韋怡春,李菊香,俞建華,顏素娟,程曉曙
(南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科 330006)
達(dá)比加群酯在心房顫動(dòng)伴左心耳血栓中的應(yīng)用*
韋怡春,李菊香△,俞建華,顏素娟,程曉曙
(南昌大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科 330006)
新型口服抗凝藥(NOAC)凝血酶抑制劑達(dá)比加群酯通過(guò)可逆性地與凝血酶結(jié)合而發(fā)揮抗凝作用[1-2]。臨床試驗(yàn)證明,達(dá)比加群酯可有效降低房顫患者卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn),是一種有效且安全性較好的口服抗凝藥[3-5]。本文報(bào)道2例達(dá)比加群酯對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)伴左心耳血栓的療效及安全性。
病例1:男,51歲,反復(fù)心悸發(fā)作2月余,再發(fā)4 d。患者于2個(gè)月前無(wú)明顯誘因出現(xiàn)心悸,心電圖提示心房顫動(dòng),食道超聲未見(jiàn)血栓,經(jīng)胺碘酮治療后轉(zhuǎn)為竇性心律。以胺碘酮、華法林維持治療2周后自行停藥。有高血壓病史4年余,服用氨氯地平和依那普利血壓控制良好。超聲心動(dòng)圖提示左心室肥厚,心電圖顯示左心室肥厚勞損。4 d前再次發(fā)作心悸,心電圖提示心房顫動(dòng),僅持續(xù)4~5 h心悸自行緩解。2 d后患者感到胸悶不適,行冠脈CT血管造影(CTA)檢查時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)左房充盈缺損,進(jìn)一步經(jīng)食道超聲檢查證實(shí)為左心耳血栓,大小7 mm×8 mm(圖1)。給予達(dá)比加群酯110 mg(每天2次)治療1個(gè)月,復(fù)查食道超聲,左心耳血栓消失(圖2)?;颊邿o(wú)明顯不適,未出現(xiàn)出血等并發(fā)癥,肝、腎功能無(wú)明顯變化,國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)凝血時(shí)間1.03。
圖1 TEE 左心耳血栓(7 mm×8 mm)
圖2 1個(gè)月后復(fù)查血栓消失
病例2:男,63歲,體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)心房顫動(dòng)1年余,偶有胸悶、心悸等不適。高血壓病史2年余,服鹽酸貝那普利及氨氯地平治療,血壓控制良好。超聲心動(dòng)圖提示左室舒張功能不全,左房40 mm,于外院行房顫射頻消融治療,術(shù)后服用索他洛爾、華法林治療。半年后房顫復(fù)發(fā),患者不規(guī)律服用阿司匹林。3個(gè)月前,患者因胸悶在外院行胸部CTA檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)充盈缺損,經(jīng)食道超聲檢查證實(shí)為左心耳血栓,大小14 mm×8 mm(圖3)。給予達(dá)比加群酯110 mg(每天2次)治療3個(gè)月,復(fù)查食道超聲,左心耳血栓消失(圖4)?;颊邿o(wú)明顯不適,未出現(xiàn)出血等并發(fā)癥。復(fù)查肝功能、腎功能、血尿常規(guī)無(wú)明顯異常發(fā)現(xiàn),國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)凝血時(shí)間0.94。
圖3 TEE 左心耳血栓(14 mm×8 mm)
圖4 3個(gè)月后復(fù)查血栓消失
凝血酶抑制劑達(dá)比加群酯通過(guò)可逆性地與凝血酶結(jié)合發(fā)揮抗凝作用,系列研究表明,達(dá)比加群具有良好的預(yù)防房顫、腦卒中的作用[6-8]。著名的RE-LY研究[9-11]表明,小劑量達(dá)比加群酯(110 mg)的作用與經(jīng)典的口服抗凝藥物華法林相當(dāng),而大劑量的達(dá)比加群酯(150 mg)療效優(yōu)于華法林,而出血尤其大出血的發(fā)生率明顯低于華法林,是目前認(rèn)為療效好而不良反應(yīng)相對(duì)較少的新型口服抗凝藥物。因此,達(dá)比加群酯降低非瓣膜房顫患者中風(fēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的安全性及有效性已得到公認(rèn),各大指南已將其列為房顫卒中預(yù)防的適應(yīng)證,2014 AHA/ACC/HRS最新房顫指南首次將達(dá)比加群酯作為NVAF高危患者Ⅰ類(lèi)推薦[12]。目前,F(xiàn)DA增加的達(dá)比加群酯新適應(yīng)證包括深靜脈血栓(DVT)與肺動(dòng)脈栓塞(PE)治療及復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的降低。然而,所有前期研究均針對(duì)房顫的卒中預(yù)防,對(duì)于心房已形成的血栓是否能夠溶解消除,尚不清楚。
本文報(bào)道2例房顫患者,并不是房顫卒中的高?;颊?,CHADS-VASC評(píng)分僅1分,依據(jù)指南可選擇抗凝或阿司匹林治療,而2例患者藥物依從性差,不愿服藥而自行停用華法淋抗凝治療導(dǎo)致左房血栓形成。在發(fā)現(xiàn)左心耳血栓后,給予達(dá)比加群酯110 mg(每天2次)治療,分別于1個(gè)月和3個(gè)月后血栓消失,表明達(dá)比加群酯對(duì)已形成的左心耳血栓可能有一定溶解作用。其作用機(jī)制可能是達(dá)比加群與凝血酶的活性位點(diǎn)結(jié)合[1,13-15],不僅可以特異并可逆性地抑制游離凝血酶的作用,而且可以抑制與血塊結(jié)合的凝血酶的作用,阻止纖維蛋白原裂解為纖維蛋白, 另外可以抑制凝血因子Ⅲ、 Ⅴ、 Ⅶ、 Ⅹ、 Ⅺ及凝血酶誘導(dǎo)的血小板聚集達(dá)到抗凝作用,阻止血栓進(jìn)一步形成,同時(shí)人體會(huì)啟動(dòng)纖維蛋白溶解系統(tǒng)使已形成的血栓破壞,從而使已形成的左心耳血栓消除,當(dāng)然達(dá)比加群酯參與其中的具體機(jī)制還不是十分清楚。但本文2例患者,從病史推測(cè)發(fā)生血栓的時(shí)間不長(zhǎng),且血栓體積不是很大。對(duì)于時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)和血栓體積較大的情況,能否達(dá)到同樣的效果需要更多的病例來(lái)證實(shí)。
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10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2017.27.048
R541
C
1671-8348(2017)27-3887-02
2016-11-06
2017-05-22)
國(guó)家十二五“重大新藥創(chuàng)制”科技重大專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(20142X09303305)。
韋怡春(1990-),碩士,住院醫(yī)師,主要從事心律失常的研究?!?/p>
,E-mail:ljx912@126.com。