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胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子ⅡmRNA結(jié)合蛋白3對(duì)膽囊癌遷移侵襲的影響

2017-11-04 07:38:28靳云鵬包潤(rùn)發(fā)胡云平劉穎斌
腹部外科 2017年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:膽囊癌細(xì)胞系生長(zhǎng)因子

靳云鵬 包潤(rùn)發(fā) 胡云平 劉穎斌

·論 著·(膽道外科專題)

胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子ⅡmRNA結(jié)合蛋白3對(duì)膽囊癌遷移侵襲的影響

靳云鵬 包潤(rùn)發(fā) 胡云平 劉穎斌

目的探究胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子Ⅱ(insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ,IGF-Ⅱ)mRNA結(jié)合蛋白3(IGF2BP3)對(duì)膽囊癌遷移侵襲的作用。方法應(yīng)用實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法檢測(cè)23份膽囊癌組織和23份癌旁組織中IGF2BP3的表達(dá)水平;在膽囊癌細(xì)胞中利用小干擾RNA(siRNA)敲減目的基因IGF2BP3;Transwell遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)與帶膠Transwell侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)敲減IGF2BP3后對(duì)膽囊癌細(xì)胞遷移侵襲能力的影響;細(xì)胞免疫熒光法檢測(cè)敲減IGF2BP3后上皮細(xì)胞間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial mesenchymal transition ,EMT)相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)水平變化。結(jié)果IGF2BP3在膽囊癌組織中高表達(dá)(P<0.05);與正常膽管上皮細(xì)胞比較,5株膽囊癌細(xì)胞系中IGF2BP3高表達(dá);敲減IGF2BP3后,膽囊癌細(xì)胞系的遷移侵襲能力明顯降低(P<0.0001);敲減IGF2BP3后EMT相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)水平下調(diào)。結(jié)論IGF2BP3通過促進(jìn)EMT,從而促進(jìn)膽囊癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。

膽囊癌; 胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子ⅡmRNA結(jié)合蛋白3; 上皮細(xì)胞間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化

膽囊癌是最常見的膽道系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,我國(guó)膽囊癌發(fā)病率約占同期膽道疾病的0.4%~3.8%,發(fā)病率居消化道腫瘤第7位[1-8],美國(guó)監(jiān)測(cè)、流行病學(xué)和結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(SEER)顯示膽囊癌發(fā)病率約為2.5/10萬[9]。雖然膽囊癌發(fā)病率低,但其早期診斷困難,腫瘤進(jìn)展快,惡性程度高,早期易發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移,所以其預(yù)后較差,5年生存率低于5%[10-11]。膽囊癌對(duì)放化療不敏感[12],手術(shù)切除為其唯一有效的治療方法[13],但其早期癥狀不典型,病人就診時(shí)多處于中晚期,多發(fā)生了遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,失去了手術(shù)治療的機(jī)會(huì)[14-15]?;谀懩业呐徏傲馨?、血流引流等解剖特點(diǎn),膽囊癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移途徑主要包括肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移、經(jīng)淋巴神經(jīng)途徑轉(zhuǎn)移、膽管侵犯轉(zhuǎn)移、鄰近臟器的侵犯和腹腔播散轉(zhuǎn)移、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移等途徑[16]。而腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及其侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的過程,被認(rèn)為是由于基因的改變而引起的,癌基因的突變及抑癌基因的失活在膽囊癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。因此研究腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的基因?qū)用妫粌H有利于我們了解腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中的分子結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ),有利于膽囊癌的預(yù)防和早期診斷,同時(shí)也為以后的靶向治療尋找可靠的分子靶點(diǎn)。

胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子ⅡmRNA結(jié)合蛋白3(insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3,IGF2BP3或IMP3)是胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子ⅡmRNA結(jié)合蛋白家族中的一員。IGF2BP3在胰腺癌中最先被發(fā)現(xiàn)[17],研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其在多種癌癥組織中高表達(dá),如宮頸癌、肝癌、肺癌、結(jié)腸癌[18-20]等。IGF2BP3在癌組織中的高表達(dá)可能預(yù)示其在腫瘤發(fā)生過程中起到癌基因的作用。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IGF2BP3是IGFⅡmRNA的翻譯激活子,通過依賴IGFⅡ而促進(jìn)白血病細(xì)胞的增生。同時(shí)在多種癌癥中,高表達(dá)的IGF2BP3也提示不良的預(yù)后。隨著研究的深入,IGF2BP3在胃癌、結(jié)腸癌中被認(rèn)為是一種特異的腫瘤標(biāo)志物。因此其有助于腫瘤的篩查及早期診斷,是潛在的靶向治療的“靶”。目前尚無IGF2BP3與膽囊癌的報(bào)道,本文主要研究IGF2BP3對(duì)膽囊癌遷移侵襲的作用。

材料與方法

一、材料及試劑

本文研究所涉及的膽囊癌組織(23份)及其癌旁組織(23份)均取自2012年1月至2013年12月入住我院的膽囊癌病人,其術(shù)后病理均證實(shí)為膽囊癌。本次實(shí)驗(yàn)均告知病人,并取得書面知情同意書。人正常膽管上皮細(xì)胞系HIBEC及人膽囊癌細(xì)胞系GBC-SD、SGC996、OCUG-1、EHGB-1購(gòu)自中科院上海細(xì)胞研究所,NOZ購(gòu)于日本大阪健康科學(xué)研究資源庫(kù)。

二、細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)

人膽囊癌細(xì)胞株NOZ培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清(Gibco)及1%青霉素/鏈霉素雙抗(Gibco)的Williams’(Gibco)培養(yǎng)液中,人正常膽管上皮細(xì)胞系HIBEC、人膽囊癌細(xì)胞株GBC-SD、EHGB-1、OCUG-1于含10%胎牛血清及1%青霉素/鏈霉素雙抗的DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液(Gibco)中培養(yǎng),SGC996培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清及1%青霉素/鏈霉素雙抗的1640培養(yǎng)液(Gibco)中。膽囊癌細(xì)胞及正常膽管上皮細(xì)胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng)于含5%二氧化碳、37 ℃、飽和濕度的培養(yǎng)箱中。

三、細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染

取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的膽囊癌細(xì)胞,經(jīng)胰酶消化后接種至6孔板中,當(dāng)細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)至60%時(shí),用opti-MEM分別孵育Lipofectamine2000(Invitrogen)及小干擾RNA(siRNA),靜置5 min后將兩者混合孵育20 min,將混合物加入6孔板中,6 h后換液,轉(zhuǎn)染48 h提取RNA或進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的細(xì)胞試驗(yàn)。

四、RNA提取和定量PCR

TRIzol(Invitrogen)法提取組織及細(xì)胞總RNA,按照逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒說明書(Takara)將1 μg總RNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR(qRT-PCR)檢測(cè)IGF2BP3在臨床標(biāo)本及各膽囊癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)情況以及siRNA的敲減效率,GAPDH為內(nèi)參。

五、Transwell小室遷移及侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)

遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)用 Corning公司的0.8 μm孔徑的 Transwell小室,侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)用BD公司的0.8 μm孔徑的鋪膠 Transwell 侵襲小室,實(shí)驗(yàn)前將鋪膠Transwell侵襲小室(BD)水化2 h。收集轉(zhuǎn)染的細(xì)胞,胰酶消化重懸計(jì)數(shù),調(diào)整濃度至1×105/ml,Transwell小室(Corning)及鋪膠Transwell侵襲小室的上室加入200 μl細(xì)胞懸液,下室加入600 μl完全培養(yǎng)基。培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h后取出,吸去上室及下室培養(yǎng)基,磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)輕輕清洗,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,0.1%結(jié)晶紫染色20 min,PBS清洗3遍,棉簽擦去未穿過細(xì)胞,100倍光學(xué)顯微鏡下計(jì)數(shù)穿過細(xì)胞數(shù),隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野,所得5個(gè)數(shù)值取平均值用于統(tǒng)計(jì)。

六、細(xì)胞免疫熒光

收集轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞,胰酶消化重懸,鋪于24孔板中,待細(xì)胞貼壁后,吸去培養(yǎng)基,PBS清洗一次,4%多聚甲醛固定10 min,0.3%聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(Triton X-100;Sigma)冰上破膜10 min,PBS清洗3遍,1%牛血清白蛋白(BSA)封閉液室溫封閉1 h,一抗4°過夜,PBS清洗3遍,熒光二抗避光室溫孵育1 h,PBS清洗3遍,DAPI染色液室溫染色5 min,熒光顯微鏡拍照。

七、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

結(jié) 果

一、IGF2BP3在膽囊癌組織標(biāo)本中的表達(dá)水平

首先,提取23對(duì)膽囊癌病人的癌與癌旁冰凍組織的總RNA,并逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,qRT-PCR檢測(cè)臨床標(biāo)本中IGF2BP3的mRNA水平,結(jié)果如圖1所示,膽囊癌組織中IGF2BP3的表達(dá)量是癌旁組織的2.38倍,且差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

圖1 qRT-PCR檢測(cè)23對(duì)膽囊癌和癌旁樣本中IGF2BP3的表達(dá)情況

二、IGF2BP3在膽囊癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)水平

收集對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的膽囊癌細(xì)胞系NOZ、GBC-SD、SGC996、EHGB-1、OCUG-1細(xì)胞及正常膽管上皮細(xì)胞系HIBEC,提取細(xì)胞總RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA后,qRT-PCR檢測(cè)IGF2BP3在各細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果如圖2所示,以正常膽管上皮細(xì)胞HIBEC為參照,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化后,HIBEC細(xì)胞IGF2BP3相對(duì)表達(dá)量為(1.000±0.056),NOZ細(xì)胞IGF2BP3相對(duì)表達(dá)量為(141.910±5.202),GBC-SD細(xì)胞IGF2BP3相對(duì)表達(dá)量為(258.032±8.590),SGC996細(xì)胞IGF2BP3相對(duì)表達(dá)量為(222.758±0.815),EHGB-1細(xì)胞IGF2BP3相對(duì)表達(dá)量為(180.140±8.141),OCUG-1細(xì)胞IGF2BP3相對(duì)表達(dá)量為(928.253±26.213),與正常膽管上皮細(xì)胞HIBEC比較,IGF2BP3在5株膽囊癌細(xì)胞中高表達(dá),且在OCUG-1、GBC-SD中表達(dá)量相對(duì)較高。所以后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)我們選取這兩株膽囊癌細(xì)胞系進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的敲減實(shí)驗(yàn)。

圖2 qRT-PCR檢測(cè)5株膽囊癌細(xì)胞系及正常膽管上皮細(xì)胞系HIBEC中IGF2BP3的表達(dá)情況

三、OCUG-1、GBC-SD細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染IGF2BP3 siRNA后敲減效率驗(yàn)證

將構(gòu)建的3個(gè)干擾序列(siRNA1、siRNA2、siRNA3)及其對(duì)照序列(siNC)分別轉(zhuǎn)染入 OCUG-1和GBC-SD細(xì)胞中,在轉(zhuǎn)染48 h后提取細(xì)胞的總RNA,qRT-PCR 檢驗(yàn)其敲減效率。結(jié)果如圖3、圖4所示:siRNA1、siRNA2和siRNA3均可有效敲減IGF2BP3的mRNA水平,但siRNA3在兩株細(xì)胞系中敲減效率最高,達(dá)67.4%和90.2%,故將其用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

**P<0.01,***P<0.001圖3 OCUG-1轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA后IGF2BP3mRNA水平變化

**P<0.01,***P<0.001圖4 GBC-SD轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA后IGF2BP3mRNA水平變化

四、敲減IGF2BP3后對(duì)細(xì)胞遷移侵襲能力影響

腫瘤細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)能力是影響其轉(zhuǎn)移能力的因素之一,而不預(yù)鋪基質(zhì)膠Transwell遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)是目前最常用的檢測(cè)細(xì)胞體外運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的方法之一[21]。如圖5、圖6所示,IGF2BP3-siRNA 組遷移到濾膜下表面的OCUG-1和GBC-SD細(xì)胞顯著少于siNC組(均P<0.001),提示敲減IGF2BP3后膽囊癌細(xì)胞的遷移能力明顯降低。預(yù)鋪基質(zhì)膠的 Transwell侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)是模擬腫瘤細(xì)胞穿透基底膜的過程,在這個(gè)過程中除了細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力外,腫瘤細(xì)胞分泌基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶等降解基質(zhì)膠才能順利侵襲到膜下層,因此,在一定時(shí)間后,侵襲到膜下表面的細(xì)胞數(shù)越多則說明細(xì)胞的侵襲能力越強(qiáng)。如圖5、圖6所示,IGF2BP3-siRNA 組侵襲到濾膜下表面的OCUG-1和GBC-SD細(xì)胞顯著少于siNC組(OCUG-1:P<0.001,GBC-SD:P<0.001),提示敲減IGF2BP3后膽囊癌細(xì)胞的侵襲能力明顯降低。

五、敲減IGF2BP3后對(duì)上皮細(xì)胞間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)相關(guān)蛋白E-cadherin、N-cadherin蛋白水平影響

圖5 遷移侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)敲減IGF2BP3對(duì)OCUG-1細(xì)胞體外運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的影響(結(jié)晶紫染色,×100,***P<0.001)

圖6 遷移侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)敲減IGF2BP3對(duì)GBC-SD細(xì)胞體外運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的影響(結(jié)晶紫染色,×100,***P<0.001)

如圖7、圖8免疫熒光結(jié)果顯示,E-cadherin表達(dá)于細(xì)胞膜和細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi),大部分以細(xì)胞膜為主;N-cadherin表達(dá)于細(xì)胞膜和細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi),大部分以細(xì)胞質(zhì)為主;敲減IGF2BP3后,GBC-SD細(xì)胞E-cadherin蛋白水平表達(dá)上調(diào),N-cadherin蛋白水平表達(dá)下調(diào)。

討 論

膽囊癌具有早期診斷困難、侵襲性高、手術(shù)切除率低、預(yù)后差等特點(diǎn),對(duì)于無法手術(shù)切除以及術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的病人,有效的輔助治療就顯得格外重要,然而,膽囊癌對(duì)放化療等常規(guī)腫瘤輔助治療不敏感,因此尋找有效的治療靶點(diǎn)對(duì)于改善膽囊癌病人的預(yù)后具有重要意義。IGF2BP3是胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子ⅡmRNA結(jié)合蛋白家族中的一員,該家族被證實(shí)在RNA定位、轉(zhuǎn)移及穩(wěn)定性中發(fā)揮重要作用。該基因編碼的蛋白對(duì)于腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展具有重要作用。研究表明IGF2BP3在多種癌組織中高表達(dá),并且與預(yù)后相關(guān),在胃癌、結(jié)腸癌中被認(rèn)為是一種特異的腫瘤標(biāo)志物。已有研究表明,IGF2BP3主要通過激活mRNA從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖;在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中,IGF2BP3可以增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞的耐藥性[22];同時(shí)也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,IGF2BP3可以穩(wěn)定CD44、HMGA2 mRNA從而發(fā)揮癌基因的作用。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),IGF2BP3通過促進(jìn)EIF4E-BP2 mRNA的降解從而調(diào)控癌基因eIF4E的表達(dá)[23]。

圖7 細(xì)胞免疫熒光試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)GBC-SD敲減IGF2BP3對(duì)E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)的影響(熒光顯微鏡,×400)

圖8 細(xì)胞免疫熒光試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)GBC-SD敲減IGF2BP3對(duì)N-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)的影響(熒光顯微鏡,×400)

本項(xiàng)研究顯示,在23對(duì)膽囊癌與癌旁組織標(biāo)本中,IGF2BP3在癌組織中高表達(dá),提示其在膽囊癌中可能發(fā)揮癌基因的作用。已有研究表明高表達(dá)的IGF2BP3與癌癥的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)。所以本文針對(duì)其在膽囊癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過程中發(fā)揮的作用進(jìn)行相應(yīng)研究。EMT是腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移過程中的關(guān)鍵步驟。EMT是指上皮細(xì)胞在胚胎發(fā)生或病理情況下轉(zhuǎn)化為具有間充質(zhì)特性的間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞的過程[19]。主要的特征為E-cadherin表達(dá)減少、N-cadherin表達(dá)增加、細(xì)胞角蛋白細(xì)胞骨架轉(zhuǎn)化為波形蛋白(Vimentin)為主的細(xì)胞骨架及形態(tài)上具有間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞的特征等。E-cadherin高表達(dá)于上皮細(xì)胞,主要發(fā)揮同源細(xì)胞間的黏附作用,在EMT過程中,表達(dá)降低;與其相反,N-cadherin在EMT中表達(dá)升高。通過EMT,上皮細(xì)胞失去了細(xì)胞極性,失去與基底膜的連接,獲得了較高的遷移與侵襲、抗凋亡和降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的能力等[24-30]。本研究通過敲減IGF2BP3,研究其在EMT過程中發(fā)揮的作用。Transwell遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)和預(yù)鋪基質(zhì)膠的 Transwell侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),敲減IGF2BP3后,膽囊癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲能力明顯降低。同時(shí)EMT相應(yīng)蛋白的細(xì)胞免疫熒光實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),敲減IGF2BP3后E-cadherin表達(dá)升高,N-cadherin表達(dá)降低。證實(shí)IGF2BP3在膽囊中可以促進(jìn)EMT發(fā)生,從而影響膽囊癌的侵襲能力。本實(shí)驗(yàn)只證實(shí)IGF2BP3可促進(jìn)EMT發(fā)生,具體的機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步研究。該研究為膽囊癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展分子機(jī)制增添了新的認(rèn)識(shí),同時(shí)也為膽囊癌的早期診斷及靶向治療提供了潛在靶點(diǎn)。

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Effectofinsulin-likegrowthfactor2mRNAbindingprotein3 (IGF2BP3)onmigrationandinvasionofgallbladdercancer

JinYunpeng,BaoRunfa,HuYunping,LiuYingbin.

DepartmentofGeneralSurgeryandLaboratoryofGeneralSurgery,XinhuaHospital,AffiliatedtoShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai200092,China

LiuYingbin,Email:liuyingbin@xinhuamed.com.cn

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) on migration and invasion of gallbladder carcinoma.MethodsThe expression of IGF2BP3 in gallbladder carcinoma and adjacent tissues was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR).As compared with the normal bile duct epithelial cells,the expression of IGF2BP3 in 5 strains of gallbladder cancer cell lines was significantly up-regulated.The effect of IGF2BP3 on migration and invasion of gallbladder carcinoma cells was detected by Transwell migration assays. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the expression of the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins.ResultsThe relative expression level of IGF2BP3 was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in their non-cancerous counterparts.After knocking down the expression of IGF2BP3,the migration and invasion ability in 5 strains of gallbladder carcinoma cell lines was significantly reduced.The expression level of EMT-related proteins was down-regulated after knocking down the expression of IGF2BP3.ConclusionsIGF2BP3 promotes the migration and invasion of gallbladder carcinoma by induction of EMT.

Gallbladder carcinoma; Insulin-like growth factor Ⅱ mRNA binding protein 3; Epithelial mesenchymal transition

200092 上海,上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬新華醫(yī)院普外科 上海交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院膽道疾病研究所

劉穎斌,Email:liuyingbin@xinhuamed.com.cn

R735.8

A

10.3969/j.issn.1003-5591.2017.05.003

2017-08-03)

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