麻曉君,戴霞,羅祖純,韋春,陸麗榮,趙文飄
(1.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,廣西 南寧 530021;2.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院,廣西 南寧 530021;3.廣西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,廣西 南寧 530023)
新進(jìn)展研究·論著
抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)糖尿病前期伴輕度高血壓人群血壓的影響*
麻曉君1,戴霞1,羅祖純1,韋春2,陸麗榮3,趙文飄1
(1.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,廣西 南寧 530021;2.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)護(hù)理學(xué)院,廣西 南寧 530021;3.廣西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院,廣西 南寧 530023)
目的研究不同運(yùn)動(dòng)方式對(duì)社區(qū)糖尿病前期(IGR)人群血壓的控制效果。方法于2015年6 ~ 8月在桂林的3個(gè)社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心長(zhǎng)期管理的社區(qū)居民中篩選出符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的IGR合并輕度高血壓人群83人,隨機(jī)分為3組,經(jīng)過(guò)1年的干預(yù)和隨訪,最終收集到67人的完整數(shù)據(jù):抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組22人、有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組23人、對(duì)照組22人。干預(yù)期間,對(duì)照組保持原有的生活方式,抗阻和有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組分別進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù),約50 min/次,以集體形式隔天訓(xùn)練。對(duì)干預(yù)后3、6、12個(gè)月抽血查空腹血糖、空腹胰島素和糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c),測(cè)血壓,計(jì)算胰島素抵抗指數(shù)(HOMA-IR)。結(jié)果①不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)之間的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=22.415、9.289、32.689和6.713,均P=0.000);3組間的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、SBP、DBP比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=16.525、4.241、26.436和4.653,P=0.000、0.044、0.000和0.013),干預(yù)后抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組和有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、SBP、DBP低于對(duì)照組;3組的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、SBP、DBP變化趨勢(shì)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=19.134、4.782、22.520和6.792,均P=0.000),干預(yù)期間,對(duì)照組各指標(biāo)總體呈上升趨勢(shì),兩運(yùn)動(dòng)組各指標(biāo)總體呈下降趨勢(shì),雖然兩運(yùn)動(dòng)組不同時(shí)段各指標(biāo)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組的HbA1c、HOMAIR的下降幅度大于有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組,且SBP、DBP下降幅度小于有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組。②干預(yù)3個(gè)月時(shí),有氧和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、DBP均低于干預(yù)前,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組SBP低于干預(yù)前;干預(yù)6個(gè)月時(shí),有氧和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組的HbA1c、SBP、DBP均低于干預(yù)前,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組HOMA-IR低于干預(yù)前;干預(yù)12個(gè)月時(shí),有氧和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、SBP、DBP均低于干預(yù)前,對(duì)照組HbA1c、SBP高于干預(yù)前,均差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論抗阻和有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)均能安全有效地改善社區(qū)IGR合并輕度高血壓人群的HbA1c、血壓、HOMA-IR,值得推廣。
抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng);糖尿病前期;高血壓
高血壓常與糖代謝異常同時(shí)存在,相關(guān)研究顯示,我國(guó)高血壓患者已超過(guò)2億[1],其中大約有50%伴有糖耐量異常或高胰島素血癥[2-3],而糖尿病患者中,約有80%患有高血壓。糖尿病前期(impaired glucose regulation,IGR)是糖尿病的必經(jīng)階段,此階段已存在的糖脂代謝紊亂、胰島素抵抗與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生進(jìn)展密切相關(guān),而IGR合并高血壓將增加心血管事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4],因此,如何對(duì)其進(jìn)行非藥物干預(yù)已成為各界關(guān)注熱點(diǎn)。以往中等強(qiáng)度的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)被認(rèn)為是控制高血壓和糖尿病最有效的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式,但近年來(lái)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[5-7],抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)可以減輕體重、改善胰島素抵抗,從而預(yù)防IGR進(jìn)展為糖尿病。那么,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)是否也適用于IGR合并高血壓的人群,其安全性、有效性是否能與有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)媲美,有待進(jìn)一步研究。本研究對(duì)社區(qū)IGR合并輕度高血壓人群進(jìn)行為期1年的有氧和抗阻訓(xùn)練,取得良好的效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
于2015年6~8月在桂林的3個(gè)社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心長(zhǎng)期管理的社區(qū)居民中篩選出糖尿病高危人群或既往診斷IGR人群,再次進(jìn)行口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn)(OGTT)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①持續(xù)或非同日3次測(cè)量上肢血壓,收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)為140~159 mmHg和(或)舒張壓(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)為90~99 mmHg;②采用1999年WHO糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷IGR:即空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,F(xiàn)PG)在6.1~7.0 mmol/L之間且口服75 g葡萄糖粉后 2 h血糖(2-hour postprandial glucose,2hPG)<7.8 mmol/L為空腹血糖受損(impaired fasting glucose,IFG),F(xiàn)PG<7.0 mmol/L且 2 hPG在7.8~ 11.1 mmol/L之間為糖耐量減低(impaired glucose tolerance,IGT),IFG和IGT統(tǒng)稱為IGR;③40歲≤年齡≤70歲;④有靜坐少動(dòng)的生活習(xí)慣(參加中等強(qiáng)度體育活動(dòng)的時(shí)間<150 min/周或能量消耗<4.184 kJ/周);⑤自愿參加本研究,簽署知情同意書。以上要求必須同時(shí)符合。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①孕期及哺乳期女性;②有運(yùn)動(dòng)禁忌證或有精神、認(rèn)知及活動(dòng)障礙者;③有繼發(fā)性高血壓、肝腎功能異常、心臟疾病等嚴(yán)重的急慢性疾病者;④每次訓(xùn)練時(shí)間和強(qiáng)度、訓(xùn)練總次數(shù)不達(dá)到要求的70%以上或不能按要求配合完成運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)估及干預(yù)者。排除符合以上任一項(xiàng)者。
采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究對(duì)象83例分為3組,經(jīng)過(guò)1年的干預(yù)研究,部分研究對(duì)象因運(yùn)動(dòng)不達(dá)標(biāo)、搬遷、未能按時(shí)完成檢查等因素視為脫落,最終完成研究并收集到完整數(shù)據(jù)者共67人。其中抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組22人(脫落6人,脫落率為21.43%),有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組23人(脫落5人,脫落率為17.86 %),對(duì)照組22人(脫落5人,脫落率為18.51%)。
1.3.1 基線資料收集 收集所有研究對(duì)象的姓名、性別、年齡、高血壓病程、是否服用降壓藥物等。
1.3.2 制定運(yùn)動(dòng)處方 ①一名指定的運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)師采用《身體狀況安全問(wèn)卷調(diào)查表(Physical activity readiness questionnaire,PAR-Q)》為研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷實(shí)驗(yàn)前的安全評(píng)估,合格者在運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)生的指導(dǎo)下采用功率車進(jìn)行遞增負(fù)荷測(cè)試(graded exercise testing,GXT),通過(guò)代謝當(dāng)量、儲(chǔ)備攝氧量(VO2R)和心肺儲(chǔ)備功能等指標(biāo)評(píng)估研究對(duì)象接受運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)的安全性,符合條件者進(jìn)入研究;②結(jié)合以上測(cè)試結(jié)果并參考《美國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)測(cè)試與運(yùn)動(dòng)處方指南》[8]和由戴霞等[9]研發(fā)的Ⅳ、Ⅴ級(jí)糖尿病量化運(yùn)動(dòng)處方,與研究對(duì)象一起制定個(gè)性化的運(yùn)動(dòng)方案;③干預(yù)過(guò)程指導(dǎo)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練,循序漸進(jìn)的適應(yīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,干預(yù)實(shí)施前用2周的時(shí)間教授技術(shù)動(dòng)作要領(lǐng)和注意事項(xiàng),依據(jù)個(gè)體情況適當(dāng)調(diào)整運(yùn)動(dòng)計(jì)劃;④每次運(yùn)動(dòng)要求穿著運(yùn)動(dòng)服,運(yùn)動(dòng)前避免進(jìn)食過(guò)飽,進(jìn)食后至少休息1 h方可開始運(yùn)動(dòng),訓(xùn)練日當(dāng)晚(7~8 Pm/8~9 Pm,2個(gè)時(shí)段任選其一)在醫(yī)護(hù)人員指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行集體訓(xùn)練,各運(yùn)動(dòng)組研究對(duì)象擇期參加,訓(xùn)練前由指定護(hù)士監(jiān)測(cè)血壓,如有不適立即停止運(yùn)動(dòng)并依據(jù)情況進(jìn)行處理。
1.3.3 飲食教育 干預(yù)前1周,對(duì)所有研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行飲食教育,共3次課,30 min/次,主要內(nèi)容為減少膳食脂肪和食鹽攝入(每人食鹽攝入量逐步降至<6 g/d),營(yíng)養(yǎng)均衡、控制總熱量、限煙酒等,但不進(jìn)行行為干預(yù)。
1.4.1 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組 指導(dǎo)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度為中等強(qiáng)度,等同于40%~59%的儲(chǔ)備攝氧量,靶攝氧量=期望強(qiáng)度%×(VO2max/Peakb-VO2rest)+VO2rest,運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中測(cè)10秒脈率,運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)上限心率(次/min)=170-年齡。運(yùn)動(dòng)前、后的熱身和放松活動(dòng)分別為5 min,每次進(jìn)行約40 min的有氧健身操、韻律操等訓(xùn)練,期間休息1~3次(1~2 min/次),運(yùn)動(dòng)隔天進(jìn)行。
1.4.2 抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組 指導(dǎo)研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度為中等強(qiáng)度,即以個(gè)人60%~70% 1RM[8]的抗阻重量完成指定動(dòng)作,使用美國(guó)Go Fit牌彈力繩進(jìn)行上臂、腰背、腹部、臀部、腿部肌群等全身主要肌群的訓(xùn)練,同一肌群訓(xùn)練2~3組,每組固定動(dòng)作重復(fù)10~15次,組間稍作休息(1~2 min/次),訓(xùn)練40 min,避免Valsalva動(dòng)作(深吸氣后屏氣,再用力做呼氣動(dòng)作),運(yùn)動(dòng)前、后的熱身和拉伸活動(dòng)分別為5 min,運(yùn)動(dòng)隔天進(jìn)行。
1.4.3 對(duì)照組 研究對(duì)象保持原有的生活習(xí)慣。
在干預(yù)前、干預(yù)后3、6、12個(gè)月,所有研究對(duì)象清晨禁食達(dá)8 h以上,空腹采血檢測(cè)FPG、空腹胰島素(fasting insulin,F(xiàn)INS),糖化血紅蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、測(cè)量血壓(按說(shuō)明書要求執(zhí)行血壓計(jì)操作);計(jì)算相關(guān)指標(biāo):穩(wěn)態(tài)模型胰島素抵抗指數(shù)(homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistence index,HOMA-IR)= FPG(mmol/L)×FINS(mu/L)/22.5。
采用SPSS16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理數(shù)據(jù)。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料,用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),同一時(shí)間點(diǎn),多組間的比較采用方差分析,在方差分析有意義的基礎(chǔ)上,采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行兩兩比較,組間不同時(shí)間各指標(biāo)的比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量設(shè)計(jì)的方差分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。組內(nèi)干預(yù)前后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),為降低犯I類錯(cuò)誤的概率,按Bonferroni校正式α'=α/CK2對(duì)檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)作調(diào)整,即α'=0.0125,P<0.01為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
3組IGR合并輕度高血壓人群在年齡、性別、病程及是否用降壓藥物的比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表 1。
①不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)之間的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、SBP、DBP比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=22.415、9.289、32.689和 6.713, 均P=0.000);3組 間 的 HbA1c、HOMA-IR、SBP、DBP比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=16.525、4.241、26.436和 4.653,P=0.000、0.044、0.000和0.013),干預(yù)后抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組和有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、SBP、DBP低于對(duì)照組;3組的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、SBP、DBP變化趨勢(shì)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=19.134、4.782、22.520和6.792,均P=0.000),干預(yù)期間,對(duì)照組各指標(biāo)總體呈上升趨勢(shì),兩運(yùn)動(dòng)組各指標(biāo)總體呈下降趨勢(shì),雖然兩運(yùn)動(dòng)組不同時(shí)段各指標(biāo)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),但抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組的HbA1c、HOMA-IR的下降幅度大于有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組,且SBP、DBP下降幅度小于有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組。②干預(yù)3個(gè)月時(shí),有氧和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、DBP均低于干預(yù)前,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組SBP低于干預(yù)前;干預(yù)6個(gè)月時(shí),有氧和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組的HbA1c、SBP、DBP均低于干預(yù)前,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組HOMA-IR低于干預(yù)前;干預(yù)12個(gè)月時(shí),有氧和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組的HbA1c、HOMA-IR、SBP、DBP均低于干預(yù)前,對(duì)照組HbA1c、SBP高于干預(yù)前,均差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2及附圖。
表1 3組IGR合并輕度高血壓人群的基線資料
表2 3組IGR合并輕度高血壓人群干預(yù)前后各指標(biāo)比較 (±s)
表2 3組IGR合并輕度高血壓人群干預(yù)前后各指標(biāo)比較 (±s)
注:1)與干預(yù)前比較,P <0.01;2)與對(duì)照組比較,P <0.05
組別 干預(yù)前 干預(yù)3個(gè)月 干預(yù)6個(gè)月 干預(yù)12個(gè)月HbA1c/%對(duì)照組(n =22) 6.209±0.216 6.277±0.409 6.336±0.371 6.405±0.3631)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組(n =23) 6.178±0.221 6.013±0.2751)2) 5.857±0.2451)2) 5.809±0.2351)2)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組(n =22) 6.195±0.201 5.973±0.2551)2) 5.809±0.2471)2) 5.736±0.2571)2)HOMA-IR對(duì)照組(n =22) 3.419±1.320 3.152±1.193 3.421±1.519 3.555±1.540有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組(n =23) 3.373±1.406 3.086±1.2801) 2.965±1.400 2.732±1.3791)2)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組(n =22) 3.203±1.237 2.693±1.2701) 2.323±0.9891)2) 2.169±1.0521)2)SBP/mmHg對(duì)照組(n =22) 150.182±6.005 149.682±9.810 153.727±11.120 154.909±8.7011)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組(n =23) 148.609±5.383 141.739±5.5941)2) 137.348±4.9601)2) 133.391±6.4151)2)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組(n =22) 150.773±5.494 144.500±6.4792) 139.091±6.8171)2) 137.273±6.4231)2)DBP/mmHg對(duì)照組(n =22) 85.773±6.047 86.727±5.487 88.636±5.695 88.273±5.897有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)組(n =23) 86.304±5.165 82.348±7.7501) 81.043±5.3901)2) 80.565±4.6791)2)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組(n =22) 88.545±6.773 85.227±7.2701) 83.045±7.6191)2) 83.727±7.0451)2)
附圖 3組糖尿病前期合并輕度高血壓人群干預(yù)前后各指標(biāo)變化情況
IGR出現(xiàn)糖代謝紊亂,長(zhǎng)期慢性高血糖的刺激促使血管非酶糖基化終末產(chǎn)物增加,同時(shí)引起一系列的血管蛋白質(zhì)及脂質(zhì)氧化和應(yīng)激作用,使血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致血管粥樣化改變和纖維硬化的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)高血壓,高血壓和高血糖協(xié)同作用加速了動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)程[10],及早控制血糖是預(yù)防疾病進(jìn)展的關(guān)鍵。本研結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組的HbA1c隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)逐漸上升,而兩運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)組的HbA1c則在干預(yù)后3個(gè)月即出現(xiàn)明顯下降。這與BWEIR等[11]的研究結(jié)果相似,說(shuō)明抗阻和有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)均可以有效地降低IGR合并輕度高血壓人群的HbA1c。其中抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組HbA1c下降幅度略大于有氧運(yùn)動(dòng),可能是因?yàn)橛醒踹\(yùn)動(dòng)中肌肉對(duì)血糖的攝取是通過(guò)增加胰島素活性達(dá)到的,這需要較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間[12],而抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)可以在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)更快的增加肌肉量、增大肌纖維體積,從而增加肌肉對(duì)血糖的攝取量,加之運(yùn)動(dòng)后肌肉對(duì)葡萄糖的攝取利用會(huì)持續(xù)數(shù)小時(shí),使血糖控制更穩(wěn)定持久。
胰島素抵抗被認(rèn)為是糖尿病與高血壓共同的病理生理基礎(chǔ)[13-14],而IGR即存在胰島素抵抗,為抑制血糖升高,胰島β細(xì)胞在較長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)處于高分泌狀態(tài),高胰島素導(dǎo)致交感神經(jīng)活性和腎鈉重吸收增加,脂代謝紊亂,血管活性物質(zhì)比例失調(diào),血管平滑肌增生及血管重塑等一系列代謝功能異常的出現(xiàn),這些因素都可使血壓升高。因此,對(duì)IGR合并高血壓人群而言,改善胰島素抵抗至關(guān)重要。本研究結(jié)果顯示,有氧和抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)均能夠達(dá)到改善該人群胰島素抵抗效果,兩者比較差異并無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)改善胰島素抵抗幅度大于有氧運(yùn)動(dòng),這可能是因?yàn)榭棺柽\(yùn)動(dòng)能更有效地動(dòng)員骨骼肌內(nèi)的葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白。骨骼肌攝取葡萄糖主要是通過(guò)分布于骨骼肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)的葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白4(glucose transporter type 4,GLUT4)完成的,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)主要是通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)激活肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)的MAPK信號(hào)通路,使GLUT4與細(xì)胞膜靠近,從而加速葡萄糖的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),達(dá)到降糖的目的。而抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)可使骨骼肌在破壞和重塑的過(guò)程中增大,其內(nèi)部的毛細(xì)血管增多,血供豐富,增強(qiáng)了蛋白激酶B的表達(dá),并使細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)GLUT4的含量增多,使骨骼肌攝取葡萄糖的能力增強(qiáng),同時(shí),抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)直接刺激骨骼肌收縮,致使肌肉內(nèi)部缺氧,進(jìn)一步動(dòng)員了GLUT4,GLUT4充分發(fā)揮載體作用,將更多的葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至骨骼肌中,從而降低血糖,改善了外周組織的胰島素抵抗[15]。
本研究顯示,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)降低血壓的幅度大于抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng),但2種運(yùn)動(dòng)方式比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說(shuō)明抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)也能達(dá)到與有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)相似的降壓效果。大量研究已證實(shí),有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可以降低高血壓患者循環(huán)中的內(nèi)皮微顆粒水平,促進(jìn)一氧化氮生成和利用,有益于調(diào)節(jié)血管內(nèi)皮功能[16]。同時(shí),能降低心交感神經(jīng)興奮性,增強(qiáng)心迷走神經(jīng)功能,使受損的交感-迷走神經(jīng)之間的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡得以修復(fù),中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)高血壓的反應(yīng)和調(diào)控能力增強(qiáng)[17],使血壓下降。有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)降低血壓表現(xiàn)出的優(yōu)越性,使其被國(guó)內(nèi)外指南推薦使用??棺柽\(yùn)動(dòng)之所以僅作為一種輔助的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式,主要因其受到場(chǎng)地、器械、技巧的限制,若掌握不當(dāng)會(huì)引發(fā)一過(guò)性血壓劇烈增高和運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷,其安全性存在爭(zhēng)議。在本研究中,運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)師對(duì)研究對(duì)象的身體狀況和運(yùn)動(dòng)能力進(jìn)行了充分的評(píng)估,選用便于攜帶、訓(xùn)練動(dòng)作簡(jiǎn)單的彈力繩進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,并且循序漸進(jìn)的增加抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中量力而為,適當(dāng)休息,關(guān)注研究對(duì)象訓(xùn)練前后的反應(yīng),保證了運(yùn)動(dòng)的安全性,在研究期間并沒(méi)有發(fā)生不良事件。相關(guān)研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)可能通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)心臟自主神經(jīng)功能、改善血管神經(jīng)張力和內(nèi)皮功能、改變氧化應(yīng)激和心臟血流動(dòng)力學(xué)等方式達(dá)到降低血壓的效果[18]。運(yùn)動(dòng)中配合短時(shí)休息,使冠狀動(dòng)脈在灌注增加的同時(shí)并不明顯增加心肌耗氧量,避免了潛在心肌缺血的發(fā)生[19],也降低了心血管事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
綜上所述,針對(duì)IGR合并輕度高血壓人群,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)在降低的糖化血紅蛋白和改善胰島素抵抗表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)勢(shì),而有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)在控制血壓上效果更佳,2種運(yùn)動(dòng)方式均能安全有效控制血壓、血糖和改善胰島素抵抗,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的合理應(yīng)用不失為控制IGR合并輕度高血壓的新思路,值得在社區(qū)中推廣使用。
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(張蕾 編輯)
Effect of resistance exercise on blood pressure of people with mild hypertension in prediabetes*
Xiao-jun Ma1, Xia Dai1, Zu-chun Luo1, Chun Wei2, Li-rong Lu3, Wen-piao Zhao1
(1. The First Affiliated Hospital, 2. Nursing College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; 3. The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning,Guangxi 530023, China)
ObjectiveTo study the effect of different exercise methods on blood pressure (BP) control in community people with prediabetes.MethodsIn the period from June to August 2015, the people who suffered from prediabetes with mild hypertension (n= 83) were selected from the community residents who had been managed by three community health service centers in Guilin. The volunteers were randomly divided into 3 groups.After a year of intervention and follow-up, 67 people were eventually collected with 22 in the resistance exercise group, 23 in the aerobic exercise group and 22 in the control group. During the intervention period, the control group maintained the original way of life; the resistance and aerobic exercise groups were given the corresponding exercise intervention, about 50 min each time, once every other day. In 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), BP and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR)were measured.ResultsHbA1c, HOMA-IR, SBP and DBP at different time points were significantly different(F= 22.415, 9.289, 32.689 and 6.713 respectively;P= 0.000). HbA1c, HOMA-IR, SBP and DBP were significantly different among the three groups (F= 16.525, 4.241, 26.436 and 4.653;P= 0.000, 0.044, 0.000 and 0.013). After intervention, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, SBP and DBP of the resistance exercise group and the aerobic exercise group were lower than those of the control group; the change trends of HbA1c, HOMA-IR, SBP and DBP were significantly different (F= 19.134, 4.782, 22.520 and 6.792;P= 0.000). During the intervention period, although the differences were not statistically significant between the two exercise groups when the index values of different time periods were compared (P> 0.05), the decline ranges of HbA1c and HOMA-IR in the resistance exercise group were greater than those in the aerobic exercise group, SBP and DBP of the aerobic exercise group decreased more obviously than those of the resistance exercise group. After 3 months, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and DBP of the aerobic group and the resistance group were lower than those before intervention; SBP of the aerobic group was lower than that before intervention.After intervention for 6 months, HbA1c, SBP and DBP of the aerobic group and the resistance group were lower than those before intervention; HOMA-IR of the resistance group was lower than that before intervention. After 12-month intervention, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, SBP and DBP of the aerobic group and the resistance group were lower than those before intervention, HbA1c and SBP of the control group increased, there were significant differences(P< 0.05).ConclusionsBoth resistance and aerobic exercises could improve the glycosylated hemoglobin, blood pressure and insulin resistance of the community residents with both prediabetes and mild hypertension. The two kinds of sports should be popularized and applied.
resistance exercise; prediabetes; hypertension
R587.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2017.28.009
1005-8982(2017)28-0045-06
2016-11-21
廣西醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生技術(shù)研究與開發(fā)課題項(xiàng)目(No:S201413_03);廣西研究生教育創(chuàng)新計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No:YCSZ2015111)。
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