雒煥蓉，冉隆貴，秦道正

(1.西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué) 植物保護(hù)學(xué)院，陜西楊凌 712100；2. 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué) 農(nóng)學(xué)院，陜西楊凌 712100)

葉面肥對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬Empoasca(Matsumurasca) onukii種群數(shù)量的影響

雒煥蓉1，冉隆貴2，秦道正1

(1.西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué) 植物保護(hù)學(xué)院，陜西楊凌 712100；2. 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué) 農(nóng)學(xué)院，陜西楊凌 712100)

篩選可減輕小貫小綠葉蟬為害的葉面肥，旨在為茶樹(shù)主要害蟲(chóng)的無(wú)公害治理提供依據(jù)。采用掃網(wǎng)法在小貫小綠葉蟬發(fā)生高峰期調(diào)查田間噴施3種不同體積分?jǐn)?shù)葉面肥前、后小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)和若蟲(chóng)的數(shù)量。結(jié)果表明，噴施葉綠素20.0%、10.0%、4.1%后第3天小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量顯著低于對(duì)照，第7天時(shí)極顯著低于對(duì)照。噴施茶豐素8.3%、4.2%后第7天成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量極顯著低于對(duì)照。噴施天達(dá)2116 10.0%、4.1%及茶豐素33.3%后7 d內(nèi)成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量與對(duì)照差異不顯著。噴施葉綠素20.0%、10.0%、4.1%后7 d內(nèi)小貫小綠葉蟬若蟲(chóng)數(shù)量與對(duì)照差異不顯著，但從第3天開(kāi)始極顯著低于茶豐素33.3%；噴施天達(dá)2116 10.0%、4.1%及茶豐素8.3%、4.2%后7 d內(nèi)若蟲(chóng)數(shù)量與對(duì)照差異不顯著。進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn)葉綠素20.0%、10.0%、4.1%對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬種群數(shù)量的影響差異不顯著，但顯著低于清水處理。綜合考慮成本及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，建議在陜西茶區(qū)使用葉面肥時(shí)優(yōu)先選用4.1%葉綠素，在提高茶葉產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的同時(shí)達(dá)到減輕小貫小綠葉蟬危害的目的。

茶樹(shù)；葉面肥；小貫小綠葉蟬；種群數(shù)量

小貫小綠葉蟬Empoasca(Matsumurasca)onukiiMatsuda隸屬半翅目Hemiptera、葉蟬科Cicadellidea、小葉蟬亞科Typhlocybinae、小綠葉蟬族Empoascini，是為害茶樹(shù)的主要害蟲(chóng)之一，在中國(guó)各茶區(qū)均有分布[1]。該蟲(chóng)主要以成、若蟲(chóng)刺吸茶樹(shù)嫩梢汁液，雌成蟲(chóng)在嫩梢內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵為害，使被害茶樹(shù)葉芽失水、生長(zhǎng)緩慢、焦邊、焦葉，在后期加工過(guò)程中易碎，嚴(yán)重影響茶葉的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)[2-3]。自中國(guó)有該蟲(chóng)的為害報(bào)道以來(lái)，已有多位學(xué)者對(duì)其發(fā)生規(guī)律和綜合治理做過(guò)研究[4-11]，目前主要采用化學(xué)防治，導(dǎo)致農(nóng)藥殘留及害蟲(chóng)抗藥性等問(wèn)題日益突出。深入探索小貫小綠葉蟬的無(wú)公害治理，在提高茶葉產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的同時(shí)減輕主要害蟲(chóng)的為害，對(duì)中國(guó)茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展有重要意義。

葉面施肥是茶樹(shù)吸收養(yǎng)分的一條有效途徑，營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分從葉片直接進(jìn)入茶樹(shù)體內(nèi)，參與作物的新陳代謝和有機(jī)物的合成過(guò)程[12]。目前對(duì)葉面肥的研究多集中在提高茶產(chǎn)量、改善茶品質(zhì)、增強(qiáng)茶樹(shù)對(duì)病蟲(chóng)害的抗性、提高植株免疫力等方面[13-16]，但其對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬種群動(dòng)態(tài)的影響尚不清楚。鑒于此，本研究分析在南方茶區(qū)廣泛使用的天達(dá)2116細(xì)胞膜穩(wěn)態(tài)劑、茶豐素和葉綠素3種高效葉面肥對(duì)陜西茶區(qū)小貫小綠葉蟬種群動(dòng)態(tài)的影響，旨在篩選出可減輕小貫小綠葉蟬為害的葉面肥，以期在提高茶葉產(chǎn)量及改善茶品質(zhì)的同時(shí)減少化學(xué)農(nóng)藥等的使用量，為陜西茶區(qū)主要害蟲(chóng)的無(wú)公害治理提供參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)茶園及其生態(tài)條件

試驗(yàn)田設(shè)在陜西漢中西鄉(xiāng)西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)茶葉試驗(yàn)站內(nèi)，位于東經(jīng)107°40′17.73″、北緯32°57′32.59″、海拔340 m。土壤為黃壤，肥力中等，略偏酸性。茶樹(shù)樹(shù)齡35 a、樹(shù)高約120 cm、篷面寬約100 cm、株距40 cm、行距100 cm；各小區(qū)的栽培、管理?xiàng)l件及茶樹(shù)的長(zhǎng)勢(shì)基本一致。

1.2 試驗(yàn)材料

供試肥料：天達(dá)2116細(xì)胞膜穩(wěn)態(tài)劑(山東天達(dá)生物股份有限公司、簡(jiǎn)稱天達(dá)2116)、茶豐素(鑫墩豐(北京)集團(tuán)作物保護(hù)有限公司)、葉綠素(臨沂沃華生物工程有限公司)。

試驗(yàn)對(duì)象為小貫小綠葉蟬。供試茶樹(shù)品種為‘南疆一號(hào)’。

儀器設(shè)備：工農(nóng)-16型背負(fù)式手動(dòng)噴霧器(臺(tái)州利農(nóng)噴霧器廠)，捕蟲(chóng)網(wǎng)(直徑35 cm)。

1.3 方 法

1.3.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) 根據(jù)陜西茶區(qū)小貫小綠葉蟬的發(fā)生高峰期(7月中旬至8月中下旬[4])，試驗(yàn)在8月4日-15日進(jìn)行。根據(jù)每種葉面肥的推薦使用劑量，分別設(shè)3個(gè)處理體積分?jǐn)?shù)，即天達(dá)2116 20.0%、10.0%、4.1%，茶豐素33.3%、8.3%、4.2%，葉綠素20.0%、10.0%、4.1%，設(shè)清水對(duì)照(CK)，共10個(gè)處理，每處理3個(gè)重復(fù)。試驗(yàn)共30個(gè)小區(qū)，每小區(qū)面積20 m2(4 m×5 m)，隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列。

1.3.2 施肥和調(diào)查方法 施肥：采用背負(fù)式手動(dòng)噴霧器對(duì)茶葉正反面進(jìn)行噴霧。藥液量為900 L/hm2，即每小區(qū)噴藥量1.8 L。

調(diào)查方法：根據(jù)小貫小綠葉蟬的趨嫩習(xí)性，其主要在茶樹(shù)上層活動(dòng)，在小貫小綠葉蟬發(fā)生高峰期采用掃網(wǎng)法調(diào)查噴施3種葉面肥后小貫小綠葉蟬的種群數(shù)量。每試驗(yàn)小區(qū)采用五點(diǎn)取樣法，調(diào)查施肥前、后小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)和若蟲(chóng)的蟲(chóng)口數(shù)量，分別在施肥前1天、施肥后1、3、7天各進(jìn)行1次；用直徑為35 cm的捕蟲(chóng)網(wǎng)掃網(wǎng)，每次掃網(wǎng)面積為1 m2茶蓬，每個(gè)樣點(diǎn)掃網(wǎng)15次后，統(tǒng)計(jì)網(wǎng)內(nèi)成蟲(chóng)和若蟲(chóng)的活蟲(chóng)數(shù)。根據(jù)小貫小綠葉蟬在高溫干燥環(huán)境下善跳的生物學(xué)特性，調(diào)查時(shí)間統(tǒng)一在晴天8:00-10:00晨露未干時(shí)進(jìn)行，如遇降雨則調(diào)查時(shí)間順延。

1.3.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理方法 利用 SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析，Duncan’s新復(fù)極差多重比較法進(jìn)行方差分析。

氣象數(shù)據(jù)由西鄉(xiāng)縣氣象局提供。

體積分?jǐn)?shù)=原藥量(毫升) / 稀釋后藥液量(100毫升) × 100%[5]。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 3種葉面肥對(duì)小貫小綠蟬成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量的影響

由表1可知，噴施葉面肥前1天，天達(dá)2116組、茶豐素組、綠葉素組的成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量與對(duì)照差異不顯著。噴施葉綠素后第3天小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量均顯著低于對(duì)照(Plt;0.05)，且第7天達(dá)到極顯著(Plt; 0.01)，噴施葉綠素后可減少小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)在茶樹(shù)上的取食數(shù)量。噴施茶豐素8.3%、4.2%后3 d內(nèi)成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量與對(duì)照差異不顯著(Plt;0.05)，第7天時(shí)極顯著低于對(duì)照(Plt;0.01)。噴施天達(dá)211610.0%、4.1%及茶豐素33.3%后7 d內(nèi)成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量與對(duì)照差異不顯著(Plt; 0.05)；噴施天達(dá)2116 20.0%后第1天小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量極顯著高于對(duì)照(Plt; 0.01)，但從第3天開(kāi)始差異不顯著。

表1 噴施3種葉面肥后小貫小綠葉蟬的成蟲(chóng)數(shù)Table 1 The number of adults Empoasca(Matsumurasca) onukii after sprayed three kinds of foliar fertilizer

注：數(shù)據(jù)為“平均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差”。同列不同大、小寫字母表示在Plt;0.01或Plt; 0.05水平差異顯著。下同。

Note： Data is “Mean±SD”.Different uppercase and lowercase letters in the same columns indicate significant difference atPlt;0.01 orPlt;0.05.The same below.

2.2 3種葉面肥對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬若蟲(chóng)數(shù)量的影響

由表2可知，施肥前1天葉綠素組、天達(dá)2116組、茶豐素組若蟲(chóng)數(shù)量與對(duì)照差異不顯著，但葉綠素4.1%和茶豐素8.3%的若蟲(chóng)數(shù)量顯著低于天達(dá)2116 20.0%(Plt;0.05)。噴施葉綠素后7 d內(nèi)若蟲(chóng)數(shù)量均與對(duì)照差異不顯著(Plt;0.05)；但從第3天開(kāi)始極顯著低于茶豐素33.3%(Plt;0.01)；噴施天達(dá)2116 10.0%、4.1%及茶豐素8.3%、4.2%后7 d內(nèi)若蟲(chóng)數(shù)量與對(duì)照差異不顯著(Plt;0.05)。

2.3葉綠素不同濃度對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬種群數(shù)量的影響

由圖1可知，噴施葉綠素20.0%、10.0%、4.1%后小貫小綠葉蟬種群數(shù)量組內(nèi)差異不顯著，但顯著低于對(duì)照。

表2 噴施3種葉面肥后小貫小綠葉蟬的若蟲(chóng)數(shù)Table 2 The number of nymphs of Empoasca(Matsumurasca) onukii after sprayed three kinds of foliar fertilizer

圖中數(shù)據(jù)為“平均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差”。字母不同表示在Plt;0.05水平差異顯著。

Data are “Mean±SD”.Different letters indicate significant difference atPlt;0.05.

圖1葉綠素不同體積分?jǐn)?shù)下小貫小綠葉蟬的種群數(shù)
Fig.1ThenumberofEmpoasca(Matsumurasca)onukiipopulationaftersprayedvolumefractionofchlorophyll

3 結(jié)論與討論

本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，3種葉面肥不同體積分?jǐn)?shù)中，葉綠素的3個(gè)體積分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)種群數(shù)量的增長(zhǎng)具有顯著的抑制作用，但對(duì)若蟲(chóng)種群數(shù)量的影響不顯著。葉綠素是含氨基酸的水溶性肥料，與微量元素以游離態(tài)或絡(luò)合態(tài)形式存在，容易被作物吸收利用[12]，用活性氨基酸處理茶樹(shù)后氨基酸含量會(huì)顯著增加[17]；據(jù)報(bào)道，茶樹(shù)噴施氨基酸后，經(jīng)真空厭氧處理茶鮮葉中的γ-氨基丁酸含量明顯上升[18]，而茶樹(shù)中的γ-氨基丁酸可能是抗小綠葉蟬的生化物質(zhì)[19]；此外，噴施葉面肥后茶葉主要內(nèi)含物茶多酚、可溶性糖、咖啡堿等的含量顯著提高[20-21]，茶葉中的咖啡堿是茶樹(shù)抗小貫小綠葉蟬的主要生化成分[7]，可能引發(fā)害蟲(chóng)過(guò)度興奮而抑制其后續(xù)的取食行為[22]。本研究認(rèn)為噴施葉綠素后茶樹(shù)鮮葉中γ-氨基丁酸及咖啡堿含量升高，可能抑制小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)的取食而導(dǎo)致種群數(shù)量減少。此外，本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)噴施3種葉面肥對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬若蟲(chóng)數(shù)量均無(wú)顯著影響，這可能是因?yàn)樾∝炐【G葉蟬若蟲(chóng)歷期較短的原因(若蟲(chóng)共5齡、平均歷期為7.55 d[23])。

經(jīng)Duncan’s新復(fù)極差多重比較法分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，噴施葉綠素后小貫小綠葉蟬種群數(shù)量整體減少，均顯著低于對(duì)照，但組內(nèi)差異不顯著。綜合考慮成本及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，建議在陜西茶區(qū)噴施葉面肥時(shí)優(yōu)先考慮選用4.1%葉綠素；在達(dá)到提高茶葉產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的同時(shí)減輕茶樹(shù)主要害蟲(chóng)小貫小綠葉蟬的為害及化學(xué)農(nóng)藥等的使用量。但由于各年份溫、濕度等存在差異，葉面對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收又受葉片結(jié)構(gòu)、生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境及噴施液理化性質(zhì)等多種因素的影響[24]，因此，葉綠素的最佳噴施次數(shù)還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

最適合茶小綠葉蟬生活的溫度為10～30 ℃，低于或高于此溫度范圍，茶小綠葉蟬會(huì)隱蔽在雜草或茶叢處[25]。本研究噴施茶豐素8.3%、4.2%后第15天和第21天的成蟲(chóng)數(shù)量未做調(diào)查，這是因?yàn)樵谶@段時(shí)間里(8月15日-31日)的日平均最高氣溫已達(dá)34.5 ℃，平均日照時(shí)數(shù)為7 h，小貫小綠葉蟬在茶樹(shù)上層很少活動(dòng)，因此噴施茶豐素對(duì)小貫小綠葉蟬成蟲(chóng)種群數(shù)量的抑制作用還有待進(jìn)一步研究。

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CorrespondingauthorQIN Daozheng,male,research fellow,doctoral supervisor. Research area:agricultural entomology and pest control. E-mail: qindaozh@nwsuaf.edu.cn

(責(zé)任編輯：顧玉蘭Responsibleeditor:GUYulan)

EffectofFoliarFertilizationonPopulationFluctuationofEmpoasca(Matsumurasca)onukiiMatsuda

LUO Huanrong1,RAN Longgui2and QIN Daozheng1

(1.College of Plant Protection,Northwest Aamp;F University,Yangling Shaanxi 712100,China; 2.College of Agriculture,Northwest Aamp;F University,Yangling Shaanxi 712100,China)

The experiment was conducted to select foliar fertilizer which can reduce population quantity ofEmpoasca(M.)onukii,to provide theoretical reference for environmental-friendly management of tea pest. The field population fluctuation ofEmpoasca(M.)onukiibefore and after spraying Investec,tea rich fertilizer and Leaf green fertilizer was investigated on tea plant by sweeping method atEmpoasca(M.)onukiioccurrence peak. The results showed that on the third day after spraying 20.0%,10.0%,and 4.1% Leaf Green Fertilizer,the adult population quantity ofEmpoasca(M.)onukiiwas significantly less than CK,on the seventh day significantly lower than CK,which meant the use of Leaf Green Fertilizer inhibited the adult population ofEmpoasca(M.)onukii.The adult population was significantly lower than CK on the seventh day after using 8.3% and 4.2% Tea Rich Fertilizer; or had not significant difference compared with CK after using 10.0% and 4.1% Investec 2116 and 33.3% Tea Rich Fertilizer within seven days,which meant these two fertilizers could not inhibit the adult population quantity of the pest. The nymph population ofEmpoasca(M.)onukiihad indistinctive effect after using 20.0%,10.0%,and 4.1% Leaf Green Fertilizer compared with CK within seven days,but significantly lower than 33.3% Tea Rich Fertilizer from the third day; within seven days the nymph population quantity ofEmpoasca(M.)onukiiremained indistinctive effect comparing with CK after 10.0% and 4.1% Investec 2116 and 8.3% and 4.2% Tea Rich Fertilizer were sprayed on tea plant,which also meant these fertilizers could not inhibit the nymph population quantity of the pest. Combined with costs and economic benefits that 4.1% Leaf Green Fertilizer is recommended in Shaanxi tea region to raise the production and quality of tea,at the same time,reducing the damage ofEmpoasca(Matsumurasca)onukiiMatsuda.

Tea plant; Foliar fertilization;Empoasca(Matsumurasca)onukiiMatsuda; Population quantity

2017-01-15

2017-03-12

The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31270689)；Promotion Plan to Support Projects of Scientific and Technological Achievements of Northwest Aamp;F University of Science and Technology Experimental Station(No.TGZX2014-15).

LUO Huanrong,female,master student. Research area:insect systematics and biodiversity.E-mail:960917401@qq.com

日期：2017-11-17

網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址：http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1220.S.20171117.1101.030.html

2017-01-15

2017-03-12

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(31270689)；西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)試驗(yàn)示范站(基地)科技成果推廣計(jì)劃支持項(xiàng)目(TGZX2014-15)。

雒煥蓉，女，碩士研究生，從事昆蟲(chóng)系統(tǒng)學(xué)與生物多樣性研究。E-mail: 960917401@qq.com

秦道正，男，研究員，博士生導(dǎo)師，主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)昆蟲(chóng)與害蟲(chóng)防治研究。E-mail: qindaozh@nwsuaf.edu.cn

S435.711

A

1004-1389(2017)11-1689-06