趙婧文,盧志興,陳又清
(中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院資源昆蟲研究所,云南 昆明 650224)
云南綠春縣天然次生林和4種人工林樹冠層螞蟻群落多樣性
趙婧文,盧志興,陳又清*
(中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院資源昆蟲研究所,云南 昆明 650224)
天然次生林;人工林;樹種選擇;樹冠層螞蟻;群落多樣性
Abstract:[Objective]To explore the effect of secondary natural forest and plantations on the diversity of canopy foraging ant communities and the influence of tree selections in plantations on the diversity of canopy foraging ant communities.[Method]Investigations of ant communities in secondary natural forest and four plantations were conducted by trap at Lüchun County, Yunnan Province. Meanwhile, the plant diversity and foliage density were investigated. [Result](1) 17998 ant individuals were collected, which belonging to 68 species, 29 genera, and 6 subfamilies of Formicidae. (2) Ant abundance ranked as lac insect-corn agroforests > lac insect plantations > eucalyptus plantations > rubber plantations > secondary natural forests. (3) Ant richness ranked as lac insect-corn agroforests > lac insect plantations > secondary natural forests > eucalyptus plantations > rubber plantations. (4) ACE index ranked as lac insect-corn agroforests > lac insect plantations > secondary natural forests > eucalyptus plantations >rubber plantations. (5) Significantly negative relationship was found between canopy foraging ant abundance, species richness and litter coverage, foliage density of the zone above 300 cm, and the tree crown density, but positive relationship was found between the ant abundance, species richness and herbage coverage. Meanwhile, there were significantly negative relations between ACE index and litter coverage, herbage coverage, and tree crown density, but a positive correlation between ACE index and foliage density of the zone from 175 cm to 199.9 cm. [Conclusion]Plantation has a certain positive role to the ant diversity conversation, especially has a significantly effect by choosing native tree. Reasonable management of plantation is conducive to the conservation of biological diversity.
Keywords: secondary natural forest; plantation; tree species selection; canopy foraging ant; community diversity
人工林由于其經(jīng)濟(jì)價值日益成為全球森林的重要組分[1]。中國人工林面積居世界首位,面積達(dá)6 933萬hm2,云南省綠春縣人工林主要包括桉樹林、橡膠林和紫膠林等。人工林的大面積種植使人們開始關(guān)注其對生物多樣性的保護(hù)是否有利。有研究表明,人工林會降低生物多樣性[2-3]。人工林中的物種豐富度和多度均減少,甚至當(dāng)?shù)胤N、特有種和被保護(hù)的稀有物種缺失,同時常見種的多度增加,使少量常見、分布廣泛的物種占據(jù)優(yōu)勢地位[4-5]。除此之外,人工林的樹種選擇是影響生物多樣性的因素之一,選擇非鄉(xiāng)土樹種使本地物種無法適應(yīng)這些外來樹種及其所營造的環(huán)境[6-7],但目前國內(nèi)針對人工林樹種選擇對生物多樣性影響的研究,多是針對林內(nèi)植物多樣性,而對節(jié)肢動物的研究很少。
螞蟻是地球上分布最廣泛的昆蟲,以其良好的分類知識庫和對環(huán)境變化的敏感性經(jīng)常被用來作為環(huán)境的指示生物[8]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),樹冠層節(jié)肢動物群落中90%以上的個體為螞蟻[9],而且樹冠層螞蟻的捕食壓力,能夠顯著影響樹冠節(jié)肢動物群落的多樣性、群落結(jié)構(gòu)和動態(tài)[10-11],進(jìn)而對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)產(chǎn)生影響。樹冠層螞蟻多樣性受到植被結(jié)構(gòu)[12]、植物多樣性[13]、棲息地干擾[14]和食物資源分布[15]等多種因素的影響。樹冠層螞蟻多數(shù)來自地表,但目前對于環(huán)境因子變化對樹冠層螞蟻群落的影響研究很少[16],特別是相關(guān)研究還未探討地表環(huán)境特征與人工林垂直結(jié)構(gòu)特征與樹棲螞蟻群落多樣性之間的關(guān)系。
本研究對云南省綠春縣桉樹林、紫膠玉米混農(nóng)林、天然次生林、橡膠林和紫膠林5種類型樣地中樹冠層螞蟻群落多樣性、植物多樣性及地表?xiàng)程卣鬟M(jìn)行調(diào)查,通過比較分析人工林與天然林的螞蟻群落多樣性和植物群落多樣性的差異及二者的相關(guān)性,進(jìn)而分析天然林和人工林對螞蟻群落多樣性的影響及人工林樹種的差異對螞蟻群落多樣性保護(hù)作用,以期為人工林的經(jīng)營管理和生物多樣性的保護(hù)提供依據(jù)。
1.1研究地概況
表1 不同樣地概況
1.2調(diào)查方法
1.2.1樹冠層螞蟻群落調(diào)查 于2012年10月份(雨季)和2013年4月份(旱季),調(diào)查5種類型樣地內(nèi)的樹冠層螞蟻群落,具體方法為:每個樣地設(shè)置3條100m長的樣帶,樣帶間距大于50m,在每條樣帶上選擇5株喬木,至少間距10m,保證樣本獨(dú)立性,共計15株喬木,所選擇的喬木胸徑在10cm以上,對所選喬木進(jìn)行編號。將樹棲螞蟻誘集陷阱固定在樹干上距離地面1.5m處,以濃度為50%的乙二醇作為陷阱溶液。在陷阱中使用支架設(shè)置誘餌提高誘集效果,支架下端浸沒在陷阱溶液中,螞蟻不能接觸到誘餌,誘餌為金槍魚和蜂蜜的混合物。設(shè)置48h后收集陷阱中的所有螞蟻,置于含有70%酒精溶液的離心管中,帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行鑒定并統(tǒng)計數(shù)量,無法鑒定到種的以形態(tài)種對待[17],根據(jù)種類鑒定結(jié)果整理出物種組成名錄。
1.2.2植物群落調(diào)查 喬灌木群落調(diào)查:每塊樣地選擇3個10m×10m的大樣方,調(diào)查并記錄喬木和灌木的植物種類、數(shù)量、胸徑、樹高和郁閉度。
草本植物群落調(diào)查:在放置樹棲陷阱的喬木附近設(shè)置1個1m×1m的小樣方,調(diào)查草本植物的種類、數(shù)量和蓋度,同時估計小樣方內(nèi)的枯落物蓋度并用5點(diǎn)法測量枯落物厚度并計算其平均值作為該樣方的枯落物厚度值。
植物垂直密度變化:使用利維桿(長3m,直徑1cm的鐵桿)方法。以地表陷阱位置為參考,使用時將利維桿立于距陷阱水平距離1m的位置,垂直于地面,以每25cm作為一個區(qū)段,共12個區(qū)段,統(tǒng)計該位置每個區(qū)段內(nèi)植物與鐵桿接觸點(diǎn)的數(shù)量(不考慮植物與鐵桿的接觸面積),對于超過300cm高度的植物密度,只統(tǒng)計有無,有植物覆蓋記為1,無則記為0[18]。
1.3分析方法
1.3.1抽樣充分性判斷 使用R語言中的iNEXT軟件包進(jìn)行基于個體數(shù)的物種稀疏和預(yù)測曲線的繪制,根據(jù)曲線特征進(jìn)行抽樣充分性的判斷[19]。
1.3.2多樣性比較 在比較樹冠層螞蟻群落多樣性時,以設(shè)置的樣帶為重復(fù),即按編號以5個陷阱為一組,每塊樣地有3個重復(fù)。統(tǒng)計螞蟻物種豐富度和多度,并使用軟件Estimate S計算ACE估計值。數(shù)據(jù)分析時,滿足單因素方差分析條件時使用單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)中LSD 多重比較方法,不滿足時,進(jìn)行Krushkal-wallis H 檢驗(yàn),比較樣地間樹冠層螞蟻群落多樣性的差異。
1.3.3群落結(jié)構(gòu)相似性 對不同物種的多度數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行有/無轉(zhuǎn)換,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注不同類型植被樹冠層螞蟻群落在物種組成上的差異,使用PRIMER v7中的非度量多維尺度分析(Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling,nMDS)分析不同類型樣地樹冠層螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)差異;使用群落結(jié)構(gòu)相似性比較不同類型樣地間群落結(jié)構(gòu)差異的顯著性[20];對不同類型樣地螞蟻群落進(jìn)行層次聚類分析(Hierarchical Cluster analysis),選取40%相似性水平將結(jié)果以圓圈的方式疊加到nMDS結(jié)果圖中。
1.3.4指示物種分析 使用R語言中的indicspecies軟件包對不同類型樣地進(jìn)行指示物種分析,分析時使用的分組基于nMDS群落結(jié)構(gòu)分析結(jié)果,即相似螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)的樣地為同一類型,計算不同物種的特異度和保真度,同時計算IndVal值,以IndVal指示值大于0.7并與樣地顯著相關(guān)(P<0.05)的物種作為指示物種[21]。
1.3.5相關(guān)性分析 使用SPSS18.0軟件中的相關(guān)性分析對樹冠層螞蟻多樣性和植物多樣性進(jìn)行分析,其中,樹冠層螞蟻多樣性包括螞蟻多度和物種豐富度;植物多樣性包括草本植物的多度、物種豐富度和蓋度,喬灌木植物的多度、物種豐富度和蓋度,枯落物的蓋度和厚度以及植物垂直密度。
2.1物種組成及抽樣充分性
5種類型樣地共采集螞蟻17998頭,隸屬于6亞科29屬68種,其中,桉樹林共采集到螞蟻3606頭,隸屬于4亞科13屬23種;紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林共采集到螞蟻5421頭,隸屬于5亞科17屬37種;天然次生林共采集到螞蟻1850頭,隸屬于5亞科19屬36種;橡膠林共采集到螞蟻2472頭,隸屬于5亞科15屬24種;紫膠林共采集到螞蟻4649頭,隸屬于5亞科20屬37種。5種類型樣地的樹冠層螞蟻群落基于個體數(shù)的物種稀疏和預(yù)測曲線(圖1)表明:圖中實(shí)線部分為實(shí)際曲線,虛線部分為預(yù)測曲線,5條曲線預(yù)測部分都趨于平緩,說明這5種類型的樣地物種數(shù)隨個體數(shù)增加基本不再變化,表明抽樣比較充分。
2.2樹冠層螞蟻群落多樣性
表2表明:5種類型樣地樹冠層螞蟻群落物種多度之間差異顯著(χ2=13.178,P<0.05),紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林>紫膠林>桉樹林>橡膠林>天然次生林,紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林顯著高于天然次生林和橡膠林,紫膠林顯著高于天然次生林,其他樣地間差異不顯著;5種類型樣地樹冠層螞蟻群落物種豐富度差異極顯著(F4,25=18.129,P<0.001),紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林>紫膠林>天然次生林>橡膠林>桉樹林,紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林顯著高于其他4種類型樣地,天然次生林和紫膠林顯著高于桉樹林和橡膠林,其他樣地間差異不顯著;5種類型樣地樹冠層螞蟻ACE估計值差異極顯著(χ2=17.702,P<0.01),紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林>紫膠林>天然次生林>桉樹林>橡膠林,紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林顯著高于其他4種類型樣地,紫膠林顯著高于桉樹林和橡膠林,天然次生林顯著高于橡膠林,其他樣地間差異不顯著。
2.3樹冠層螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)比較
5種類型樣地的樹冠層螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)差異極顯著(ANOSIM GlobalR=0.577,P<0.01),其中,紫膠林的樹冠層螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)與紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林相似;天然次生林的2個重復(fù)樣地的樹冠層螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)不相似;桉樹林的樹冠層螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)與其余類型樣地較不相似;橡膠林的樹冠層螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)與其余樣地明顯不相似(圖2)。
A、M、N、X和Z分別代表桉樹林、紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)民、天然次生林、橡膠林和紫膠林。A, M, N, X and Z represented Eucalyptus plantations, Lac insect-corn agroforests, Seondary natural forests, Rubber plantations and Lac insect plantations respectively.圖1 不同樣地樹冠層螞蟻群落基于個體數(shù)的物種稀疏和預(yù)測曲線Fig.1 Rare species number and extrapolation curves of canopy foraging ant communities in different sites based on individuals
樣地Site多度Abundance物種豐富度SpeciesrichnessACE估計值A(chǔ)CEestimatedvalue桉樹林Eucalyptusplantations601.00±148.39abc8.17±1.22c10.53±2.50cd紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林Lacinsect?cornagroforests903.50±88.46a19.83±1.14a30.44±7.79a天然次生林Seondarynaturalforests308.33±35.17c13.50±1.09b16.03±2.08bc橡膠林Rubberplantations412.00±81.96bc8.50±0.72c10.50±1.38d紫膠林Lacinsectplantations774.83±175.2ab16.17±1.56b18.17±1.30b
注:表中數(shù)值為均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤。同列不同字母表示在0.05水平的差異顯著。ACE估計值是對樣地中實(shí)際物種數(shù)的估計。
Note: Data in the table as mean ±standard error. The different letters within the same column mean significant difference (P<0.05). ACE index was an estimate of the actual number of species in the sample plot.
2.4指示物種
紫膠林和紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林的指示物種為平和弓背蟻、網(wǎng)紋刺結(jié)蟻、紅頭弓背蟻和羅氏心結(jié)蟻;橡膠林的指示物種為黑細(xì)長蟻和黃猄蟻(表3);其他樣地?zé)o指示物種。
2.5螞蟻群落與環(huán)境因子相關(guān)性分析
有研究表明,鄉(xiāng)土樹種人工林對螞蟻多樣性有一定的保護(hù)作用[22-23],外來樹種人工林使螞蟻物種豐富度降低[24],或者雖然能夠保持和天然次生林相近的螞蟻豐富度,但組成明顯有差異[25],甚至使少數(shù)常見的物種多度增加,占據(jù)優(yōu)勢地位[5]。本研究中,在天然林和4種人工林的比較中,外來人工桉樹林和橡膠林與天然次生林相比,樹冠層螞蟻物種豐富度和ACE估計值降低,但少數(shù)常見種多度增加,并且與天然次生林群落結(jié)構(gòu)差異顯著,與前人研究一致[4-5],說明2種外來人工林能夠維持一定的螞蟻群落,但保護(hù)作用不及天然次生林;而鄉(xiāng)土樹種人工紫膠林和紫膠林一玉米混農(nóng)林樹冠層螞蟻多度、物種豐富度和ACE估計值均增加,并且2種人工林群落結(jié)構(gòu)相似,對螞蟻群落的保護(hù)作用顯著優(yōu)于外來人工林。
圖中黑圈表示40%相似性水平。A、M、N、X和Z分別代表桉樹林、紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)民、天然次生林、橡膠林和紫膠林。The dark circles represented similarity level of forty percent.A, M, N, X and Z represented Eucalyptus plantations, Lac insect-corn agroforests, Seondary natural forests Rubber plantations and Lac insect plantations respectively.圖2 不同類型樣地樹冠層螞蟻群落結(jié)構(gòu)相似性Fig.2 The similarity of structures of canopy foraging ant communities in different sites
樣地Site物種Species特異性Specificity保真度Fidelity指示值IndValP紫膠林+紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林Lacinsectplantations+Lacinsect?cornagroforests橡膠林Rubberplantations平和弓背蟻(Camponotusmitis(Smith))0.8721.0000.9340.002網(wǎng)紋刺結(jié)蟻(LepisiotareticulateXu)0.9090.7500.8260.005紅頭弓背蟻(CamponotussingularisSmith)1.0000.5000.7070.015羅氏心結(jié)蟻(Cardiocondylawroughtonii(Forel))1.0000.5000.7070.013黑細(xì)長蟻(Tetraponeranigra(Jerdon))0.9661.0000.9830.001黃猄蟻(Oecophyllasmaragdina(Fabricius))0.7480.8330.7900.002
注:特異性是該物種在各樣地中出現(xiàn)的概率,保真度為該物種在分組中出現(xiàn)的概率。
Note: Specificity mean the proportion of the species appeared in different sites. Fidelity mean the proportion of the species appeared in groups.
表4樹冠層螞蟻群落多樣性與環(huán)境因子相關(guān)性分析
注:*代表在0.05水平上的顯著相關(guān),**代表0.01水平的顯著相關(guān)。
Note:One asterisk mean significant correlation (P<0.05). Two asterisks mean significant correlation (P< 0.01)
螞蟻?zhàn)鳛橹甘旧锬茌^好指示環(huán)境變化[31]。平和弓背蟻和紅頭弓背蟻同屬于弓背蟻屬,廣泛分布于各種棲境中,能夠利用的食物資源非常廣泛[32];羅氏心結(jié)蟻個體較小,喜歡潮濕地區(qū)或者沼澤[33],這3種螞蟻為紫膠林和紫膠林-玉米混農(nóng)林的指示物種,說明這2種鄉(xiāng)土樹種人工林能夠提供一個棲境異質(zhì)性較高的環(huán)境,使得多種螞蟻共存。黃猄蟻多發(fā)生在有干擾的地區(qū)[34],該螞蟻的出現(xiàn),證明橡膠林受到了干擾。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,人工林對螞蟻多樣性有一定的保護(hù)作用,特別是鄉(xiāng)土樹種人工林較外來人工林對螞蟻多樣性有更好的保護(hù)作用,但如何對人工林進(jìn)行合理的管護(hù),才能既滿足經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展又保護(hù)生物多樣性,值得進(jìn)一步研究。
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附表 不同樣地螞蟻名錄及多度
續(xù)附表
不同樣地螞蟻名錄及多度
(責(zé)任編輯:張 玲)
DiversityofCanopyForagingAntCommunitiesinSecondaryNaturalForestandPlantationsinLüchun,Yunnan
ZHAOJing-wen,LUZhi-xing,CHENYou-qing
(Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China)
S718.55
A
1001-1498(2017)05-0823-08
10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2017.05.016
2017-04-15
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31470493和31270561)。
趙婧文(1991—),女,河北保定人,昆蟲生態(tài)學(xué)碩士研究生.E-mail:zhaojingwen115@163.com.
* 通訊作者.