楊靜
【摘 要】 語言是人類最重要的思維和交流工具,也是人們參與社會活動的重要條件,當(dāng)今社會生活和經(jīng)濟活動日益全球化,各行各業(yè)時常要以文字形式和世界各國進行交流。無論是科學(xué)、技術(shù)、政治、經(jīng)濟、文字藝術(shù),都不免要使用英語寫介紹文章、學(xué)術(shù)論文、報告、說明文、各種信件等。英語寫作具有了很大的實用價值,這一點已被廣泛認識。本文通過分析幾種寫作教學(xué)模式,對比出過程教學(xué)模式和體裁教學(xué)教學(xué)模式的優(yōu)勢,并用教學(xué)實例進行分析探究。
【關(guān) 鍵 詞】 卡西歐輔助;寫作過程;教學(xué)模式;體裁教學(xué)模式
隨著社會語言學(xué)、心理語言學(xué)等學(xué)科的發(fā)展,人們對寫作活動也有了更深層次的認識。一些學(xué)者指出,寫作活動不僅牽涉到語言技能和篇章控制能力,還要牽涉到作者對文章要談?wù)摰脑掝}的了解、對讀者對象的了解以至整個交流所處的文化規(guī)范的了解等,因此寫作是一個牽涉到語言學(xué)、心理學(xué)、社會學(xué)等多方面的復(fù)雜過程。這一發(fā)展在教學(xué)領(lǐng)域引發(fā)了寫作教學(xué)是該重視結(jié)果還是重視過程的爭論,理論界把這稱為product與process之爭。
一、兩種更新的教學(xué)模式
過程教學(xué)法的課堂上,學(xué)生不是機械地模仿例文的語言或者結(jié)構(gòu),而是學(xué)會把寫作過程看成一個解決問題的過程,一個與其他社會成員交往的過程。此時教學(xué)重點通常是如何確定寫作目的,如何根據(jù)寫作目的選擇并安排內(nèi)容,如何根據(jù)文章主題以及作者與讀者關(guān)系調(diào)整語言等等。教師在評價學(xué)生的文章時,也主要考慮學(xué)生在一定社會環(huán)境中完成任務(wù)的成功程度。教師通過多樣化的教學(xué)活動,側(cè)重在語篇水平上指導(dǎo)寫作,包括構(gòu)思、寫提綱、寫初稿和修改等各個寫作環(huán)節(jié)。教師的指導(dǎo)貫穿于整個寫作過程直至最后成文。
體裁教學(xué)法對寫作的看法同成果教學(xué)法相似,認為寫作與語言知識密切相關(guān),只不過它認為寫作隨著社會語境的變化而變化,并由此產(chǎn)生了諸如推銷信、科研論文、報告等與不同語境相適應(yīng)的語篇體裁。就寫作過程而言,體裁教學(xué)法和結(jié)果教學(xué)法也有許多相同之處。 體裁教學(xué)法認為寫作的成功取決于語言知識和社會目的的密切結(jié)合,而寫作過程主要由教師提供范文,然后進行分析和模仿。
二、課堂設(shè)計
九級目標(biāo)要求學(xué)生能比較詳細和生動地用英語描述情景、態(tài)度或感情;在闡述自己的觀點和評述他人觀點時,能做到文體恰當(dāng),用詞準(zhǔn)確。這能夠反映出我們課改是向著過程教學(xué)法和體裁教學(xué)法的方向在發(fā)展。
將過程教學(xué)法和體裁教學(xué)法進行有機結(jié)合,課本設(shè)計以學(xué)生為中心,同時借助卡西歐電子詞典,幫助學(xué)生了解自己的寫作過程,懂得根據(jù)寫作目、寫作對象、寫作體裁的不同去選擇并安排內(nèi)容、組織語言。而在寫作全過程的每一個環(huán)節(jié)上都強調(diào)加強教師的指導(dǎo)和學(xué)生互相指導(dǎo),及時發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,解決問題,并在評價學(xué)生的文章時,考慮學(xué)生在一定社會環(huán)境中完成任務(wù)的成功程度。
設(shè)計:《展望未來》第三冊 Unit 3 Sending Postcards
Period One
1. Comparing Cultures:This page shows how British people write postcards. Think about postcards that you write or receive.
1. Do you send picture postcards?If so,how often do you write them and who do you send them to?
2. Why do people send picture postcards?What is their general purpose?
3. What kind of information do people in your country usually include on a holiday postcard?Compare them with the postcards above.
(注:在說的任務(wù)中,聯(lián)系學(xué)生生活實際,用具有相同的圖示經(jīng)驗喚起學(xué)生對明信片寫作的基本認知知識,為后繼寫作打下基礎(chǔ))
2. Read the postcards and answer these questions. Give reasons for your answers.
1)Which of the writers do you think is on holiday abroad?
2)What is the relationship between:
a)Jenny and Sarah?
b)Ken and Julie?
3)Can you find any differences between these two postcards?(sentences and words)
4)Which of the endings below are possible alternatives for:
a)both postcards?
b)Neither postcards?
c)Sarahs postcard only?
d)Julies postcard only?
(注:在閱讀中思考這一寫作體裁,讓學(xué)生自己領(lǐng)悟和區(qū)分不同的寫作對象和寫作目的在語言運用和交際手法上的不同。)
3. Look at the postcards again.
1)Holiday postcards are often very similar. Which of these features do the writers of both postcards include?endprint
a)Descriptions of general feelings about the holiday
b)Comments about the weather
c)feelings about the person they are writing to
d)descriptions of where they are staying
e)what they plan to do
f)recommendations
g)what they did yesterday
h)closing words
2)What do you think XXXX means at the bottom of postcard B?
3)What features of the style of Postcard A are acceptable in postcards but not in formal letters?Change postcard B so that the style is the same.
(注:在閱讀中,具體到語言運用,在明信片這一寫作體裁中,體會到語言的特殊性、結(jié)構(gòu)性)
4. Look again at Postcard A
1)Which adjectives does Sarah use to complete these sentences?
Having a(n)... time.
Staying on a campsite near a(n)... beach.
2)Which of these adjectives could you put in the gaps above?
Amazing,dreadful,small,awful,beautiful,stony...
3)Which adjectives express positive feelings?Can you think of other words that could fit the sentences?
學(xué)生可以查到電子字典里這些單詞的意思,并且選擇和學(xué)習(xí)更多的替換單詞,例如amazing的同義詞有astounding,incredible
(注:在閱讀中,通過激活對已有詞匯的記憶,習(xí)得在特有的規(guī)范明信片用語中,特有的詞語,句型)
5. Look at these sentences describing experiences:
A. It was terrifying.
B. The foods disgusting.
1)How did the person feel in each case?
2)Which of these adjectives refer to experiences?Which refer to peoples feelings?
Bored / interested / disappointed / exciting / amazed / appalling / Frightening / relaxed / surprised / depressed
學(xué)生可以通過電子詞典查到這些單詞的共性,從而理解ed形式和ing形式的區(qū)別,如bored,boring
3)Complete these sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets.
a)We are the only guests in the hotel. Its very...(depress)
b)Im going skiing tomorrow. Im really...(excite)
c)Meals are cheap. Were quite...(surprise)
d)There was a small earthquake yesterday. It was...(frighten)
e)We visited some... places yesterday.(interest)
學(xué)生通過練習(xí)鞏固了所學(xué)外,同時要求他們查卡西歐的同義詞典,用更正式的詞語替換掉這些常用詞,并體會用詞的選擇決定了文章的正式感。
6. work with a partner. Choose one of the postcards on these pages and imagine that you are on holiday there.
1)How do you feel about this place?Are you having a good time?
Make a list of words and phrases that you can use to describe the place and your feelings about it.
2)Think of an English-speaking person that you would like to write to. How well do you know him/her?What is an appropriate way to end your postcard?endprint
3)Decide what you did yesterday. Where did you go?How did you get there?What was it like?How did you feel?
4)Imagine something you plan to do tomorrow.
7. Write your postcard together. Follow this sequence:
1)Dear...
2)your general feelings about the holiday.
3)the place where you are staying
4)the weather
5)what you did yesterday
6)what you plan to do tomorrow
7)ending
(注:運用過程教學(xué)法引導(dǎo)學(xué)生運用所學(xué),如寫作對象、寫作任務(wù)、寫作目的要求,以及詞匯、結(jié)構(gòu)等知識,以交際性的原則為立足點,完成對明信片這一寫作體裁的寫作教學(xué)。)
Period Two:
Extended skill development
1. Present students with a wedding proposing picture and have them discuss the scene.
(Who,when,what,how,why,their feelings,your feeling…)
2. Divide the whole class into four groups and have each group be in charge of one writing task concerning the event happened in the picture.
(本部分學(xué)生需要根據(jù)與對象的不同關(guān)系,合理挑選語言和內(nèi)容體裁)
3. Switch writing works between groups and work in groups to give modifications or comments with CASIO.
學(xué)生通過卡西歐字典 三維詞匯學(xué)習(xí)手冊,查到更多更全的表達,自己選擇在不同寫作任務(wù)中需要運用的詞語。
4. Show students the best works.
學(xué)生在卡西歐的輔助下針對不同的寫作對象和寫作目的,合理的挑選語言進行表述。本階段學(xué)生完成應(yīng)對不同寫作體裁,掌握寫作語言、結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)容上的寫作特點, 進一步鞏固教學(xué)成果,反饋了教學(xué)目標(biāo)的達成。
三、討論
新課改形勢下的高中英語寫作教學(xué)應(yīng)以意義為中心,將形式與意義有機地結(jié)合起來,既重視語言的結(jié)構(gòu)形式,又為學(xué)生提供交際的機會,提高學(xué)生運用語言的能力。依照過程教學(xué)法和體裁教學(xué)法,學(xué)生的作文通常是一個學(xué)習(xí)過程的結(jié)果,而在這個結(jié)果之前,用一系列相應(yīng)的聽說讀的任務(wù)作為先驅(qū)引導(dǎo),既注重了學(xué)習(xí)的有趣性又達到了重點突出、富有交際性和有效性;同時突出個性,要求每個學(xué)生在寫作任務(wù)的框架內(nèi)表達自己的觀點和態(tài)度;并且強調(diào)能力,例如培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自己收集、整理、加工材料,小組討論和修改,集體評價。
英語寫作教學(xué)在中學(xué)英語高年級階段是鞏固英語知識,綜合學(xué)生各方面語言知識能力的一個重要環(huán)節(jié),既重過程又重體裁的任務(wù)型寫作教學(xué)模式是應(yīng)新課改的時代要求,全方位調(diào)動學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)積極性的一種有意義的學(xué)習(xí)模式,這已經(jīng)在我校多年英語教學(xué)工作中得到了肯定,并將在今后的英語教學(xué)工作中得到進一步的錘煉。
【參考文獻】
[1] Swales. Genre Analysis[J]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
[2] 方琰. 淺談?wù)Z類[J]. 外國語雜志,1998(1).
[3] 韓金龍,秦秀白. 體裁分析與體裁教學(xué)法[J]. 外語界,2000(1).
[4] 鐘啟泉,左煥琪. 外語教育展望[M]. 上海:華東師范大學(xué)出版社,2001.endprint