章永平+秦曉云
[摘要] 目的 對比分析陰式和宮腔鏡電切治療重度剖宮產(chǎn)子宮切口憩室的臨床效果及手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。 方法 選取2014年6月~2016年6月我院收治的重度子宮切口憩室住院患者39例,術(shù)前均有月經(jīng)淋漓不盡、經(jīng)期延長病史,均經(jīng)陰道彩超明確診斷為重度剖宮產(chǎn)子宮切口憩室。并診刮排除子宮內(nèi)膜及宮頸病變,排除凝血功能障礙等內(nèi)科疾病。39例患者隨機分成經(jīng)宮腔鏡組(A組)和陰式手術(shù)組(B組),分別行宮腔鏡電切和陰式子宮切口憩室切除手術(shù),從手術(shù)時間、平均住院日、住院費用、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥、術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)等指標進行兩組間比較。 結(jié)果 A組平均手術(shù)時間、平均住院時間、住院費用優(yōu)于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);手術(shù)并發(fā)癥兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);B組術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率明顯低于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 兩組手術(shù)方式均適用于治療重度子宮切口憩室,均未出現(xiàn)手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,兩組無差異,但陰式手術(shù)比宮腔鏡電切術(shù)復(fù)發(fā)率低,效果更顯著。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 子宮切口憩室;宮腔鏡修補;陰式修補;剖宮產(chǎn);治療效果
[中圖分類號] R719.8 [文獻標識碼] B [文章編號] 1673-9701(2017)22-0060-03
[Abstract] Objective To compare the clinical effect and surgical complications of transvaginal and hysteroscopic resection in the treatment of severe uterine incisional diverticula after Cesarean section. Methods 39 patients with severe uterine incisional diverticulum who were admitted to our hospital from June 2014 to June 2016 were investigated. The patients had the history of preoperative endless menstrual dripping, and prolonged menstrual period. All the patients were given vaginal color ultrasound for the diagnosis of severe Cesarean section uterine incisional diverticulum.Diagnostic uterine curettage was given to exclude endometrial and cervical lesions, excluding coagulation disorders and other medical diseases. 39 patients were randomly divided into hysteroscopy group (group A) and vaginal surgery group(group B). The patients were given hysteroscopic resection and vaginal incision diverticulum resection surgery respectively. The surgery time, average hospital stay, hospital costs, surgical complications, postoperative recurrence and other indicators were compared between the two groups. Results The average surgery time, average length of stay and hospitalization cost in group A were better than those in group B, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05); there was no statistically significant difference in the surgical complications between the two groups(P>0.05); the postoperative recurrence rate in group B was significantly lower than that in group A, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion The two groups of surgical methods are suitable for the treatment of severe uterine incisional diverticulum, with no surgical complications. There are no difference between the two groups. But the recurrence rate of vaginal surgery is lower than that of hysteroscopic resection, and the effect is more significant.
[Key words] Uterine incisional diverticula; Hysteroscopic repair; Vaginal repair; Cesarean section; Therapeutic effectendprint
隨著近十余年剖宮產(chǎn)率的上升,剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后子宮切口憩室(previous cesarean scar defect,PCSD)發(fā)病率隨之升高,成為近年臨床研究熱點之一,重度PCSD因反復(fù)陰道流血、下腹不適、感染甚至不孕等癥狀較輕度PCSD更為明顯,而尤其受到關(guān)注,但是相關(guān)報道甚少。重度PCSD治療方案多與輕度混為一談,輕度PCSD可以觀察、藥物,也可手術(shù)治療,但對于重度PCSD治療臨床婦科醫(yī)生一致認為手術(shù)是最佳選擇[1]。隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的不斷提高,宮腔鏡及陰式手術(shù)逐漸成為治療重度PCSD的首選,本研究通過經(jīng)陰道和宮腔鏡電切治療重度PCSD的效果比較,以探討較為理想的手術(shù)方式。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2014年6月~2016年6月江西省人民醫(yī)院收治的重度子宮切口憩室住院患者共39例,年齡20~41歲,平均(24.4±2.4)歲,既往有1次剖宮產(chǎn)史20例,2次剖宮產(chǎn)7例,3次剖宮產(chǎn)2例;剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后月經(jīng)周期規(guī)律,明顯經(jīng)期延長,10~20 d不等,平均(13.0±4.5)d,經(jīng)量同術(shù)前,點滴狀,褐色或暗紅色,部分患者有明顯經(jīng)期下腹脹痛不適、低熱、白帶異常、甚至不孕等癥。隨機分為兩組,經(jīng)患者同意并簽署知情同意書,宮腔鏡電切組為15例(A組),陰式組為24例(B組),A、B兩組年齡、剖宮產(chǎn)次數(shù)、經(jīng)期時間及病史時間均無統(tǒng)計學差異(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 納入標準
術(shù)前患者均有月經(jīng)淋漓不盡病史,經(jīng)量與剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)前相等,宮腔鏡為PCSD診斷金標準,但仍均經(jīng)陰道彩超檢查,如子宮剖宮產(chǎn)切口憩室深度平均≥7.0 mm和(或)憩室壁殘存肌層的最大厚度≤2.2 mm,則明確診斷為重度子宮切口憩室,同時術(shù)前均行診斷性刮宮排除子宮內(nèi)膜病變及宮頸病變。
1.3 手術(shù)方法
兩組術(shù)前準備相同,月經(jīng)干凈3~7 d,完善血常規(guī)、凝血功能、肝腎功能電解質(zhì)、白帶常規(guī)、胸部X片及常規(guī)心電圖檢查,查體及檢查結(jié)果如無絕對手術(shù)禁忌證,簽署手術(shù)知情同意書,術(shù)前2 d給予陰道灌洗,術(shù)前晚宮頸管置入海藻棒或陰道穹窿塞藥米索前列醇片2片。
A組:腰麻滿意后,患者取膀胱截石位,常規(guī)消毒外陰及陰道,4~9號擴宮棒依次擴張宮頸管后置入宮腔鏡檢查,術(shù)中經(jīng)宮腔鏡再次明確憩室的位置、寬度、深度。生理鹽水為作為膨?qū)m介質(zhì),膨?qū)m壓力控制在80~120 mmHg。雙極電切環(huán)刨削憩室周圍瘢痕組織,憩室形態(tài)消失,使憩室成為宮腔一部分,術(shù)前術(shù)后各使用一次抗生素預(yù)防感染。B組:亦采用腰麻,手術(shù)開始步驟同A組,宮腔鏡檢查再次明確憩室的位置、寬度、深度。宮頸陰道部前壁黏膜下打水墊,于膀胱溝電刀切開宮頸陰道黏膜,向外牽拉宮頸,銳鈍性分離宮頸膀胱間隙,上推膀胱,充分暴露后可見子宮峽部切口瘢痕組織處凹陷,將擴宮棒置入宮腔內(nèi)指引,手術(shù)冷刀充分切除子宮峽部切口憩室及周邊0.5 cm瘢痕組織,準確對合新鮮切口,可吸收線間斷縫合,褥式間斷縫合加固后再置入宮腔鏡檢查,檢查切口憩室修復(fù)及新鮮對合情況,宮腔形態(tài)恢復(fù)正常。術(shù)后常規(guī)使用抗生素2 d預(yù)防感染。
1.4 術(shù)后隨訪情況
兩組患者均禁性生活、盆浴1個月,避孕1年以上,定期電話或復(fù)診隨訪月經(jīng)情況、癥狀緩解及再次受孕情況,出院3個月后常規(guī)復(fù)查陰道超聲。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用統(tǒng)計軟件SPSS19.0進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料采用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,檢驗水準α=0.05。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者手術(shù)、住院時間及治療費用比較
根據(jù)手術(shù)時間、住院時間、治療費用等進行療效評價,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.2 術(shù)后并發(fā)癥
39例手術(shù)完成順利,本研究兩組均出現(xiàn)1例術(shù)后發(fā)熱病例,均未出現(xiàn)明顯感染、膀胱損傷、空氣栓塞、TURP綜合征等并發(fā)癥。
2.3 手術(shù)遠期療效情況比較
術(shù)后隨訪1~2年,A組中有13例術(shù)后癥狀明顯緩解,經(jīng)期明顯縮短,無月經(jīng)淋漓不盡。2例患者無明顯緩解,復(fù)查陰道超聲,見憩室較術(shù)前明顯變淺,有少量積液。A組術(shù)后癥狀緩解率為86.7%;B組24例術(shù)后癥狀明顯緩解,術(shù)后癥狀緩解率為100.0%,A、B兩組療效比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
3 討論
近年報道PCSD手術(shù)方式繁多,有開腹手術(shù)、腹腔鏡手術(shù)、宮腔鏡手術(shù)、陰式手術(shù),以及上述手術(shù)聯(lián)合術(shù)式。隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的不斷提高,宮、腹腔鏡和陰式手術(shù)治療PCSD成為共識[2],但仍有不同觀點認為腹腔鏡手術(shù)或?qū)m腹腔鏡聯(lián)合手術(shù)治療PCSD優(yōu)于陰式手術(shù)[3-5]。宮腔鏡作為PCSD診斷金標準,在術(shù)前診斷、術(shù)后評估中有著無可替代的作用,在治療輕度PCSD有著明顯優(yōu)勢,如簡便、出血少、恢復(fù)快、術(shù)后疼痛輕等優(yōu)點。隨著臨床醫(yī)生的技術(shù)不斷嫻熟,宮腔鏡在重度PCSD切除術(shù)的治愈率也逐漸提高,子宮穿孔、空氣栓塞、TURP綜合征等手術(shù)并發(fā)癥明顯下降。既往研究只注重憩室深度,然而憩室的長、寬度及與子宮峽部的關(guān)系,以及憩室肌層厚度也是選擇手術(shù)方式重要因素:如果未達到相當嚴重的程度,如同輕度PCSD,單純采用宮腔鏡電切手術(shù)的方法也可以治療重度PCSD并能取得良好的手術(shù)效果[6]。本研究A組中2例術(shù)后無明顯緩解,分析原因是憩室過深(>10 mm)和過寬(>15 mm),病例的隨機選擇影響了A組癥狀緩解率,由此也可以看出,對于過深或過寬的憩室,優(yōu)先選擇陰式手術(shù)效果更佳。有報道稱宮腔鏡電切只適用于肌層缺損<80%的子宮憩室[7]。
隨著手術(shù)技巧的不斷完善和嫻熟,陰式手術(shù)治療重度PCSD并發(fā)癥逐漸減少,筆者既往術(shù)中因慢性炎癥瘢痕分離過程中出現(xiàn)過膀胱損傷,如術(shù)中及時發(fā)現(xiàn)并經(jīng)陰道修補不會影響預(yù)后,對于基層醫(yī)院沒有宮腹腔鏡等昂貴設(shè)備時,陰式手術(shù)仍是較為理想的術(shù)式[8-10]。陰式手術(shù)因視野小、難操作、易損傷,成為許多婦科醫(yī)生的軟肋,但是與宮腔鏡手術(shù)相比,陰式治療重度PCSD陰式手術(shù)優(yōu)勢明顯倍增:(1)能夠徹底切除憩室及周邊瘢痕,新鮮切口對合愈合佳,術(shù)后效果顯著;(2)無電損傷,切口縫合對位佳,復(fù)發(fā)率低;(3)陰式修復(fù)PCSD具有微創(chuàng)、良好的暴露、完整的切除等優(yōu)點[11]。但同時也存在以下劣勢:(1)手術(shù)視野小,有膀胱損傷的風險,對于陰式手術(shù)不夠嫻熟的術(shù)者,術(shù)中修補較為困難;(2)手術(shù)時間及住院時間較單純宮腔鏡手術(shù)長,感染風險增高,治療費用稍高。綜上所述,兩種手術(shù)方式術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均低,治療重度PCSD選擇單純宮腔鏡還是宮腔鏡聯(lián)合陰式手術(shù),應(yīng)根據(jù)術(shù)中宮腔鏡檢查情況,對憩室的長、寬、深度及肌層厚度綜合分析而定[12-13],同時需結(jié)合術(shù)者本身的經(jīng)驗。endprint
本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)極重度PCSD,陰式手術(shù)效果更為顯著。有報道稱宮腔鏡手術(shù)治療PCSD術(shù)后妊娠率較理想[14],另有報道陰式手術(shù)治療PCSD術(shù)后妊娠率較高[15-16]。由于本研究隨訪的時間有限,兩組間患者遠期術(shù)后妊娠率尚無比較,有待進一步觀察。
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(收稿日期:2017-04-14)endprint