浦徐進(jìn) 林錫杰 李棟棟
摘 要:在制造商自建直銷渠道的雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈背景下,探討渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)影響供應(yīng)鏈運(yùn)作的機(jī)理。分別構(gòu)建制造商Stackelberg、實(shí)體店Stackelberg和垂直Nash均衡三種渠道模式的博弈模型,分析不同渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)下的供應(yīng)鏈定價(jià)策略,并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出改善供應(yīng)鏈運(yùn)作的協(xié)調(diào)契約。研究結(jié)果表明,渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)的變化對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)直銷價(jià)格沒(méi)有影響;制造商Stackelberg和實(shí)體店Stackelberg模式下的供應(yīng)鏈整體利潤(rùn)水平相等,但低于垂直Nash均衡模式;合理設(shè)計(jì)的兩部定價(jià)契約能夠有效協(xié)調(diào)不同模式下的雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈。
關(guān)鍵詞:雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈;渠道權(quán)力;協(xié)調(diào)契約;兩部定價(jià)
中圖分類號(hào):F273.7 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
Abstract: E-commerce on internet provides manufacturers the opportunity of approaching consumers directly, other than gathering consumers' information from intermediate retailers. In this paper, we examine the pricing strategies of the dual-channel supply chain under different channel power structures such as manufacturer-leader stackelberg, retailer-leader stackelberg and vertical nash equilibrium. The results show that the online retail prices are unchanged under different channel power structures. The profits of the whole supply chains under manufacturer-leader stackelberg structure and retailer-leader stackelberg structure remain the same, but lower than under vertical nash equilibrium structure. A well-designed two-part tariff contract can coordinate the dual-channel supply chain perfectly.
Key words: dual-channel supply chains; channel power; coordinated mechanism; two-part tariff contract
0 引 言
隨著電子商務(wù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展以及顧客消費(fèi)觀念的改變,許多制造商逐步意識(shí)到網(wǎng)絡(luò)營(yíng)銷的力量,在通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)實(shí)體店分銷其產(chǎn)品的同時(shí),紛紛選擇自建網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)進(jìn)行直銷。現(xiàn)實(shí)中主要存在著三種典型的雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈模式(如表1所示)。
那么,在不同的渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)下,供應(yīng)鏈的定價(jià)策略將如何變化?制造商和實(shí)體店的利潤(rùn)將會(huì)受到怎樣的影響?雙方能否通過(guò)合理設(shè)計(jì)的協(xié)調(diào)契約來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)“雙贏”?對(duì)于上述問(wèn)題的探究和回答將為雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈的高效運(yùn)作提供決策借鑒。
近年來(lái),探討制造商如何利用新興的網(wǎng)絡(luò)營(yíng)銷模式來(lái)提高自身效益已經(jīng)成為學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。文獻(xiàn)[1]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)實(shí)體店的邊際成本較高或批發(fā)價(jià)格、消費(fèi)者價(jià)值以及需求變化程度較低時(shí),與單渠道銷售模式相比,制造商更傾向于構(gòu)建雙渠道模式。文獻(xiàn)[2]的研究結(jié)果表明,消費(fèi)者對(duì)網(wǎng)店銷售的偏好和需求變化將顯著影響實(shí)體店的價(jià)格策略和制造商的生產(chǎn)策略。文獻(xiàn)[3]研究了制造商通過(guò)第三方建立網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)的雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈,指出當(dāng)消費(fèi)者對(duì)實(shí)體店的偏好低于某一閾值時(shí),網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)的構(gòu)建對(duì)制造商是有利的,相反將不利。文獻(xiàn)[4]綜合考慮了消費(fèi)者的購(gòu)買(mǎi)成本和對(duì)渠道的接受程度,研究了雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈的定價(jià)問(wèn)題,發(fā)現(xiàn)直銷渠道的存在對(duì)制造商的作用是多重的。
雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈雖然給制造商提供了新的利潤(rùn)空間,但是也更容易產(chǎn)生渠道沖突,因此協(xié)調(diào)契約的設(shè)計(jì)也顯得更為必要。文獻(xiàn)[5]指出庫(kù)存持有成本分擔(dān)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)渠道收益共享的組合契約可實(shí)現(xiàn)雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈協(xié)調(diào),但不能同時(shí)保障制造商與實(shí)體店收益的Pareto改進(jìn)。文獻(xiàn)[6]、文獻(xiàn)[7]和文獻(xiàn)[8]的研究都表明,收益共享契約能夠成為協(xié)調(diào)雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈的有效機(jī)制。國(guó)內(nèi)外諸多學(xué)者都認(rèn)為,渠道權(quán)力的不對(duì)等是導(dǎo)致渠道沖突的重要因素。文獻(xiàn)[9]針對(duì)兩種不同的供應(yīng)鏈結(jié)構(gòu)(兩個(gè)制造商和一個(gè)實(shí)體店、一個(gè)制造商和兩個(gè)實(shí)體店),分別在制造商主導(dǎo)和實(shí)體店主導(dǎo)模式下,研究批發(fā)價(jià)格契約和收益共享契約對(duì)不同成員收益的影響。文獻(xiàn)[10]考察了一條由兩個(gè)制造商(制造商提供產(chǎn)品服務(wù))和一個(gè)實(shí)體店組成的供應(yīng)鏈,分析渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈成員企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)策略的影響。然而,在雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈已經(jīng)成為產(chǎn)品分銷主流趨勢(shì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)背景下,深入探究雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈的渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)并有針對(duì)性地設(shè)計(jì)協(xié)調(diào)契約的文獻(xiàn)相對(duì)稀缺。
基于此,本文在描述制造商Stackelberg、實(shí)體店Stackelberg和垂直Nash均衡等三種典型模式特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,重點(diǎn)分析渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈運(yùn)作效率的影響,并進(jìn)一步提出可行的協(xié)調(diào)契約。
1 問(wèn)題描述與模型假設(shè)
3 協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)制設(shè)計(jì)
在考察不同渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計(jì)兩部定價(jià)契約來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈的運(yùn)作。在這里,兩部定價(jià)契約具有這樣的運(yùn)作機(jī)制:制造商確定給予實(shí)體店批發(fā)價(jià)格w;同時(shí)制造商承諾在網(wǎng)絡(luò)渠道每銷售一單位產(chǎn)品,給予實(shí)體店補(bǔ)貼m;等銷售結(jié)束后,實(shí)體店向制造商支付T一筆轉(zhuǎn)移支付來(lái)確保雙方的利潤(rùn)水平得到Pareto改進(jìn)。endprint
命題4說(shuō)明,在三種渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)下,應(yīng)用兩部定價(jià)契約均可以實(shí)現(xiàn)雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈的完全協(xié)調(diào)。在不同的兩部定價(jià)契約中,制造商確定給予實(shí)體店的批發(fā)價(jià)格以及補(bǔ)貼保持不變,而實(shí)體店支付的轉(zhuǎn)移支付在制造商Stackelberg模式下最高,在垂直Nash均衡模式下次之,在實(shí)體店Stackelberg模式下最低。
4 結(jié) 論
本文重點(diǎn)考察了渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)影響雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)策略及運(yùn)作效率的機(jī)理,在此基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)了協(xié)調(diào)供應(yīng)鏈運(yùn)作的兩部定價(jià)契約。研究得到一系列管理啟示:當(dāng)渠道主導(dǎo)權(quán)在上下游企業(yè)間轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí),供應(yīng)鏈整體利潤(rùn)水平保持不變,但主導(dǎo)一方能獲得更多的利潤(rùn);與任何一方占主導(dǎo)的渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)相比,雙方實(shí)力對(duì)等的渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)有利于提高供應(yīng)鏈整體運(yùn)作效率;在不同的渠道權(quán)力結(jié)構(gòu)下,均可以通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)合理的兩部定價(jià)契約來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈的完全協(xié)調(diào)。本文的研究依然存在一些不足之處,例如,在網(wǎng)絡(luò)直銷渠道中只是考慮了制造商自建一種形式,而現(xiàn)實(shí)中往往存在直銷、轉(zhuǎn)銷、代銷、特許經(jīng)營(yíng)等多種直銷模式,由此會(huì)形成不同類型的雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈,作者在未來(lái)將繼續(xù)對(duì)其他類型的雙渠道供應(yīng)鏈進(jìn)行研究。
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