劉彥 牛毅 張樹華 鄧美洲 王琳芳 王智勇
直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤臨床病理表現(xiàn)和診療分析
劉彥 牛毅 張樹華 鄧美洲 王琳芳 王智勇
目的探討直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤(rectal neuroendocrine tumor,RNET)的臨床病理特征和治療方法。方法收集58例RENT患者的臨床資料,對(duì)其臨床表現(xiàn)、病理分期和分級(jí)、治療方法、術(shù)后隨訪資料進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果58例RENT患者,男性34例,女性24例,平均年齡(50.2±11.3)歲。大便習(xí)慣改變28例(48.3%),便血20例(34.5%)。腫瘤位于直腸下端29例(50.0%),位于直腸中端18例(31.0%),位于直腸上端12例。腫瘤直徑<1 cm 27例(46.6%),直徑1~2 cm 16例(27.6%),直徑>2 cm 15例。病理類型RNET(G1)23例(39.7%)、RNET(G2)16例(27.6%)、RNEC(G3)15例、RMANEC(G3)4例。免疫組織化學(xué)指標(biāo)突觸素(Syn)陽性率100%,嗜鉻顆粒蛋白(CgA)陽性者60.4%。內(nèi)鏡下切除18例(31.0% ),經(jīng)肛門局部切除21例(36.2%),Dixon手術(shù)14例(同時(shí)行肝臟減瘤手術(shù)3例),Miles手術(shù)5例(2例行肝臟介入治療)。術(shù)后12例接受化療。術(shù)后52例患者獲訪,6例失防,隨訪時(shí)間為5~48個(gè)月,中位隨訪時(shí)間為29個(gè)月。隨訪期間有2例腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,5例復(fù)發(fā),3死亡病例。結(jié)論RNET臨床表現(xiàn)以大便習(xí)慣改變和便血為主,多位于直腸中下端,直徑多<2 cm。病理分型以RNET(G1,G2)多見。對(duì)于直徑1~2 cm無肌層或淋巴結(jié)浸潤的RNET(G1和G2)內(nèi)鏡或經(jīng)肛局部切除可獲得滿意療效,對(duì)于直徑>2 cm有肌層或淋巴結(jié)浸潤的RNEC(G3)和RMANEC(G3)須行根治性手術(shù)切除。
直腸; 神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤; 外科手術(shù)
直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤(rectal neuroendocrine tumor,RNET)在胃腸胰神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤(gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor,GEP-NETs)中發(fā)病率最高,其臨床表現(xiàn)無特異性,進(jìn)展緩慢,但早期即可發(fā)生肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移,應(yīng)引起高度重視[1- 2]。我們對(duì)58 例直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析。
一、對(duì)象
我院肛腸外科2012年1月~2016年12月收治的直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌瘤患者58例,男性34例,女性24例,年齡21~78歲,平均年齡(50.2±11.3)歲。采用2010年WHO對(duì)GEP-NETs的命名和分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],將其分成三大類:直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌瘤(RNET),直腸神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌(rectal neuroendocrine carcinoma,RNEC),直腸混合性腺-神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌癌(rectal mixed adenoendoerine carcinoma,RMANEC)。以2010年歐洲神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤協(xié)會(huì)核分裂數(shù)及Ki-67陽性指數(shù)為分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4],將其分為G1、G2、G3三級(jí)。見表1。
表2 58例患者腫瘤部位、大小、分類和分級(jí)(例)
二、方法
1.手術(shù)方法:對(duì)直徑<1 cm的RNET,超聲內(nèi)鏡證實(shí)未浸潤固有肌層,無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,選擇內(nèi)鏡下局部切除或經(jīng)肛局部切除; 直徑1~2 cm者,超聲內(nèi)鏡或MRI證實(shí)未浸潤固有肌層,無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,行局部切除或局部擴(kuò)大切除;而對(duì)于直徑>2 cm或雖不足2 cm超聲內(nèi)鏡或MRI證實(shí)侵及肌層或超過肌層者,行根治性手術(shù)切除,其中Dixon手術(shù)14例(3例行肝臟減瘤手術(shù)),Mile手術(shù)5例(2 例行肝臟介入治療)。見表2。
2.術(shù)后化療和隨訪:術(shù)后12例年齡<70歲RNEC患者行 XELOX方案化療(其中3例曾行生長(zhǎng)抑素治療)。隨訪項(xiàng)目包括結(jié)腸鏡、直腸超聲、CT或MRI等。直徑1 cm以下的G1、G2腫瘤術(shù)后隨訪腸鏡檢查為主。直徑1 cm以上的腫瘤在第1年每3~6個(gè)月隨訪1次,以后每年1次。
58例患者手術(shù)方式見表1。腫瘤部位大小、腫瘤分類和分級(jí)見表2。免疫組織化學(xué)指標(biāo)突觸素(Syn)陽性率100%,嗜鉻顆粒蛋白(CgA)陽性者60.4%。術(shù)后52例患者獲訪,6例失防,隨訪時(shí)間為5~48個(gè)月,中位隨訪時(shí)間為29個(gè)月。隨訪期間有1例肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移,2例腹股溝淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,5例復(fù)發(fā),3死亡病例。
表1 58例患者手術(shù)方式(例)
RNET患者的臨床表現(xiàn)無特異性,與直腸癌等疾病癥狀相似,主要有便頻、黏液或血便、腹痛或肛門墜痛。依據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)診斷RNET 較困難。結(jié)腸鏡、超聲內(nèi)鏡、CT、MRI及PETCT檢查有利診斷。本組資料結(jié)腸鏡腫瘤病灶的檢出率高達(dá)98.9%,結(jié)合超聲內(nèi)鏡、CT、MRI等檢出率達(dá)100%,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相近[5]。RNET影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)如下:(1)黏膜下局部增厚、隆起,類似于間質(zhì)瘤、平滑肌瘤或腺瘤樣息肉,體積大者可見壞死灶;(2)高級(jí)別腸壁增厚,可侵及肌層和直腸漿膜或漿膜外,與直腸癌鑒別困難;(3)CT和MRI增強(qiáng)掃描均明顯強(qiáng)化,低級(jí)別(G1、G2)病灶長(zhǎng)徑小,形態(tài)規(guī)則,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移少見,而高級(jí)別(G3)病變長(zhǎng)徑大,侵襲性生長(zhǎng)特點(diǎn)明顯[6];(4)大多數(shù)RNET對(duì)18FDG-PET并不敏感,檢出率僅為32%~73%[5]。盡管內(nèi)鏡和影像學(xué)檢查在診斷方面具有重要價(jià)值,但最終診斷仍需病理學(xué)檢查,本組病例均獲病理診斷。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查中,血漿CgA是最有診斷價(jià)值的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,本組病例陽性率為60.4%。
RNET肉眼觀可呈結(jié)節(jié)狀、息肉狀、潰瘍性或隆起潰瘍型病變。RNET G1和G2組織學(xué)表現(xiàn)為腫瘤細(xì)胞較小,大小一致, 圓形或卵圓形,胞質(zhì)淡染或嗜酸性,核圓或卵圓形,核染色質(zhì)粉染,核仁不明顯,核分裂象罕見。排列呈實(shí)性小巢狀、結(jié)節(jié)狀、梁狀或者幾種結(jié)構(gòu)共存。RNET G3大細(xì)胞型腫瘤細(xì)胞大, 核大、核仁明顯、核分裂像多見,伴多灶性壞死。瘤細(xì)胞呈巢狀分布;小細(xì)胞型腫瘤細(xì)胞小,核小,核仁不明顯,核分裂像易見,彌漫分布,伴廣泛壞死[7]。WHO以核分裂像數(shù)和Ki-67陽性指數(shù)為參數(shù)將神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤分3級(jí)[4]:(1)G1,低級(jí)別:核分裂像數(shù)為1個(gè)/10 HPF,Ki-67陽性指數(shù)≤2%;(2)G2,中級(jí)別: 核分裂像數(shù)為2~20個(gè)/10 HPF,Ki-67陽性指數(shù) 3%~20%;(3)G3,高級(jí)別:核分裂像數(shù)為>20個(gè)/10 HPF,Ki-67陽性指數(shù)>20%。級(jí)別越高惡性程度越高。
手術(shù)切除有可能治愈RNET,其手術(shù)方式的選擇取決于腫瘤的大小、浸潤深度(T)、區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)(N)、有無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(M)和腫瘤惡性程度分級(jí)(G)[8]。對(duì)于沒有侵犯固有肌層、直徑2 cm以下的G1腫瘤或1 cm以下的G2腫瘤,可以行內(nèi)鏡下套扎或黏膜下層切除術(shù)[9-10]。對(duì)于直徑1~2 cm的G2腫瘤或1 cm以下的G3腫瘤,沒有侵犯肌層或淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,可以通過ESD或經(jīng)肛內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)(TEM)切除[11]。對(duì)于直徑2 cm以上的G2腫瘤或1 cm以上的G3腫瘤,腫瘤侵及肌層或合并區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移者,需行TME直腸前切除術(shù)或腹會(huì)陰聯(lián)合切除術(shù)[12]。同時(shí)伴肝轉(zhuǎn)移的患者酌情行一期或二期切除轉(zhuǎn)移灶[13]。無法切除者可行射頻消融、減瘤手術(shù)等,以緩解臨床癥狀。 非手術(shù)治療包括生物治療、化療、放療和靶向治療等[14]。本組有3病例患者行奧曲肽治療,12例行鉑類、希羅達(dá)化療。因無病例對(duì)照,療效無法評(píng)估。
采用結(jié)腸鏡或內(nèi)鏡超聲、CT等檢查結(jié)合免疫組化檢查有助于提高RNET的診斷率。手術(shù)切除是主要治療手段,對(duì)于G1和G2患者選擇內(nèi)鏡切除和經(jīng)肛局部手術(shù)切除,G3患者應(yīng)根據(jù)腫瘤的生物學(xué)特性選擇Dixon或Mile手術(shù)切除。
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Clinicopathologiccharacteristicsandtherapyofrectalneuroendocrinetumors
LIUYan,NIUYi,ZHANGShuhua,etal.
(Departmentofanorectalsurgery,UnionHospital,TongjimedicalcollegeHuazhongUniversityofTechnologyandSciences,Wuhan430022,China)
ObjectiveTo analyze clinicopathologic characteristics and therapy of rectal neuroendocrine tumor( RNET).Methodsit was retrospectively evaluated to review medical data of 58 patients with RENT.The clinical manifestations,pathological manifestations,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis were analyzed.Resultsthere were 34 male and 24 female patients with average age(50.2±11.3)years.Main symptoms were bowel habit change,rectal bleeding.Pathological grading results were:G1 in 23(39.7%)cases,G2 in16(27.6%),and G3 in 19(32.7%).With immunohistochemical markers,all cases were positive for Syn,35(60.4%)cases were positive for CgA.18 cases were treated by endoscopic therapy,21 cases treated by annl surgery,19 cases radical surgery(14 for Dixon and 5 for Miles).There were 52 patients receiving postoperative follow-up,and the median follow-up period was 29 months(5~48 mo).During follow-up,two cases lymph node metastasis,five cases recurred,and three cases died.ConclusionsMost RNET located in lower or mid part of rectum,and size was usually less than 2cm.Pathologictype included RNET(G1,G2),RNEC(G3).RNET( G1,2)within size 1~2cm may be managed by endoscopic or wide surgical excision if there is no evidence of muscularis invasion or lymph node metastasis.Low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection is recommended for tumors >2cm as the risk of metastatic disease increases with tumors > 2cm in size and with invasion of the muscularis propria.
rectum; neuroendocrine; operation
2017-05-09)
(本文編輯:楊澤平)
10.3969/j.issn.1005-6483.2017.10.014
430022 武漢,華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院