57 mL)
圖2 分別于重建圖像同側(cè)外耳道、耳廓頂點(diǎn)、眼外眥處(箭頭)設(shè)置參考點(diǎn)
Fig 2 Three reference points were located above the external auditory canal, the lateral canthal angle and the peak of the auricle on the right virtual skin surface
圖3 調(diào)整頭皮透明度至腦內(nèi)血腫清晰顯影后再次截圖
Fig 3 Screenshot was made after the hematoma could be visible with adjusting the opacity of the virtual skin
圖4 截圖標(biāo)記點(diǎn)與頭皮標(biāo)記點(diǎn)(箭頭)校準(zhǔn)
Fig 4 Adjusting the three markers accurately locating at the virtual skin and scalp
圖5 在手機(jī)相機(jī)監(jiān)視下精確描畫腦內(nèi)血腫體表投影
Fig 5 The scalp projection of intracranial hematoma was depicted accurately under the monitoring of iPhone5 smart phone
圖6 穿刺血腫成功后置入神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡觀察穿刺情況
Fig 6 Endoscopy was inserted in the transparent sheath to observe the precision of the puncture
圖7 術(shù)后復(fù)查頭顱CT提示血腫清除滿意(箭頭)
Fig 7 The hematoma was evacuated clearly through the post-operative CT scan
在工作電腦中運(yùn)行3D-slicer軟件:(3D-slicer 4.5.0-1,美國哈佛大學(xué)),將患者頭顱CT掃描DICOM格式數(shù)據(jù)(層厚1.2 mm,視野25.0 cm,矩陣512×512,窗寬85 Hu,窗位40 Hu,約200層)導(dǎo)入軟件系統(tǒng),依次應(yīng)用Threshold Effect、Save Island Effect、Make Model Effect功能模塊分別重建腦內(nèi)血腫及頭皮并進(jìn)行圖像融合,分別于患者同側(cè)耳屏、耳廓頂點(diǎn)、眼外眥處設(shè)置校準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)后截取圖像(圖2),隨后調(diào)整頭皮透明度至腦內(nèi)血腫清晰顯影后再次截圖(圖3)。
將截圖傳送至iPhone5智能手機(jī)相冊并保存?;颊卟骞苋楹?,采取仰臥位,分別于同側(cè)眼外眥、耳廓定點(diǎn)及外耳孔處標(biāo)記,使用手機(jī)重曝相機(jī)功能調(diào)取重建截圖作為底片,調(diào)整其曝光度致重建圖片及患者頭皮同時(shí)顯影,分別校準(zhǔn)標(biāo)志點(diǎn)使3點(diǎn)全部重合(圖4),在手機(jī)屏幕監(jiān)視下準(zhǔn)確描畫腦內(nèi)血腫體表投影(圖5),實(shí)現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)。
插管全麻后,常規(guī)小骨瓣(直徑約2.5 cm)開顱,“十”字形切開硬膜,一次性組織導(dǎo)引擴(kuò)張器依據(jù)軟件重建測量參數(shù)穿刺血腫遠(yuǎn)端(穿刺靶點(diǎn)為血腫最遠(yuǎn)端前5 mm),注射器抽吸閉孔器通道確定血腫成功后,置入透明工作鞘,拔除內(nèi)芯,神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡(Karl Storz 0°觀察鏡, 4.0 mm×175.0 mm,德國)深入透明工作鞘觀察血腫與腦組織邊界(圖6)。在神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡監(jiān)視下,吸引器清除腦內(nèi)血腫,并逐步旋轉(zhuǎn)工作鞘角度,清除周邊血腫后可靠止血。術(shù)后留置引流管,縫合硬腦膜,并骨瓣復(fù)位。
17例患者術(shù)前頭顱CT數(shù)據(jù)三維重建平均用時(shí)約3.5 min,依據(jù)重建結(jié)果及血腫部位,手術(shù)入路根據(jù)出血部位及血腫情況個(gè)體化選擇:15例丘腦基底節(jié)區(qū)血腫選擇經(jīng)額入路、2例顳頂葉血腫經(jīng)頂間溝入路,術(shù)中依照術(shù)前三維重建結(jié)果及血腫體表投影,均成功穿刺血腫預(yù)設(shè)位置及在神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡輔助下順利完成腦內(nèi)血腫清除,對于術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)活動(dòng)性出血點(diǎn)均在神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡監(jiān)視下予以止血。術(shù)后復(fù)查頭顱CT提示血腫清除滿意(圖7),未發(fā)現(xiàn)再出血。本組17例患者術(shù)后均取得隨訪,其中門診隨訪15例,電話隨訪2例,隨訪1~10月,平均隨訪時(shí)間為3.7月。根據(jù)GOS評分進(jìn)行預(yù)后評價(jià),13例患者恢復(fù)良好,4例患者輕度殘疾。
高血壓腦出血(自發(fā)性腦出血)系神經(jīng)外科常見危急重癥,全球每年因腦出血死亡人數(shù)超過100萬[4-5],關(guān)于高血壓腦出血的外科手術(shù)治療策略國內(nèi)外學(xué)者尚存在廣泛爭議[6-7]。
隨著神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡設(shè)備及神經(jīng)外科微侵襲手術(shù)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡輔助下高血壓腦內(nèi)血腫清除手術(shù)優(yōu)勢逐漸顯現(xiàn)。與常規(guī)開顱手術(shù)相比[8],神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡可以為術(shù)者提供清晰的手術(shù)視野,明顯提高腦內(nèi)血腫清除率,術(shù)中較小的醫(yī)源性損傷可在一定程度上改善患者的預(yù)后;并與立體定向下腦內(nèi)血腫穿刺術(shù)相比[9],神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡監(jiān)視下的清晰視野可以為術(shù)者術(shù)中及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)出血點(diǎn)及可靠止血提供保障,腦內(nèi)血腫的清除率也明顯高于立體定向下血腫穿刺[10]。
高血壓腦出血多發(fā)生于基底節(jié)區(qū)和丘腦等腦組織深部,而神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡輔助下腦內(nèi)血腫清除術(shù)采用小骨瓣開顱(直徑約2.5 cm),操作空間有限,如何精確穿刺深部血腫達(dá)目標(biāo)位置成為神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)成功的關(guān)鍵。很多學(xué)者[11]根據(jù)自身經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行深部腦內(nèi)血腫穿刺,但穩(wěn)定性及可靠性均較差;也有報(bào)道[12]采用神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航輔助深部腦內(nèi)血腫定位,因術(shù)前需要頭皮粘貼標(biāo)志物并再次頭顱CT掃描及術(shù)中導(dǎo)航信息注冊,費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力,且神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航設(shè)備及軟件系統(tǒng)價(jià)格昂貴,經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)及廣大基層醫(yī)院難以配置,故不適用于高血壓腦出血的術(shù)前計(jì)劃。
增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)(augmented reality, AR)技術(shù)是把虛擬世界套在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界并進(jìn)行互動(dòng)。隨著電子產(chǎn)品運(yùn)算能力的提升,增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)的用途越來越廣,尤其對于醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域更為重要。為了提高深部腦內(nèi)病變手術(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性和精確性,多種增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)已逐漸應(yīng)用于神經(jīng)外科手術(shù)部位的精確定位[13]。筆者將3D-slicer軟件結(jié)合iPhone5智能手機(jī)應(yīng)用程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)低成本增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)應(yīng)用于高血壓腦出血手術(shù)中,經(jīng)多次操作證實(shí),即可為深部腦內(nèi)血腫穿刺及神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)提供較為客觀、準(zhǔn)確的定位指導(dǎo)。3D-slicer軟件是由哈佛大學(xué)和麻省理工學(xué)院聯(lián)合開發(fā)的一個(gè)免費(fèi)開源的圖像分析處理平臺(tái),對計(jì)算機(jī)硬件要求不高,操作簡單,并且支持功能擴(kuò)展和改進(jìn)[14]。利用患者入院時(shí)頭顱CT掃描原始DICOM格式數(shù)據(jù),通過運(yùn)行3D-slicer軟件即可在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)完成顱骨、頭皮和深部腦內(nèi)血腫的三維重建并設(shè)置多個(gè)標(biāo)記點(diǎn)。截取重建圖像后導(dǎo)入iPhone5智能手機(jī),使用手機(jī)重曝相機(jī)功能調(diào)取重建截圖作為底片,調(diào)整其曝光度致重建圖片及患者頭皮同時(shí)顯影,將標(biāo)記點(diǎn)與患者體表解剖標(biāo)志準(zhǔn)確融合后,即可實(shí)現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù),進(jìn)而可以在手機(jī)屏幕監(jiān)視下準(zhǔn)確描畫腦內(nèi)血腫的頭部體表投影,為術(shù)中深部腦內(nèi)血腫的穿刺提供客觀、準(zhǔn)確定位指導(dǎo)。
本研究對17例高血壓腦出血患者的術(shù)前頭顱CT數(shù)據(jù)資料應(yīng)用3D-slicer軟件進(jìn)行三維重建,均在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)完成,并無需粘貼頭皮標(biāo)記物及二次進(jìn)行頭顱CT掃描、導(dǎo)航信息注冊等操作,在一定程度上優(yōu)于神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航。根據(jù)重建后具體腦內(nèi)血腫部位及形態(tài),個(gè)體化選擇經(jīng)額入路或經(jīng)頂間溝入路成功穿刺血腫,避免了腦功能區(qū)及重要血管結(jié)構(gòu)的再次損傷;同時(shí)術(shù)中無需開放腦室、蛛網(wǎng)膜池釋放腦脊液,腦內(nèi)血腫位置相對固定,17例患者均成功穿刺至理想位置。神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡輔助下腦內(nèi)血腫清除手術(shù)操作在透明工作鞘內(nèi)進(jìn)行,可人為創(chuàng)造操作空間,清晰顯示血腫與正常腦組織邊界,不僅提高了血腫清除率,而且可以在神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡監(jiān)視下有效止血,降低了術(shù)后再出血發(fā)生率,改善患者預(yù)后。
低成本增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)也存在一定的局限性:首先,相比神經(jīng)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng),此項(xiàng)技術(shù)無法在術(shù)中進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)互動(dòng)及錯(cuò)誤校正,且位置相對固定(一般選擇側(cè)位頭皮體表投影);其次,因本組病例數(shù)量較少,此項(xiàng)研究的精確性尚需多中心、大樣本的病例研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
總之,術(shù)前通過應(yīng)用3D-slicer軟件及iPhone5智能手機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)低成本增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù),可以為高血壓腦出血的神經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)提供較為準(zhǔn)確可靠的定位指導(dǎo),對于提高高血壓腦出血手術(shù)的療效大有裨益。
1KEEP R F, HUA Y, XI G. Intracerebral hemorrhage: mechanisms of injury and therapeutic targets [J]. Lancet Neurol, 2012, 11(8): 720-731.
2FIORELLA D, ZUCKERMAN S L, KHAN I S, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage: a common and devastating disease in need of better treatment [J]. World Neurosurg, 2015, 84(4): 1136-1141.
3RENNERT R C, SIGNORELLI J W, ABRAHAM P, et al. Minimally invasive treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage [J]. Expert Rev Neurother, 2015, 15(8): 919-933.
4SACCO S, MARINI C, TONI D, et al. Incidence and 10-year survival of intracerebral hemorrhage in a population-based registry [J]. Stroke, 2009, 40(2): 394-399.
5QURESHI A I, TUHRIM S, BRODERICK J P, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage [J]. N Engl J Med, 2001, 344(19): 1450-1460.
6MORGENSTERN L B, HEMPHILL J C, ANDERSON C, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association [J]. Stroke,2010, 41(9): 2108-2129.
7STEINER T, AL-SHAHI SALMAN R, BEER R, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage [J]. Int J Stroke, 2014, 9(7): 840-855.
8NAGASAKA T, TSUGENO M, IKEDA H, et al. Early recovery and better evacuation rate in neuroendoscopic surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage using a multifunctional cannula: preliminary study in comparison with craniotomy [J]. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2011, 20(3): 208-213.
9CHO D Y, CHEN C C, CHANG C S, et al. Endoscopic surgery for spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage: comparing endoscopic surgery, stereotactic aspiration, and craniotomy in noncomatose patients [J]. Surg Neurol, 2006, 65(6): 547-555.
10黃毅, 黃純真, 趙霞. 高血壓腦出血內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)治療進(jìn)展 [J]. 中華神經(jīng)外科疾病研究雜志, 2014, 13(5): 472-474.
11OCHALSKI P, CHIVUKULA S, SHIN S, et al. Outcomes after endoscopic port surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hematomas [J]. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg, 2014, 75(3): 195-205.
12YAN Y F, RU D W, DU J R, et al. The clinical efficacy of neuronavigation-assisted minimally invasive operation on hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage [J]. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2015, 19(14): 2614-2620.
13BESHARATI T L, MAHVASH M. Augmented reality guided neurosurgery accuracy and intraoperative application of an image projection technique [J]. J Neurosurg, 2015, 123(1): 206-211.
14EGGER J, KAPUR T, FEDOROV A, et al. GBM volumetry using the 3-D Slicer medical image computing platform [J]. Sci Rep, 2013, 3: 1364.
Applicationoflow-costaugmentedrealitytechniqueinminimallyinvasiveneuroendoscopictreatmentofhypertensivecerebralhemorrhage
XIEGuoqiang1,GUOZhenyu3,SHIWei3,ZUOYi1,XIAOSanchao1,LEIZhenhai1,CHENShangjun1,HAOWuji2
1DepartmentofNeurosurgery;2DepartmentofMedicalImaging,NuclearIndustry215thHospitalofShaanxiProvince,Xianyang712000;3DepartmentofNeurosurgery,SecondAffiliatedHospitalofXi'anJiaotongUniversity,Xi'an710000, China
ObjectiveThe feasibility and reliability of the low-cost augmented reality (AR) in minimally invasive endoscopic treatment of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) were discussed.MethodsA total of 17 ICH patients treated with minimally invasive endoscopic surgery were recruited. After brain computed tomography (CT) scan, the digital imaging and communications in medicine data (DICOM) were loaded into free software 3D-slicer. The hematomas and the scalps were reconstructed by the software respectively before the screenshots with markers on the virtual scalp were transmitted to an iPhone5 smart phone. Augmented reality based on an iOS app of camera allowed a projection of the hematoma to be seen on the patients scalp to facilitate selection of the best endoscopy approach. An obturator and transparent sheath was used to establish a working channel, and the surgical evacuation of the hematomas was performed with endoscopy.ResultsThe hematomas of 17 ICH patients were punctured successfully with the low-cost augmented reality technology, and the target locations were verified by the endoscopy.ConclusionThe application of low-cost augmented reality in ICH can provide the reliable and accurate direction for the minimally invasive endoscopic treatment of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).
Hypertensive hematoma; Augmented reality; Smart phone; Neuroendoscopy
1671-2897(2017)16-221-04
謝國強(qiáng),碩士研究生,副主任醫(yī)師,E-mail: 522802876@qq.com
*通訊作者: 師蔚,教授、主任醫(yī)師,E-mail: sweins@21cn.com
R 651.1
A
2016-11-26;
2017-02-20)