彭本君 李艷玲
(解放軍第八十八醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科,山東 泰安 271000)
富氫水后處理對大鼠腎臟缺血再灌注后抗氧化損傷作用及機制研究*
彭本君 李艷玲
(解放軍第八十八醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科,山東 泰安 271000)
目的 探討富氫水后處理對抗大鼠腎臟缺血再灌注(IR)后氧化應(yīng)激損傷的作用及其機制。方法 選擇健康雄性SD大鼠30只,質(zhì)量230~250 g,釆用隨機數(shù)字表法分為3組(n=10),假手術(shù)組(Sham組)、缺血再灌注組(IR組)和富氫水組(HS組)。Sham組:腹正中切口開腹,游離兩側(cè)腎臟,分離并結(jié)扎右側(cè)腎蒂,分離左側(cè)腎蒂不予結(jié)扎,暴露手術(shù)野30 min后縫合;IR組:分離左側(cè)腎蒂并用動脈夾阻斷血流,30 min后恢復血液灌注,制備大鼠腎臟缺血再灌注模型;HS組:前期處理同IR組,再灌前即刻給與2%富氫水(10 ml·kg-1·d-1)灌腸。其余兩組同法給與同等劑量生理鹽水。造模成功后,各組分別于再灌后3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h采取血清標本,測定各組大鼠血尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(SCr)、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、血清丙二醛(MDA)。結(jié)果 各組大鼠BUN和SCr水平與Sham組比較均明顯升高(P<0.05)。IR組BUN和SCr水平隨時間延長而逐漸升高,組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。與IR組比較,HS組BUN和SCr各時間段水平均降低(P<0.05)。SOD和MDA結(jié)果顯示:各組與Sham組比較,IR組大鼠SOD水平均明顯降低,MDA水平均明顯升高,差別有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。與IR組比較,HS組SOD水平升高,MDA水平降低,差別有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 富氫水后處理對大鼠腎臟IRI可產(chǎn)生保護作用,作用機制可能是通過選擇性抗氧化、抑制炎癥因子釋放來實現(xiàn)。
富氫水;腎臟;缺血再灌注損傷;后處理
缺血再灌注損傷(ischemia-reperfusion injury,IRI)由Jennings于1960年首先提出,是指在某些條件下,造成器官和/或組織缺血,當血液供應(yīng)恢復后,器官組織損傷反而加重,甚至發(fā)生組織功能代謝及結(jié)構(gòu)不可逆性損傷的現(xiàn)象[1]。腎臟 IRI 主要發(fā)生在創(chuàng)傷、休克、腎移植、泌尿外科手術(shù)等情況,如何有效地防治腎臟 IRI 成為學者們研究的熱點。有報道,在器官缺血后,再灌前幾分鐘給予藥物干預可以起到減輕器官IRI的作用,這種干預方法被稱為藥物后處理(pharmacological postconditioning,PPoC)[2]?,F(xiàn)有的資料表明:氫氣具有選擇性抗氧化作用:即氫只與氧化作用很強的、造成細胞損害的自由基、如OH-和ONOO-直接相結(jié)合[3],從而對抗缺血性再灌注產(chǎn)生的氧自由基(ROS)。另外,氫氣具有抑制器官炎癥反應(yīng)[4]、減低藥物毒性的[5]作用。本研究通過建立大鼠腎臟IR模型并給與富氫水后處理,通過觀察大鼠腎功能和血清學變化,探討富氫水后處理對腎臟IRI的保護作用,為富氫水后處理在腎臟科的臨床實踐提供依據(jù)。
1.1實驗動物
實驗動物為Sprague-Dawley(SD)雄性大鼠30只,周齡6~8周,體重230~250 g,由泰山醫(yī)學院實驗動物中心提供。均飼養(yǎng)于恒溫(18~22 ℃)、恒濕(40%~70%)環(huán)境,保持空氣流通,分籠飼養(yǎng)一周,每籠各5只,使大鼠適應(yīng)環(huán)境。自由飲水及進食,使用超濾去菌飲水和鈷60滅菌飼料。術(shù)前12 h禁食,自由飲水。
1.2動物模型的建立
所有動物用10%水合氯醛腹腔注射麻醉(0.35 ml/100 g),固定手術(shù)臺,手術(shù)區(qū)去毛,常規(guī)碘伏消毒鋪巾,腹部正中切口,逐層切開皮膚、腹直肌聯(lián)合腱及腹膜,打開腹腔后暴露左、右腎臟。分離腎蒂周圍組織游離右側(cè)腎蒂并進行結(jié)扎,消除其缺血代償作用。而后暴露左側(cè)腎臟,分離腎蒂周圍組織,暴露腎蒂結(jié)構(gòu),分離并提起腎動脈。經(jīng)手術(shù)處理后,各組手術(shù)方法如下:Sham組(n=10):不做處理,暴露30 min后逐層縫合腹壁;IR組(n=10):用動脈夾將左側(cè)腎動脈夾閉,腎臟由鮮紅色變?yōu)榘底仙?,夾閉30 min后再開放動脈,腎臟由暗紫色逐漸變?yōu)樽霞t色,造模成功;HS組(n=10):在IR組模型的基礎(chǔ)上,于開放動脈再灌后即刻給予2%富氫水灌腸(10 ml·kg-1·d-1),恢復正常血液供應(yīng)。缺血期間大鼠模型用無菌生理鹽水紗布覆蓋創(chuàng)面,以減少內(nèi)臟暴露及體液流失。各組模型制作完畢后,逐層縫合、關(guān)閉腹腔,置于手術(shù)前籠中飼養(yǎng)。
1.3標本留取及處理
上述3組大鼠在造模成功后,每組分別隨機選取5只大鼠,于持續(xù)再灌注3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h留取血液標本,留取血液標本采用尾尖采血法:10%水合氯醛麻醉后固定,用45 ℃溫水浸泡大鼠尾部,見血管充盈后,酒精棉球消毒,滅菌手術(shù)剪剪去尾尖10 mm,血液從尾尖排出,用負壓肝素鋰抗凝采血管收集血液標本約2 ml,室溫靜置后放入4 ℃冰箱過夜,用離心機以3000 rpm離心 10 min,吸取全部上清液、標記、-80 ℃冰箱冷凍備檢。血尿素氮(BUN)檢測采用脲酶法,血清肌酐(SCr)檢測采用苦味酸法,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性檢測采用羥胺法,丙二醛(MDA)檢測采用硫代巴比妥酸法。
1.4統(tǒng)計學處理
2.1各組大鼠BUN監(jiān)測結(jié)果
與Sham組比較,IR各組BUN水平均明顯升高,差異顯著(P<0.05)。IR各組組內(nèi)BUN水平隨時間延長而升高(P<0.05)。與IR組相比較,HS組BUN水平均降低(P<0.05),差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。見表 1。
表1 各組大鼠BUN檢測結(jié)果
注:△:與Sham組比較P<0.05;▲與IR組比較P<0.05。
2.2各組大鼠SCr檢測結(jié)果
參照Sham組,IR組SCr水平均明顯升高(P<0.05)。IR各組組內(nèi)SCr隨缺血時間延長而升高(P<0.05)。與IR組相比較,HS組SCr各組水平均降低(P<0.05),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。見表2。
表2 各組大鼠SCr檢測結(jié)果
注:△:與Sham組比較P<0.05;▲:與IR組比較P<0.05。
2.3各組大鼠SOD結(jié)果
參照Sham組,IR各組SOD活性水平明顯降低(P<0.05)。IR各組組內(nèi)SOD水平隨時間延長而減低(P<0.05),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。見表3。
表3 各組大鼠SOD檢測結(jié)果
注:△:與Sham組比較P<0.05;▲與IR組比較P<0.05。
2.4各組大鼠MDA監(jiān)測結(jié)果 與Sham組比較,IR各組MDA均明顯升高(P<0.05)。IR組內(nèi)MDA水平隨時間延長而升高(P<0.05)。與IR組相比較,HS組MDA總體水平均減低(P<0.05),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。(見表4)
表4 各組大鼠MDA檢測結(jié)果
注:△:與Sham組比較P<0.05;▲與IR組比較P<0.05。
1960年缺血再灌注損傷(ischemia-repeifusion injury,IRI)的概念提出之后,直到20世紀80年代,IRI才逐漸在文獻中見到。缺血性再灌注造成氧化和抗氧化水平失衡,可以產(chǎn)生大量的氧自由基(oxygen free radical,OFR),OFR可以攻擊脂質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)及核酸等多種組織結(jié)構(gòu)[6],引起生物膜中不飽和脂肪酸的過氧化,引起細胞代謝及功能障礙、甚至死亡:(1)對蛋白質(zhì)、酶的損傷,導致蛋白質(zhì)變性、功能喪失和酶失活;(2)對核酸和染色體的破壞,導致DNA鏈的斷裂、染色體的畸變;(3)破壞細胞外基質(zhì),使其變得疏松、彈性下降,導致組織器官功能損傷[7]。在正常情況下,細胞中存在正常量的OFR,不會造成細胞損傷,并能被細胞內(nèi)的抗氧化物質(zhì)(如SOD)及時清除,從而達到氧化——抗氧化的動態(tài)平衡。而自由基的代謝產(chǎn)物丙二醛(MDA)含量可反應(yīng)機體內(nèi)脂質(zhì)過氧化的程度,間接地反映機體細胞受自由基攻擊的嚴重程度和損傷程度。氫是自然界存在最多、最簡單的元素,占宇宙物質(zhì)組成的90%左右,具有無色、無味、具有一定還原性的雙原子氣體,是宇宙最基本的化學元素。氫氣是一種優(yōu)質(zhì)的抗氧化物質(zhì),具有無毒、無殘留、制備容易,且為非興奮劑、非藥物等特點。日本學者采用化學反應(yīng)、細胞學等手段證明氫氣具有選擇性抗氧化作用[8]。國內(nèi)學者孫學軍等通過實驗及臨床研究證實,人體只需要呼吸氫氣或飲用富氫水,就可以對諸如心、腦、肝、腎、肺、小腸等缺血再灌注損傷(I/R)與心臟器官移植后的炎癥損傷等具有顯著的抑制作用,對糖尿病、中風、慢性氧化應(yīng)激性疾病具有明顯的治療作用[9-11]??v覽以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有關(guān)氫的抗氧化作用的醫(yī)學實驗集中于諸如器官缺血再灌注損傷(I/R)[8]、減輕神經(jīng)損傷[12]、抑制器官炎癥反應(yīng)[13]、減低藥物毒性[14],治療小鼠基因缺陷[15]、帕金森病[16]以及人類II型糖尿病[17]等慢性氧化應(yīng)激損傷與疾病。
本研究采用SD大鼠制作動物模型,手術(shù)切口選擇腹白線切口的方式,手術(shù)野暴露充分,易于操作,手術(shù)遵守無菌操作可降低圍手術(shù)期感染率。預實驗時發(fā)現(xiàn)預實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),左側(cè)腎蒂更易于暴露和游離,故最終實驗選擇了結(jié)扎右側(cè)腎蒂防止代償性作用影響血清學結(jié)果、夾閉左側(cè)腎動脈的方法造模,有異于傳統(tǒng)的腎蒂阻斷。從腎臟缺血再灌注損傷后機體抗氧化方面探討富氫水的作用。通過研究再灌注后腎臟細胞血清學(BUN、SCr、SOD、MDA)變化,探尋富氫水選擇性抗氧化的客觀依據(jù),從而為進一步深入研究氫對抗再灌注損傷的內(nèi)在機制以及富氫水的臨床應(yīng)用奠定理論基礎(chǔ)。
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The effects and mechanism research of post-conditioning with rich hydrogen water against oxidation of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats
PENG Ben-jun LI Yan-ling
(Dept. of Nephrology, No. 88 Hospital of PLA,Taian 271000,China)
Objective:To investigate the effects of hydrogen-rich water treatment on post-oxidative stress injury in rats with renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) and its mechanism.Methods:30 healthy male SD rats, the quality of 230~250 g.With random number table method was divided into 3 groups(n=10), control group(Sham), ischemia reperfusion group(IR group) and hydrogen rich water group(HS).The ventral median incision in Sham group was opened, and the kidneys were dissociated, separated and ligated with the right kidney. The left kidney was not ligated, and the surgical field was closed after 30min.The renal ischemia-reperfusion model of rat kidney was prepared after 30 min of blood perfusion.The HS group was treated with the IR group and immediately gave 2% hydrogen rich water(10 ml·kg-1·d-1) enema before irrigation. The other two groups were given the same dose of saline.After the success of the building, each group respectively in reperfusion after 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h to serum specimens, the determination of each group rats blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine(SCr),serum superoxide dismutase(SOD),serum malondialdehyde (MDA).Results:Both the BUN and SCr levels of rats in each group were significantly higher than those in Sham group(P<0.05).The level of BUN and SCr of IR group increased gradually with time, and the difference between groups was statistically significant(P< 0.05). Compared with IR group, the levels of the HS group BUN and SCr were reduced at each time period(P<0.05).The results of SOD and MDA showed that the SOD levels of the rats in IR group were significantly lower than those in the Sham group, and the MDA level was significantly higher, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with IR group, SOD level of HS group increased, MDA level decreased, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:the treatment of IRI in rats can be protected by hydrogen-rich water treatment, which may be achieved by selective antioxidation and inhibition of inflammatory cytokines.
hydrogen-rich suline;kidneys;ischemia reperfusion injury;post-processing
彭本君(1982—),男,山東泰安人,主治醫(yī)師,碩士,主要從事臨床腎內(nèi)科工作。
李艷玲(1982—),女,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事主要從事核素診斷工作。
R692
A
1004-7115(2017)10-1101-04
10.3969/j.issn.1004-7115.2017.10.007
2017-07-20)