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Notch 2在肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓內(nèi)的表達(dá)變化

2017-11-13 09:03張皓云薄其付杜紅梅陳燕春鄭昕蕊于麗管英俊
關(guān)鍵詞:組織化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)基因脊髓

張皓云,薄其付,杜紅梅,陳燕春,鄭昕蕊,于麗*,管英俊*

(濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院 1基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)概論教研室,2附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,3組織胚胎學(xué)教研室,濰坊 261053)

Notch 2在肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓內(nèi)的表達(dá)變化

張皓云1,薄其付2,杜紅梅3,陳燕春3,鄭昕蕊3,于麗3*,管英俊3*

(濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院1基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)概論教研室,2附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,3組織胚胎學(xué)教研室,濰坊 261053)

目的明確肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS)SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓內(nèi)Notch 2表達(dá)水平與ALS病程的關(guān)系。方法應(yīng)用Notch基因陣列表達(dá)譜檢測Notch信號(hào)通路相關(guān)分子在表達(dá)人突變SOD1基因的SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因ALS小鼠及野生型鼠脊髓內(nèi)的表達(dá)差異。應(yīng)用real-time PCR、免疫組織化學(xué)染色、Western blot方法檢測Notch 2在不同階段各組小鼠脊髓內(nèi)的表達(dá)變化。結(jié)果Notch基因陣列表達(dá)譜聚類分析結(jié)果顯示Notch 1、Notch 2在95d、122d SOD1G93A鼠脊髓內(nèi)均顯著增高,而Notch 4僅在122d SOD1G93A鼠升高明顯。Notch下游靶基因HES1在108d SOD1G93A鼠脊髓內(nèi)顯著降低。RT-PCR結(jié)果證實(shí)Notch 2在SOD1G93A鼠脊髓內(nèi)的表達(dá)變化。免疫組織化學(xué)標(biāo)記顯示Notch 2在SOD1G93A鼠、野生型鼠脊髓各部均有表達(dá),Western blot結(jié)果顯示Notch 2蛋白表達(dá)在95d SOD1G93A鼠增高顯著。結(jié)論Notch 2信號(hào)分子的表達(dá)隨ALS疾病進(jìn)展,在脊髓退變過程中變化顯著,可能參與ALS疾病進(jìn)程。

肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥;轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠;Notch信號(hào)通路;Notch 2;脊髓

肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS)也稱為Lou Gehrig癥,是累及端腦、腦干、脊髓上下運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的致死性神經(jīng)退行性疾病,主要表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性骨骼肌萎縮、麻痹,最終因呼吸不能導(dǎo)致患者死亡,診斷后生存期一般為3~5年[1,2],目前無有效治療方案。ALS至今病因不明,多數(shù)為散發(fā)病例,有5%~10%為家族性,大量研究檢測到銅鋅超氧化物歧化酶(copper-zinc superoxide dismutase 1,SOD1)、融合肉瘤(fused in sarcoma, FUS)、TLS(transloeated in liposareoma)、TDP-43(transactiveresponse DNA-binding protein)、CHMP2B(charged multivesicular body protein 2B)、VAPB(vesicleassociated nlembrane protein-associated protein B) 等基因突變與家族性ALS相關(guān)[3],其中SOD1是首個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)與ALS相關(guān)的突變基因,且表達(dá)人SOD1-G93A突變基因(SOD1G93A)的小鼠或大鼠模型表現(xiàn)出進(jìn)行性運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元退變,是研究ALS發(fā)病機(jī)制、研發(fā)治療方案的良好模型[4,5]。多種信號(hào)通路分子在ALS疾病進(jìn)程中發(fā)生顯著改變,有研究在TDP-43轉(zhuǎn)基因ALS模型鼠檢測到,Notch激活加劇病情進(jìn)展[6]。

Notch信號(hào)通路是影響細(xì)胞命運(yùn)的重要信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,在無脊椎動(dòng)物及脊椎動(dòng)物高度保守,通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞間相互作用,參與胚胎發(fā)育過程中細(xì)胞增殖、分化、凋亡。目前,已在哺乳動(dòng)物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了4種Notch受體(Notch 1、Notch 2、Notch 3和Notch 4)和5種Notch配體(Jagged 1、Jagged 2、Delta-like 1、Delta-like 3、Delta-like 4)。當(dāng)Notch與細(xì)胞膜上的Notch受體結(jié)合后,經(jīng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)酶切作用,釋放Notch細(xì)胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域片段(Notch intracellular domain, NICD);NICD入核,與核內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CBF1/Suppressor of Hairless/LAG-1(CLS)蛋白結(jié)合,促進(jìn)其下游包括Hes在內(nèi)多種基因轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)[7]。Notch信號(hào)分子在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)除參與神經(jīng)發(fā)育、神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的增殖、分化外,成體腦內(nèi)Notch信號(hào)通路在神經(jīng)元突觸可塑性、學(xué)習(xí)與記憶方面發(fā)揮重要調(diào)節(jié)作用[8]。異常激活的Notch信號(hào)通路與多種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變相關(guān),如在唐氏綜合癥、阿爾茨海默病均檢測到腦內(nèi)Notch 1異常升高,可能與APP信號(hào)通路存在交聯(lián)[9,10];并且腦缺血后伴隨Notch 2信號(hào)分子的表達(dá)增高,并可能導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元損傷加重[11,12]。然而,在SOD1基因突變導(dǎo)致的ALS中,Notch信號(hào)通路與ALS病變的關(guān)系尚不清楚。本研究檢測了攜帶突變?nèi)薙OD1-G93A基因的ALS轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠SOD1G93A小鼠脊髓內(nèi)Notch信號(hào)通路中相關(guān)信號(hào)分子隨病程的表達(dá)變化。

材料和方法

1 ALS轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠

攜帶突變?nèi)薙OD1基因雄性ALS轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠SOD1G93A(hSOD1-G93A-1Gur/J)小鼠購自 The Jackson Laboratory(Bar Harbor, ME, USA),于生后6周與野生型成年雌鼠按1∶3合籠,新生鼠參照J(rèn)ackson Laboratory基因鑒定方案行鼠尾DNA鑒定基因型。所有實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物均按照濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物規(guī)范條例實(shí)施。按照本課題組先前實(shí)驗(yàn)方法[4,5],選取成年SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠,隨機(jī)分為發(fā)病早期(95d)、中期(108d)和晚期(122d)3組,每時(shí)間點(diǎn)選取同窩別野生型小鼠為對照組,每組6只實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物。

2 主要試劑

Trizol、SuperScriptIII Reverse Transcriptase試劑購自Invitrogen公司,小鼠Notch Signaling Pathway PCR Array購自QIAGEN公司,PrimeScript RT-PCR Kit、TaKaRa Ex Taq購自寶生物工程(大連)有限公司,GAPDH兔源多克隆抗體、Notch 2兔源多克隆抗體、辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記山羊抗兔 IgG 抗體購自Cell Signaling公司;ECL 化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒購自Thermo Fisher Scientific公司,RIPA 裂解液、DAB辣根過氧化物酶顯色試劑盒購自上海碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司。

3 Notch基因陣列表達(dá)譜檢測及RT-PCR檢測

總RNA以Trizol法由新鮮組織提取,按照試劑說明進(jìn)行。總RNA完整性通過1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測,以Nano Drop Spectro photometer測定RNA濃度及純度。按照TaKaRa Ex Taq?逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑說明建立逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng),參照小鼠Notch Signaling Pathway PCR Array試劑說明,以real-time PCR檢測Notch通路相關(guān)信號(hào)分子的表達(dá),實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果采用2-△△Ct法分析,并以逆轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物為模板配置RTPC反應(yīng)體系,以驗(yàn)證基因芯片結(jié)果。Notch 2引物序列:上游為5'-TTGCTGTCGGAAGAT-3',下游為5'-CATGTGGTCAGTGAT-3';β-actin引物序列:上 游5'-CGTTGACATCCGTAAAGACC-3', 下 游5'-CACGAAGATCCGCCTGACA-3'。PCR 儀中運(yùn)行以下程序:94℃預(yù)變性 3min;94℃變性 30sec,55℃退火 15sec,72℃延伸 30sec,循環(huán) 35次;72℃延伸 5min 后冷卻至 4℃。將擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物用 1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠(含溴化乙錠)電泳檢測,電壓100V,時(shí)間20min,Biospectrum AC凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng)下照相并掃描分析。

4 Western blot檢測

使用 RIPA裂解液提取各組實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物脊髓組織總蛋白,BCA法測定蛋白濃度,取30μg蛋白樣品進(jìn)行聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳凝膠電泳并轉(zhuǎn)移至 PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride)膜,用封閉液(10% 脫脂奶粉/TBST)室溫封閉 1h,分別加入兔源多克隆抗體Notch 2(1∶1000)、GAPDH(1∶2000) 一 抗,4℃孵育過夜,TBST 漂洗3次,加入辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記山羊抗兔 IgG 抗體(1∶5000)室溫孵育1h,TBST漂洗3 次,加入 ECL 進(jìn)行發(fā)光反應(yīng),暗室 X 膠片顯影。

5 免疫組織化學(xué)檢測

各組實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物灌注固定后取脊髓腰段制作冰凍切片,將冰凍切片37℃干燥2h,滴加10%山羊血清37℃封閉30min,滴加兔源多克隆抗體Notch 2(1∶200),4℃孵育過夜。滴加辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗兔二抗(1∶400),37℃孵育30min,DAB顯色,顯微鏡觀察 Notch 2表達(dá)情況。實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中各步間以0.01mol/L PBS緩沖液漂洗。

6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

基因陣列表達(dá)譜結(jié)果以MEV軟件 (V4.6, TIGR)完成聚類分析。RT-PCR及Western blot條帶使用Image J軟件進(jìn)行條帶光密度分析。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(mean±SE)表示,應(yīng)用Graph Pad Prism 5統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行兩組間t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05表明結(jié)果有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié) 果

1 SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓內(nèi)Notch信號(hào)通路相關(guān)蛋白基因的差異表達(dá)

應(yīng)用基因芯片聚類分析,檢測各時(shí)間點(diǎn)SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠及野生型小鼠脊髓內(nèi)差異表達(dá)基因(圖1),并選取較野生型鼠表達(dá)改變2倍以上Notch 2基因進(jìn)行后續(xù)研究。Notch信號(hào)通路相關(guān)分子變化如表1。與野生型鼠相比,Notch信號(hào)通路中受體分子Notch 1、Notch 2在95d、122d SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓內(nèi)均顯著增高,而Notch 4僅在122d升高明顯。Notch下游靶基因HES1在108d SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓內(nèi)顯著降低。

2 SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓內(nèi)Notch 2的表達(dá)變化

RT-PCR結(jié)果顯示,與同窩野生型鼠相比,95d和122d SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠脊髓內(nèi)Notch 2基因表達(dá)分別升高約20%和36%,與基因芯片預(yù)測結(jié)果一致(圖2)。

對95d、108d和122d SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠及野生型小鼠脊髓內(nèi)Notch 2的免疫組織化學(xué)檢測顯示,Notch 2廣泛分布在SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠及野生型小鼠脊髓各區(qū)域,SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓白質(zhì)及前角灰質(zhì)內(nèi)Notch 2免疫反應(yīng)性較野生型小鼠有不同程度增強(qiáng)(圖3 A-C)。

圖1 SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓內(nèi)Notch信號(hào)通路相關(guān)基因差異表達(dá)基因芯片聚類分析。TG,轉(zhuǎn)基因;WT,野生型Fig. 1 Hierarchical clustering analysis of Notch signaling pathway gene differential expression in the spinal cords of SOD1G93A transgenic mice and wild type mice. TG, transgenic; WT, wild type

表1 SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因ALS小鼠脊髓內(nèi)Notch信號(hào)通路相關(guān)基因差異表達(dá)比較Tab.1 Comparison for differentially expressed genes of Notch signaling pathway in the spinal cords of SOD1G93A transgenic mice

圖2 Notch 2在95d、108d和122d SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓內(nèi)的mRNA表達(dá)變化。A,Notch 2 mRNA 表達(dá)水平的RT-PCR檢測;B,Notch 2 mRNA表達(dá)水平的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析;WT,野生型;TG,轉(zhuǎn)基因;與野生型小鼠相比:*,0.01<P<0.05;**,P<0.01;n=6Fig. 2 Notch 2 expression in the spinal cords of SOD1G93Atransgenic mice at mRNA level on 95d, 108d and 122d. A, Notch 2 mRNA level comparison between TG and WT over time by RT-PCR; B, statistic analysis for Notch 2 mRNA expression level; WT, wild type; TG, transgenic; *,0.01<P<0.05; **, P<0.01, compared with wild-type mice; n=6

Western blot結(jié) 果 顯 示,95d、108d和 122d SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠及野生型小鼠脊髓內(nèi)均有Notch 2蛋白表達(dá)。與野生型小鼠相比,轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓內(nèi)Notch 2蛋白表達(dá)升高,其中95d組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(圖3D, 圖3E)。

討 論

Notch信號(hào)通路在多種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變中的作用日益受到關(guān)注,研究認(rèn)為Notch信號(hào)通路參與如中風(fēng)等急性腦損傷[11]或阿爾茲海默病[13]等慢性神經(jīng)退行性病變的發(fā)生。應(yīng)用基因芯片及RT-PCR技術(shù),我們檢測到Notch信號(hào)通路受體分子中Notch 1、Notch 2在SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠脊髓內(nèi)較同窩別野生型鼠變化顯著,提示Notch信號(hào)通路與ALS病程進(jìn)展有關(guān)。

在胚胎發(fā)育、個(gè)體生長過程中,Notch信號(hào)通路參與諸如細(xì)胞增殖、分化、存活等多種重要反應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié)。這些調(diào)節(jié)依賴于跨膜受體與配體結(jié)合后,釋放Notch細(xì)胞內(nèi)區(qū)域,并最終與相關(guān)核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合調(diào)節(jié)靶基因的表達(dá)[14]。在多種急慢性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病中均有Notch信號(hào)通路分子的異常激活,而Notch信號(hào)分子在ALS疾病中的表達(dá)變化研究較少。Notch信號(hào)通路異常激活可抑制神經(jīng)元樹突生長、導(dǎo)致樹突退化,而抑制Notch通路可促進(jìn)突起延伸,在SOD1G93A模型鼠中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可檢測到神經(jīng)元突起長度變短、分支減少的現(xiàn)象[15,16]。本課題組及其他研究者[17,18]對Notch 1在ALS動(dòng)物模型及細(xì)胞模型中的表達(dá)變化進(jìn)行了研究。本研究重點(diǎn)關(guān)注經(jīng)基因芯片篩選變化顯著的Notch 2分子進(jìn)行研究。Western blot及免疫組織化學(xué)檢測均顯示,Notch 2蛋白在SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠及同窩野生型鼠脊髓內(nèi)廣泛表達(dá),且隨疾病進(jìn)展,95d、122d SOD1G93A模型鼠脊髓內(nèi)Notch 2 表達(dá)較同窩野生型鼠顯著升高。在缺血再灌注損傷神經(jīng)元的體內(nèi)外模型中,有研究觀察到神經(jīng)元內(nèi)Notch 2的異常激活,給予Notch信號(hào)通路抑制劑后可提高細(xì)胞存活率[19]。Yang[20]等的研究顯示,氧化應(yīng)激可引起內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)Notch信號(hào)通路激活并調(diào)節(jié)凋亡通路的活化,進(jìn)一步研究表明抑制Notch具有減輕凋亡發(fā)揮抗氧化應(yīng)激的保護(hù)作用。

本研究結(jié)果揭示,Notch 2隨ALS疾病進(jìn)展變化顯著,或參與該病發(fā)生、發(fā)展,為深入研究ALS發(fā)病機(jī)制提供理論基礎(chǔ)。后續(xù)我們將進(jìn)一步探討Notch 2參與ALS的分子機(jī)制,以期為ALS治療提供新靶點(diǎn)。

圖3 Notch 2蛋白在95d、108d和122d SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠鼠脊髓的表達(dá)。A-C,Notch 2表達(dá)的免疫組織化學(xué)檢測;WT,野生型;TG,轉(zhuǎn)基因;VM,白質(zhì);CC,中央管;GM,灰質(zhì);比例尺,20μm。D,Notch 2表達(dá)的Western blot檢測;E,SOD1G93A轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠及野生型鼠脊髓內(nèi)Western blot檢測Notch 2蛋白表達(dá)水平的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析;與野生型小鼠相比:*,0.01<P<0.05;**,P<0.01;n=6Fig. 3 Notch 2 expression at protein level in the spinal cords of SOD1G93A mice on 95d, 108d and 122d. A-C, Notch 2 expression indicated by immunohistochemical staining in wild type (WT) and transgenic mice (TM); VM, white matter; CC, central cannel; GM, gray matter; scale bar, 20μm; D,the expression of Notch 2 protein detected by Western blot; E, statistical analysis for the expression levels of Notch 2 protein relative to β-actin; *,0.01<P<0.05; **, P<0.01, compared with wild-type mice; n=6

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[3] Verma A. Tale of two diseases∶ amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Neurol India, 2014, 62(4)∶347-351.

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[5] 劉永新,管英俊,陳燕春,等. 肌萎縮側(cè)索硬化癥轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠脊髓中自噬相關(guān)基因ATG5表達(dá)降低. 中國組織化學(xué)與細(xì)胞化學(xué)雜志,2016,25(2):107-111.

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Dynamic expression of Notch 2 in the spinal cords of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis SOD1G93Atransgenic mice

Zhang Haoyun1, Bo Qifu2, Du Hongmei3, Chen Yanchun3, Zheng Xinrui3, Yu Li3*, Guan Yingjun3*
(1Department of basic medicine, Weifang medical university;2Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang medical university;3Department of histology and embryology, Weifang medical university, Shandong 261053, China)

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between Notch 2 expression and disease stage in the spinal cords of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) SOD1G93Atransgenic mice.MethodsUsing Notch signaling pathway polymerase chain reaction array to determine the expression levels of Notch signaling molecules in SOD1G93Atransgenic mice and wild type mice. The Notch 2 expression in the spinal cord of mice at different stages was further evaluated by real-time PCR, immunohistochemical staining and Western blot.ResultsNotch Signaling Pathway PCR Array showed that compared to wild-type mice, Notch 1 and Notch 2 were significantly up-regulated in the spinal cords of SOD1G93Amice at 95d and 122d, while increased Notch4 expression was observed only at 122d. The downstream target gene Hes1 was significantly reduced at 108 d. RT-PCR con firmed the increased Notch2 expression at mRNA level.Immunohistochemical staining indicated that Notch2 was expressed throughout the spinal cord of both SOD1G93Aand wild type mice.Western blot results showed a significant up–regulation of Notch 2 in SOD1G93Amice compared to wild type mice at 95d.ConclusionOur findings provide evidence that the expression of Notch 2 signaling molecules was strongly associated with ALS disease progression and spinal cord neuronal degeneration in adult SOD1G93Amice, which suggested it may be involved in ALS pathogenesis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; transgenic mice; notch signal pathway; Notch 2; spinal cord

R742

A DOI:10.16705/ j. cnki. 1004-1850. 2017. 05. 002

2017-04-26

2017-09-11

國家自然科學(xué)基金(81271413),山東省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(ZR2014JL016, ZR2015HL047),山東省高等學(xué)??萍加?jì)劃項(xiàng)目(J15LK10)

張皓云,女(1974年),漢族,副教授

*通訊作者(To whom correspondence should be addressed):yulidoctor@163.com; guanyj@wfmc.edu.cn

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