何 艷,陳侶林,朱俊臣,蘭 英,堯 娟
右美托咪定對(duì)膿毒癥患者譫妄的預(yù)防作用
何 艷*,陳侶林,朱俊臣,蘭 英,堯 娟
目的觀察右美托咪定是否可通過(guò)減少早期炎癥因子釋放而降低ICU膿毒癥患者譫妄發(fā)生率,縮短譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間。方法將我院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科2015年12月至2017年2月收治的膿毒癥患者68例隨機(jī)分為2組:右美托咪定組(34例)、對(duì)照組(34例)。兩組患者均給予膿毒癥指南規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)束集化治療,右美托咪定組給予生理鹽水50 mL+200 μg右美托咪定以0.5 μg/(kg·h)泵入,對(duì)照組予以相同劑量生理鹽水泵入。每組患者每日予以CAM-ICU評(píng)估,對(duì)比兩組患者譫妄發(fā)生率、譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間及ICU入住時(shí)間。同時(shí)檢測(cè)所有患者入ICU時(shí)(0 h)、24 h、48 h血中IL-6、神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)表達(dá)變化。結(jié)果右美托咪定組的譫妄發(fā)生率較對(duì)照組明顯下降(17.6% vs.41.2%,P<0.05),ICU住院時(shí)間較對(duì)照組縮短[(10±3) d vs.(12±2) d,P<0.05],但兩組譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。與對(duì)照組比較,右美托咪定組患者在入ICU時(shí)(0 h)、24 h、48 h血漿IL-6、NSE水平降低(P<0.05)。結(jié)論右美托咪定可以降低ICU膿毒癥患者譫妄發(fā)生率,縮短ICU住院天數(shù),但不影響譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間,其機(jī)制可能與右美托咪定減少I(mǎi)CU膿毒癥患者早期炎癥因子IL-6及NSE釋放有關(guān)。
右美托咪定;譫妄;膿毒癥;神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶
譫妄是精神狀態(tài)的急性波動(dòng),表現(xiàn)為注意力不集中、思維混亂和/或意識(shí)水平的改變。在重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,由于嚴(yán)重的疾病狀態(tài)、各種有創(chuàng)操作的刺激、睡眠節(jié)律紊亂及缺乏家人陪同等因素,ICU患者的譫妄發(fā)生率明顯升高,有20%~50%的非機(jī)械通氣患者和60%~80%的機(jī)械通氣患者發(fā)生譫妄[1]。ICU獲得性譫妄與一些不利的預(yù)后相關(guān),包括較長(zhǎng)的ICU住院天數(shù)、住院費(fèi)用的增加、長(zhǎng)期認(rèn)知障礙等[2-5]。膿毒癥患者在疾病初期體內(nèi)炎癥因子大量釋放,全身炎癥反應(yīng)及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞活化導(dǎo)致中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)紊亂,最終引起譫妄[6-7],因此,膿毒癥患者譫妄發(fā)生率較高。
本試驗(yàn)旨在研究右美托咪定是否可通過(guò)減少早期炎癥因子釋放而降低ICU膿毒癥患者譫妄發(fā)生率,縮短譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間。
1.1 一般材料 本研究方案經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有病例均簽署麻醉藥物使用同意書(shū)。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):滿足拯救膿毒癥運(yùn)動(dòng)(SSC)2016年膿毒癥與膿毒性休克處理國(guó)際指南中膿毒癥定義且完成6 h束集化治療目標(biāo)的患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):顱內(nèi)腫瘤,感染源考慮顱內(nèi)感染,心肺復(fù)蘇術(shù)后,持續(xù)昏迷超過(guò)48 h,自動(dòng)出院,既往有精神類(lèi)疾病史,嚴(yán)重心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯,由外院ICU轉(zhuǎn)入患者。
1.2 分組與方法 選擇我科2015年12月至2017年2月收治膿毒血癥患者68例,隨機(jī)分為2組:右美托咪定組(34例)和對(duì)照組(34例),記錄兩組患者的性別、年齡、APACHⅡ評(píng)分、感染病灶等一般資料。
兩組患者均給予膿毒血癥指南規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化治療,以減少人為干預(yù),每組患者由醫(yī)師評(píng)估病情后,給予咪達(dá)唑侖聯(lián)合布托啡諾作為基礎(chǔ)鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛。右美托咪定組予以生理鹽水50 mL+200 μg右美托咪定以0.5 μg/(kg·h)泵入,對(duì)照組給予相同劑量生理鹽水泵入。
每組患者每日予以3次(8∶00、16∶00、21∶00)CAM-ICU評(píng)估,符合者診斷為譫妄。同時(shí)采集所有患者入ICU時(shí)(0 h)、24 h、48 h靜脈血。采集受試者靜脈血4 ℃離心,取上清液-70 ℃保存待用。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 對(duì)比兩組患者譫妄發(fā)生率、譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間及ICU住院時(shí)間。同時(shí)應(yīng)用放射免疫法檢測(cè)所有患者入ICU時(shí)(0 h)、24 h、48 h血漿IL-6、神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)表達(dá)變化。
2.1 一般資料 兩組患者的年齡、性別比例、急性生理學(xué)與慢性健康狀況評(píng)分系統(tǒng)Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ評(píng)分)、感染病灶病例比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 譫妄發(fā)生率、譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間及ICU入住時(shí)間 右美托咪定組譫妄發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),ICU住院時(shí)間較對(duì)照組縮短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但兩組譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 血漿IL-6、NSE水平 在入ICU后24、48 h,與對(duì)照組比較,右美托咪定組患者血漿IL-6、NSE水平明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
表1 兩組患者一般資料比較(例)
表2 兩組譫妄發(fā)生率、持續(xù)時(shí)間及ICU住院時(shí)間比較
注:*與對(duì)照組比較,P<0.05
表3 兩組患者各時(shí)點(diǎn)血漿IL-6、NSE水平比較
注:*與對(duì)照組比較,P<0.05;#與0 h比較,P<0.05
膿毒癥是重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科的常見(jiàn)疾病,死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高 ,是各種病原體感染、創(chuàng)傷、燒傷、缺氧、再灌注損傷及外科大手術(shù)后引起的嚴(yán)重、復(fù)雜、失控、全身性的炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,可引起感染性休克及多器官功能障礙綜合征。膿毒癥相關(guān)性譫妄(Sepsis-associated delirium,SAD)的發(fā)病機(jī)制主要有內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和血腦屏障受損、腦血流改變、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)和氨基酸平衡失調(diào)、炎癥介質(zhì)與補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)、線粒體功能障礙和細(xì)胞凋亡等[9]。其中全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征是膿毒癥相關(guān)性譫妄的基礎(chǔ)原因。膿毒癥患者的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞活化引起微循環(huán)障礙和血-腦屏障改變,使得神經(jīng)毒性介質(zhì)尤其是炎癥介質(zhì)進(jìn)入大腦,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞功能失調(diào)[10]。細(xì)胞功能失調(diào)可影響所有的腦細(xì)胞,包括小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞。而小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞功能障礙是膿毒癥患者譫妄的關(guān)鍵機(jī)制[11]。
右美托咪定是一種新型高選擇性α2腎上腺素受體激動(dòng)劑,除了具備良好的鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛效果外,還具有維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定、抗炎效應(yīng)和器官保護(hù)作用。研究證實(shí),右美托咪定能抑制中性粒細(xì)胞激活炎性細(xì)胞因子的釋放,從而發(fā)揮全身的抗炎作用,也可抑制致炎因子導(dǎo)致的中性粒細(xì)胞的呼吸爆發(fā),避免脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化反應(yīng),對(duì)心、腎、肝、肺等多器官具有保護(hù)作用[12-19]。
NSE是一種參與糖酵解途徑的烯醇化酶,主要存在于神經(jīng)組織和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌組織中,常作為腦損傷相關(guān)標(biāo)記物。近年研究表明,其與譫妄發(fā)生有密切關(guān)系。Carmen等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NSE濃度升高與ICU重癥患者譫妄發(fā)生率增加密切相關(guān)。
右美托咪定減少膿毒癥患者譫妄發(fā)生的機(jī)制暫不明確,本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,右美托咪定可能通過(guò)減輕患者早期炎癥反應(yīng)及減少NSE釋放,起到預(yù)防譫妄的作用。由于譫妄診斷主要靠臨床評(píng)估,缺乏特定的實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)依據(jù),臨床醫(yī)師的主要職責(zé)是早期識(shí)別器官損傷并給予干預(yù),但對(duì)于ICU膿毒癥患者早期腦損傷的識(shí)別仍具有重大挑戰(zhàn),因?yàn)槟摱景Y患者早期病情危重,常需要鎮(zhèn)靜,從而延誤了神經(jīng)學(xué)檢查,延緩譫妄的識(shí)別。因此,近年來(lái)許多研究旨在尋找譫妄的早期生物標(biāo)記物,本實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,ICU膿毒癥患者早期血漿IL-6、NSE濃度升高,與譫妄發(fā)生率呈正相關(guān),可能有望作為將來(lái)膿毒血癥患者譫妄的早期生物標(biāo)記物。
右美托咪定可通過(guò)減輕ICU膿毒癥患者早期炎癥反應(yīng),降低譫妄發(fā)生率,縮短ICU住院時(shí)間,達(dá)到腦保護(hù)作用,但對(duì)譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間無(wú)明顯影響,其具體機(jī)制及信號(hào)通路有待進(jìn)一步研究。NSE及IL-6可能作為ICU膿毒癥患者譫妄早期診斷的生物學(xué)標(biāo)記物。但本實(shí)驗(yàn)入組例數(shù)較少,且為獨(dú)立研究,結(jié)果可能存在差異。因此,本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論仍需進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大樣本量及多中心研究予以證實(shí)。
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PreventiveeffectofdexmedetomidineondeliriuminICUpatientswithsepsis
HE Yan*,CHEN Lü-lin,ZHU Jun-chen,LAN Ying,YAO Juan
(Department of Critical Care Medicine,Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu College,Chengdu 610000,China)
ObjectiveTo observe whether dexmedetomidine can reduce the incidence of delirium and shorten the duration of delirium by reducing the release of early inflammatory factors in ICU patients with sepsis.MethodsA total of 68 patients with sepsis in CCU of our hospital from December 2015 to February 2017 were randomly divided into two groups:Dex group (n=34) and control group (n=34).Dex group was treated with dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/(kg·h) intravenous infusion in addition to conventional treatment,while control group was given the same amount of saline.Delirium was assessed daily using the Confusion Assessment Method for the patients.The incidence of delirium,duration of delirium and ICU stay length were compared between the two groups.At the same time,the expression of IL-6 and NSE in serum of patients at 0 h,24 h and 48 h after admission to ICU were detected.ResultsThe incidence of delirium in Dex group was lower than that of control group (17.6% vs.41.2%,P<0.05),and ICU stay length was shorter than that of control group:(10±3) d vs.(12±2) d (P<0.05),but there was no significant difference in the duration of delirium between the two groups (P>0.05).The plasma levels of IL-6 and NSE in Dex group at 0 h,24 h and 48 h after admission to ICU was decreased significantly (P<0.05).ConclusionDexmedetomidine can reduce the incidence of delirium and shorten the stay length of ICU of critical ill patients with sepsis,but it does not affect the duration of delirium.The mechanism may be related to reducing the release of early inflammatory factor IL-6 and NSE in ICU patients with sepsis.
Dexmedetomidine;Delirium;Sepsis;Neuron-specific enolase
2017-05-15
成都大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,成都 610000
四川省醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)2015ZZ009(GR)
*
10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201712007