, , ,,
(1.中南大學(xué) 湘雅醫(yī)院腫瘤科, 湖南 長(zhǎng)沙 410008;2.中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院 普外科;3.中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院病理科)
·臨床醫(yī)學(xué)·
HP感染與胃癌發(fā)生部位、分類及分期分析
賀正希1,李斌1,黃進(jìn)1,裴海平2,周建華3
(1.中南大學(xué) 湘雅醫(yī)院腫瘤科, 湖南 長(zhǎng)沙 410008;2.中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院 普外科;3.中南大學(xué)湘雅醫(yī)院病理科)
目的近年來(lái)研究證實(shí)幽門螺桿菌(HP)感染參與了胃癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。本研究分析HP感染與胃癌發(fā)生部位和分類及分期的關(guān)系。方法采用回顧性分析183例確診為胃癌、并施行胃癌根治術(shù)患者的胃癌樣本,根據(jù)Lauren及Lauren分型;病理組織切片,經(jīng)HE和Giemsa染色,觀察HP感染。結(jié)果183例胃惡性腫瘤中,胃腺癌168例(91.8%),淋巴瘤11例(6%),平滑肌肉瘤2例(1.0%),胃腸間質(zhì)瘤(GIST)1例(0.5%)和卡波西肉瘤1例(0.5%)。胃癌患者中,病變55.4%發(fā)生在胃竇,21.4%發(fā)生在胃體,14.3%在胃底(P值=0.018);腸型胃癌占65%,彌漫型胃癌占24.8%,混合型10.2%;69.6%有HP感染(腸型64%,彌漫型33%,混合型10%,P值=0.327)。結(jié)論胃竇癌、胃體癌及胃底癌組間HP感染率存在差異,提示HP感染可能與胃癌發(fā)生部位有關(guān)。
胃癌(GC); 幽門螺桿菌(HP); 組織學(xué)類型; 腫瘤位置
胃癌是最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,嚴(yán)重的威脅著人們的健康與生命。全球每年新病例約989600例(男女性的比例為2:1),2010年全球有738000人死于胃癌,占所有惡性腫瘤相關(guān)死亡的8%,其中70%發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國(guó)家,尤其是東亞[1]。最新研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全球胃癌死亡率為40%,并呈逐年下降趨勢(shì)[2]。而在我國(guó),胃癌3年死亡率仍高達(dá)73%,其發(fā)病率和死亡率亦未見(jiàn)明顯變化[3]。
在胃惡性腫瘤中,以胃腺癌和胃黏膜淋巴瘤(MALT)最為常見(jiàn)的組織學(xué)類型。胃腺癌約占90%,胃黏膜淋巴瘤約占3%。MALT淋巴瘤屬邊緣區(qū)B細(xì)胞非何杰金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)的亞型,占全部NHL約7~8%,多發(fā)生在胃腸道。胃癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展與遺傳、HP感染、飲食及環(huán)境等多種因素有關(guān),是一個(gè)多基因參與多步驟的過(guò)程和結(jié)果。有研究結(jié)果表明,HP感染可能參與了胃癌和MALT淋巴瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展;HP感染者,患胃腺癌和MALT淋巴瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較未感染者高3~6倍;HP感染與腸型胃癌和遠(yuǎn)端胃癌密切相關(guān)[4]。但在我國(guó)HP感染與胃癌發(fā)生部位及組織學(xué)類型的關(guān)系仍未明了。因此,本研究分析HP感染與胃癌發(fā)生部位、組織學(xué)類型及臨床病理關(guān)系,為胃癌的防治提供重要實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)依據(jù)。
1.1一般資料本研究收集本院2014~2015年胃惡性腫瘤手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本,所有標(biāo)本均經(jīng)病理確診。共收集胃惡性腫瘤183例,其中腺癌168例(91.8%),淋巴瘤11例(6%),平滑肌肉瘤2例(1.0%),間質(zhì)瘤(GIST)1例(0.5%)和卡波西肉瘤1例(0.5%)。男性101例(60%),女性67例(40%),年齡范圍16歲~92歲,平均年齡為67歲。
根據(jù)收集樣本信息,結(jié)合患者臨床資料,進(jìn)行臨床病理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,分析胃癌與性別、年齡、位置、分期、Borrmann分型[5](I:息肉型;II:局限潰瘍型;III:浸潤(rùn)潰瘍型;IV:彌漫潰瘍型)及Lauren分型[6](腸型,彌漫型和混合型)間的關(guān)系。
1.2研究方法采用HE(見(jiàn)圖1)及Giemsa染色(見(jiàn)圖2),顯微鏡下觀察,明確病理組織學(xué)類型及HP感染。
圖1 HE染色 A:正常胃黏膜(100×);B:胃低分化腺癌(400×)
圖2 Giemsa染色A:正常胃黏膜(200×);B:胃低分化腺癌(400×)
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用SPSS19(IBM SPSS Statistics 19,USA),數(shù)據(jù)用百分?jǐn)?shù)表示,χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
在本組183例胃惡性腫瘤的病例中,以胃腺癌居多,168例,其次是淋巴瘤,11例。AJCC胃癌分期[7],以ⅢA、ⅢB期最多見(jiàn)(37例、24例,22%、14%)。Borrmann大體分型,以II型(局部潰瘍型)為最多見(jiàn)101例(101例,60%)。胃腺癌發(fā)生部位,胃竇93例(55.4%)、胃體36例(21.4%)、胃底24例(14.3%),彌漫累及胃壁8例(4.7%),手術(shù)吻合口7例(4.2%)(見(jiàn)表1)。HP感染情況分析,70歲以上患者67例(58%),在50~70歲患者33例(28%),50歲以下患者17例(14%);腸型胃癌64例(64%),彌漫型胃癌33例(33%),在本組胃癌中HP感染率為69.6%(見(jiàn)表2)。
表1 胃癌發(fā)生部位、分型與分期
表2 胃癌與HP感染(n,%)
近年來(lái),有越來(lái)越多研究結(jié)果表明,HP感染與胃癌發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。因此治療HP感染,對(duì)胃癌預(yù)防具有十分積極的意義。在胃癌高危人群中,有萎縮性胃炎、大腸上皮化生、HDGC基因突變導(dǎo)致的胃息肉患者等[8],對(duì)上述高危人群進(jìn)行定期胃鏡檢查,力爭(zhēng)早期發(fā)現(xiàn)、早期診斷、早期治療,“三早”是胃癌防治的關(guān)鍵。
隨著分子腫瘤研究的進(jìn)展與深入,尋找、篩選及鑒定出胃癌診斷的標(biāo)志物,是胃癌早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和早期診斷的關(guān)鍵所在[9]。治療與監(jiān)控胃癌癌前病變亦是至關(guān)重要的,可通過(guò)無(wú)創(chuàng)內(nèi)窺鏡進(jìn)行定期監(jiān)測(cè),通過(guò)內(nèi)鏡下施行可疑病變黏膜活病理活檢,可發(fā)現(xiàn)早期癌變,達(dá)到早診斷、早治療的目的[10]。采用三聯(lián)(質(zhì)子泵抑制劑+阿莫西林+克拉霉素)或四聯(lián)(質(zhì)子泵抑制劑+次枸櫞酸鉍鉀+甲硝唑+四環(huán)素)治療HP感染、接種HP疫苗,對(duì)來(lái)預(yù)防胃癌發(fā)生尤重要[11]。
胃癌是內(nèi)因(遺傳易感性、胃息肉和惡性貧血等)和環(huán)境因素共同作用所致。HP感染是胃腺癌發(fā)病高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素之一,活檢結(jié)果表明,胃癌HP感染率顯著高于正常人群[12]。誠(chéng)然HP感染在人群中是普遍現(xiàn)象,HP感染患者罹患胃癌者僅為一小部分,在不同人種、組織學(xué)類型及發(fā)生部位胃癌的HP感染率卻不同[13]。研究表明,腸型、彌漫型胃癌HP感染率較低。早期胃癌及中晚期胃癌患者HP感染明顯高于慢性淺表性胃炎,且HP感染與胃癌Lauren分型、腫瘤分化和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[14]。回顧性研究顯示,管狀腺癌組HP陽(yáng)性率高,表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體-2(Her-2)表達(dá)陽(yáng)性,研究者認(rèn)為HP感染與胃癌腫塊大小、浸潤(rùn)深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)目及腫瘤分化程度無(wú)明顯關(guān)系。本研究結(jié)果證實(shí),HP感染與胃癌組織學(xué)類型和發(fā)生部位無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,HP感染率隨著年齡增長(zhǎng)而增加;而在發(fā)展中國(guó)家,HP感染率多見(jiàn)于40歲左右人群,然而胃癌患者中HP感染率隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而降低,這種變化可能是因?yàn)殡S著年齡增長(zhǎng)所產(chǎn)生的腸上皮化生以及胃酸缺乏等癌前病變影響HP定植。
曾有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道HP感染在遠(yuǎn)端胃有明顯致癌作用,但近年則有報(bào)道HP感染與胃底胃癌有關(guān)[15],本研究結(jié)果顯示,168例胃癌中HP感染率高達(dá)68%,發(fā)生在不同部位的胃癌HP感染率亦不相同,腸型胃癌HP感染率高于彌漫型胃癌(p<0.05)。但HP感染參與胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的作用及分子機(jī)制仍有待深入研究。
[1] Jemal A,Bray F,Center MM,et al.Global cancer statistics[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2011,61(2):134.
[2] Siegel RL,Miller KD Jemal A.Cancer statistics,2016[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2016,66(1):7-30.
[3] Chen W,Zheng R,Baade PD,et al.Cancer statistics in China,2015[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2016,66(2):115-132.
[4] Kim SS,Ruiz VE,Carroll JD,et al.Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma[J].Cancer lett,2011,305(2):228-238.
[5] Yasumoto M,Sakamoto E,Ogasawara S,et al.Muscle RAS oncogene homolog (MRAS) recurrent mutation in Borrmann type IV gastric cancer[J].Cancer Med.2017,6(1):235-244.
[6] Chen XH,Ren K,Liang P,et al.Spectral computed tomography in advanced gastric cancer:Can iodine concentration non-invasively assess angiogenesis?[J].World J Gastroenterol.2017,23(9):1666-1675.
[7] Mihailovici M S,Danciu M,Teleman S,et al.[Diagnosis of gastric cancer on endobiopsies using the WHO classification][J].Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi,2002,106(4):725-729.
[8] Murray-Stewart T,Sierra JC,Piazuelo MB,et al.Epigenetic silencing of miR-124 prevents spermine oxidase regulation:implications for Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer[J].Oncogene,2016,35(42):5480-5488.
[9] Fukase K,Kato M,Kikuchi S,et al:Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer:an open-label,randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2008,372(9636):392-397.
[10] Ahn JY,Son da H,Choi KD,et al.Neoplasms arising in large gastric hyperplastic polyps:endoscopic and pathologic features[J].Gastrointest Endosc,2014,80(6):1005-1013.
[11] Uno K,Iijima K,Abe YP,et al.Usefulness of Endoscopic Imaging to Visualize Regional Alterations in Acid Secretion of Noncancerous Gastric Mucosa after Helicobacter pylori Eradication[J].J Gastric Cancer,2016,16(3):152-160.
[12] Liou JM,Fang YJ,Chen CC,et al:Concomitant,bismuth quadruple,and 14-day triple therapy in the first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori:a multicentre,open-label,randomised trial[J].Lancet,2016,388(10058):2355-2365.
[13] Konturek PC,Konturek SJ Brzozowski T.Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric cancerogenesis[J].J Physiol Pharmacol,2009,60(3):3-21.
[14] Zhang RG,Duan GC,Fan QT,et al.Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma[J].World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol,2016,7(1):97-107.
[15] Okano A,Kato S,Ohana M,et al.Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer:advanced-stage undifferentiated adenocarcinoma located in the pyloric gland area[J].Clin J Gastroenterol,2017,10(1):13-17.
RelationshipbetweenHelicobacterpyloriandhistologicalsubtype,locationofgastriccancer
HE Zhengxi,LI Bin,HUANG Jin,et al
(DepartmentofOncology,XiangyaHospital,CentralSouthUniversity,Changsha410008,Hunan,China)
ObjectiveIn recent years,studies have confirmed that Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is involved in the development of gastric cancer (GC).This study analyzed the relationship between HP infection and the location and classification of gastric cancer and staging.MethodsRetrospective analysis of 183 cases of gastric cancer patients implemented radical gastrectomy,Gastric cancer samples were classified according to Lauren and Lauren.Pathological sections were stained with HE and Giemsa to observe HP infection.ResultsOf the 183 cases of gastric malignancy,168 cases (91.8%) of gastric adenocarcinoma,11 cases (6%) of lymphoma,2 cases (1.0%) of leiomyosarcoma,1 case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) % And Kaposi 's sarcoma in 1 case (0.5%).168 cases of GC patients,the average age of 67 years,60% of men.55.4% occurred in the gastric antrum,21.4% occurred in the gastric body,14.3% in the stomach (P=0.018); gastrointestinal cancer accounted for 65%,diffuse type gastric cancer accounted for 24.8%,mixed 10.2%; 69.6% were infected by HP (64% intestine,33% diffuse,10% mixed,P=0.327).ConclusionThere is a difference in HP infection rate between gastric antrum cancer,gastric cancer and gastric cancer group,suggesting that HP infection may be related to the occurrence of gastric cancer.
gastric cancer; helicobacter pylori; histological subtype; tumor location
10.15972/j.cnki.43-1509/r.2017.03.015
2016-11-17;
2017-03-06
R735.2
A
秦旭平)