黃雙 馬鑫 朱捷 黃慶波 Aldo Massimo Bocciardi 張旭
1中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院泌尿外科 100853 北京
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論 著
保留Retzius間隙的機(jī)器人輔助根治性前列腺切除術(shù)治療局限性前列腺癌8例報(bào)告
黃雙1馬鑫1朱捷1黃慶波1Aldo Massimo Bocciardi2張旭1
1中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院泌尿外科 100853 北京
2Niguarda Ca'Granda醫(yī)院泌尿外科 意大利米蘭
目的:介紹保留Retzius間隙的機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡前列腺癌根治術(shù)(RARP)的初步臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)和療效。方法:分析2013年6月~2017年1月8例行保留Retzius間隙的RARP手術(shù)患者的資料。患者年齡56~71歲,中位年齡64歲,體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)19.7~24.1 kg/m2,中位數(shù)21.6 kg/m2。術(shù)前前列腺特異抗原(PSA)4.18~11.04 μg/L,平均7.50 μg/L。國際勃起功能指數(shù)(IIEF-5)≥21分6例,<21分2例。術(shù)前穿刺活檢病理TNM分期T1c期4例,T2a期3例,T2b期1例。Gleason評(píng)分3+2=5分1例,3+3=6分7例。D'Amico風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層均為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。手術(shù)使用4臂da Vinci Si手術(shù)系統(tǒng),經(jīng)腹腔建立操作通道。由Douglas腔上方的壁層腹膜切開,分離顯露雙側(cè)輸精管和精囊,懸吊提起雙側(cè)精囊,切開Denonvillier筋膜,分離前列腺后壁直至前列腺尖部,重新懸吊壁層腹膜,沿精囊前表面向前上方分離顯露并離斷膀胱頸部,筋膜內(nèi)層面鈍性分離前列腺前表面及兩側(cè)直至尖部,雙連發(fā)鈦夾處理離斷前列腺側(cè)蒂,最后離斷前列腺尖部,將切除的前列腺置于標(biāo)本袋內(nèi),由12點(diǎn)位開始雙針逆時(shí)針方向連續(xù)吻合膀胱頸部及遠(yuǎn)端尿道殘端。最后關(guān)閉Douglas腔前方的壁層腹膜。結(jié)果:本組8例保留Retzius間隙的RARP手術(shù)均順利完成。手術(shù)時(shí)間75~120 min,平均90 min。術(shù)中出血量50~200 ml,平均110 ml,均未輸血。術(shù)后病理檢查分期pT2a期5例,pTM2b期2例,pT2c期1例;1例手術(shù)切緣陽性,Gleason評(píng)分3+2=5分1例,3+3=6分6例,3+4=7分1例。術(shù)后拔除尿管時(shí)間14~21 d,平均17 d,拔管后控尿均滿意,無尿失禁。術(shù)后住院天數(shù)4~7 d,平均5 d。術(shù)后隨訪4~41個(gè)月,平均14個(gè)月,無尿道狹窄,未觀察到生化復(fù)發(fā)。術(shù)后3個(gè)月6例患者勃起功能滿意,IIEF-5≥21分。結(jié)論:保留Retzius間隙的RARP手術(shù)具有解剖合理性,對(duì)腫瘤根治療效好,能有效保護(hù)血管神經(jīng)束,術(shù)后性功能及尿控恢復(fù)滿意。但仍需積累更多病例進(jìn)行長期前瞻性的對(duì)照研究以證實(shí)其療效。
機(jī)器人;前列腺癌;前列腺切除術(shù);保留Retzius間隙
根治性前列腺切除術(shù)是局限性前列腺癌的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方式,da Vinci手術(shù)系統(tǒng)于2000年獲得美國FDA批準(zhǔn)用于外科手術(shù),同年Binder和Abbou分別報(bào)道了機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡前列腺癌根治術(shù)(robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, RARP)[1, 2],此后10余年中RARP在前列腺癌高發(fā)的歐美國家迅速普及,幾乎取代了傳統(tǒng)開放及腹腔鏡手術(shù),其手術(shù)技術(shù)也不斷發(fā)展,如由Douglas腔先期到達(dá)精囊的Montsouris技術(shù)[3],直接到達(dá)Retzius間隙的VIP(Vattikuti institute prostatectomy)技術(shù)[4]以及尿道膀胱吻合的Aalst技術(shù)[5]等。盆內(nèi)筋膜,血管神經(jīng)束,恥骨前列腺韌帶,陰部動(dòng)脈以及Santorini血管叢是與術(shù)后保持性功能和尿控功能有關(guān)的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),傳統(tǒng)的RARP技術(shù)都是以既往開放恥骨后入路手術(shù)解剖為基礎(chǔ),會(huì)對(duì)這些解剖結(jié)構(gòu)造成損傷或存在損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),進(jìn)而存在引起術(shù)后性功能和尿控功能異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此意大利Aldo Bocciardi教授團(tuán)隊(duì)提出保留Retzius間隙經(jīng)由前列腺底部平面行RARP的Bocciardi技術(shù)[6]能夠有效避免術(shù)中這些解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的損傷,并取得良好的腫瘤控制和術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)的效果[7]。2013年我中心在國內(nèi)首次成功完成1例保留Retzius間隙的RARP手術(shù)?,F(xiàn)將2013年6月~2017年1月行保留Retzius間隙的RARP手術(shù)病例報(bào)告如下。
1.1 臨床資料
2013年6月~2017年1月我中心行保留Retzius間隙的RARP 8例,年齡56~71歲,中位年齡64歲。體質(zhì)指數(shù)(body massindex, BMI)19.7~24.1 kg/m2,中位數(shù)21.6 kg/m2。術(shù)前PSA 4.18~11.04 μg/L,平均7.50 μg/L。國際勃起功能指數(shù)(International Index of Erectile Function-5, IIEF-5)≥21分6例,<21分2例。術(shù)前穿刺活檢病理TNM分期T1c期4例,T2a期3例,T2b期1例。Gleason評(píng)分3+2=5分1例,3+3=6分7例。D'Amico風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層均為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
1.2 手術(shù)方法
1.2.1 機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)的建立 全麻成功后取半截石位用Allen腳蹬固定下肢。消毒術(shù)野皮膚,鋪無菌巾單。經(jīng)臍內(nèi)邊緣3 mm切口穿刺置入Veress氣腹針建立氣腹,于臍正中上方兩橫指處縱行切開10 mm切口,隨后插入12 mm套管,作為機(jī)器人鏡頭通道。置入鏡頭,直視下放置其他套管。兩個(gè)8 mm套管分別置于臍水平距臍約8~10 cm位置,左側(cè)為2號(hào)操作臂通道,右側(cè)為1號(hào)操作臂通道。第3個(gè)8 mm套管置于右側(cè)1號(hào)操作臂通道外側(cè)8~10 cm處,作為3號(hào)操作臂通道。于2號(hào)操作臂通道外上方8~10 cm處平鏡頭通道水平放置12 mm套管作為助手通道。此后患者取35~45°的Trendelenburg體位,機(jī)器人以臍正中線為軸向患者分開的兩腿間移動(dòng)。連接鏡頭臂和3個(gè)操作臂。將30°向下鏡頭安裝于鏡頭通道,1號(hào)操作臂安裝單極彎剪,2號(hào)操作臂安裝雙極Maryland鉗,3號(hào)操作臂安裝Prograsp抓鉗,助手位于患者左側(cè)。
1.2.2 手術(shù)步驟 先游離左側(cè)乙狀結(jié)腸,將其向腹側(cè)牽拉,顯露Douglas腔,切開Douglas腔上方壁層腹膜5~7 cm (圖1, 2),分離顯露雙側(cè)輸精管和精囊(圖3, 4),以荷包縫線懸吊向腹壁提起雙側(cè)精囊(圖5),沿精囊根部前列腺側(cè)后方并沿筋膜內(nèi)層面向前推開分離Denonvillier筋膜,沿此平面用雙連發(fā)鈦夾分段結(jié)扎前列腺側(cè)韌帶,鈍性與銳性結(jié)合分離,直至前列腺尖部(圖6, 7),于筋膜內(nèi)保留陰莖勃起神經(jīng),松開懸吊的精囊,重新向腹壁懸吊前述切開的壁層腹膜上緣,顯露并離斷膀胱頸部(圖8),鈍性分離前列腺前表面直至尖部,離斷前列腺尖部尿道(圖9),將切除的前列腺置于標(biāo)本袋內(nèi),由12點(diǎn)位開始雙針逆時(shí)針連續(xù)吻合膀胱頸部及遠(yuǎn)端尿道殘端(圖10)。最后關(guān)閉Douglas腔前方的壁層腹膜(圖11)。于Douglas腔留置盆腔引流管,取出標(biāo)本,觀察大體標(biāo)本包膜是否完整(圖12),縫合各切口,手術(shù)結(jié)束。
8例手術(shù)均成功完成,無一例中轉(zhuǎn)開放手術(shù)。手術(shù)時(shí)間75~120 min,平均90 min。術(shù)中估計(jì)失血量50~200 ml,平均110 ml,均未輸血。術(shù)后病理檢查均為前列腺腺癌,Gleason評(píng)分3+2=5分1例,3+3=6分6例,3+4=7分1例,病理分期pT2a期5例,pT2b期2例,pT2c期1例,1例手術(shù)切緣陽性。術(shù)后住院4~7 d,平均5 d,于術(shù)后3~4 d(平均3.3 d)拔除盆腔引流管,無術(shù)后吻合口漏尿發(fā)生。術(shù)后14~21 d拔除尿管,平均17 d,拔管后均尿控滿意,無尿失禁。術(shù)后隨訪4~41個(gè)月,平均14個(gè)月,無尿道狹窄,復(fù)查PSA均<0.06 μg/L,未觀察到生化復(fù)發(fā)。術(shù)后3個(gè)月6例患者勃起功能滿意,IIEF-5≥21分。
為了保護(hù)與性功能及排尿功能相關(guān)的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),2010年意大利Aldo Bocciardi教授團(tuán)隊(duì)提出了保留Retzius間隙的RARP手術(shù)入路[6]。據(jù)其報(bào)道,68.8%的患者術(shù)后取得“三連勝”結(jié)果(滿意的尿控和勃起功能,1年無生化復(fù)發(fā))[7]。
2013年開始我中心在國內(nèi)率先實(shí)踐了這種手術(shù)入路,根據(jù)我們的體會(huì),同傳統(tǒng)的RARP手術(shù)入路相比,該術(shù)式具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):①這種入路能夠完全在筋膜內(nèi)切除前列腺,充分保留血管神經(jīng)束的完整性,達(dá)到保護(hù)術(shù)后患者性功能的目的,另外一些報(bào)道指出前列腺除了5點(diǎn)和7點(diǎn)位的血管神經(jīng)束外,其周圍還有很多血管及神經(jīng)纖維[8],尸體解剖發(fā)現(xiàn)這些血管及神經(jīng)同時(shí)供應(yīng)和支配著尿道外括約肌和陰莖海綿體[9],該入路能夠完整保留盆底筋膜,避免了對(duì)前列腺周圍這些血管及神經(jīng)的損傷;②該入路可以避開前列腺前面的Santorini血管叢,減少術(shù)中出血,另外,Santorini血管叢中含有一些細(xì)小動(dòng)脈,這些小血管可能部分供應(yīng)尿道外括約肌或者陰莖海綿體,保護(hù)好這些血管對(duì)遠(yuǎn)期性功能和尿控功能的恢復(fù)具有積極意義;③保留了恥骨前列腺韌帶及陰部動(dòng)脈的完整性,已有研究報(bào)道保護(hù)這些結(jié)構(gòu)能使患者術(shù)后尿控功能和性功能獲益[10];④傳統(tǒng)入路的RARP需要呈倒U型完全打開膀胱前表面的Retzius間隙,而該術(shù)式無需打開Retzius間隙,僅在Douglas腔的5~7 cm切口內(nèi)完成手術(shù),相較傳統(tǒng)入路更為微創(chuàng)化。本組8例患者,2~3周拔除尿管后均無尿失禁發(fā)生,術(shù)前6例 IIEF-5≥21分的患者,其術(shù)后3個(gè)月時(shí)IIEF-5仍≥21,性功能恢復(fù)滿意。術(shù)后盆腔留置引流管平均3.3 d即拔除,無漏尿發(fā)生,這些應(yīng)歸功于該術(shù)式的微創(chuàng)化及對(duì)前列腺周圍術(shù)后功能相關(guān)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的充分保護(hù)。
圖1 向下牽拉Douglas腔上方壁層腹膜; 圖2 沿壁層腹膜皺襞方向切開5~7 cm; 圖3 分離顯露輸精管; 圖4 順輸精管分離顯露精囊,離斷精囊動(dòng)脈
圖5 提拉雙側(cè)精囊,游離顯露直腸前間隙; 圖6 前列腺筋膜推開Denonvillier筋膜(左側(cè)); 圖7 前列腺筋膜推開Denonvillier筋膜(右側(cè)); 圖8 離斷膀胱頸部
圖9 離斷前列腺尖部尿道; 圖10 膀胱頸部與尿道殘端吻合; 圖11 連發(fā)鈦夾關(guān)閉Douglas腔前方的壁層腹膜; 圖12 前列腺大體標(biāo)本
保留Retzius間隙的RARP的主要技術(shù)難點(diǎn)有:①操作空間狹小,前列腺體積越大操作空間越狹小,若再合并腺體周圍粘連,則組織分離更加困難,為盡可能顯露術(shù)區(qū)需要排空膀胱并充分提拉膀胱后壁;②膀胱尿道吻合,因前列腺周圍筋膜結(jié)構(gòu)術(shù)中未行分離,在行膀胱頸部和尿道吻合時(shí)存在張力,而且吻合操作為自下而上的反向視野,需要一定的吻合技巧,此時(shí)可更換0°或30°向上鏡頭,并采用帶倒鉤的V-LocTM縫線,自12點(diǎn)位雙針逆時(shí)針連續(xù)減張縫合,前壁吻合完成后,適當(dāng)用力收緊縫線,使膀胱尿道吻合口前壁完全靠攏,插入尿管,繼續(xù)連續(xù)縫合吻合口后壁,最后在12點(diǎn)位線尾打結(jié)。③由于該術(shù)式是完全筋膜內(nèi)切除,對(duì)于中高危,尤其高危的前列腺癌,是否會(huì)增加切緣陽性的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),需要進(jìn)一步觀察。本組病例中有1例切緣陽性,因此應(yīng)嚴(yán)格把握手術(shù)指征。
綜上所述,保留Retzius間隙的RARP治療局限性前列腺癌在技術(shù)上是可行的,術(shù)中能夠完整的保護(hù)與性功能及尿控功能相關(guān)的前列腺周圍的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)。尤其適合對(duì)尿控及勃起功能要求高、小體積、早期的前列腺癌。從腫瘤控制角度及適應(yīng)證范圍,該術(shù)式能夠大規(guī)模推廣,還需要更多病例做長期的隨訪及與傳統(tǒng)入路對(duì)比分析。
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The Retzius-sparing approach for robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: report of 8 cases
HuangShuang1MaXin1ZhuJie1HuangQingbo1AldoMassimoBocciardi2ZhangXu1
(1Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;2Department of Urology, Niguarda Ca'Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy)
Corresponding author: Zhang Xu, xzhang@foxmail.com
Objective: To investigate the feasibility of the Retzius-sparing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) and report the functional and oncologic results of our first 8 cases. Methods: From June 2013 to January 2017, 8 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent this new approach for RARP. The patients were aged from 56 to 71 years old (mean 64), and the BMI was 19.7-24.1 kg/m2(mean 21.6 kg/m2).
The mean preoperative PSA was 7.50 (4.18-11.04) μg/L. Six patients had IIEF-5 ≥21, and 2 IIEF-5 <21. For the biopsy Gleason Score, 7 patients were scored 3+3=6, and the other 1 was scored 3+2=5. All of them were in a low D'Amico risk classification. The operation was performed using a 4 arm da Vinci Si operating system, and theworking channel was set up transperitoneally. The parietal peritoneum was incised at the anterior surface of the Douglas space. Seminal vesicles and deferens vasa were isolated and incised. Denonvillier's fascia was separated by the posterolateral surface of the prostate in an antegrade direction, reaching the prostatic apex, and then the bladder neck was isolated and dissected. The NVB was dissected using double interrupted titanium clips. The resected prostate was placed in a specimen bag after dissecting the prostatic apex. The anastomosis was performed using a continuous suture starting from the 12 o'clock position. The parietal peritoneum at the Douglas space level was finally closed. Results: All the operations were successfully performed. The total operative time was 75-120 min (mean 90 min). The blood loss was 50-200 mL (mean 110 mL) and no blood transfusion was required. Pathologic stage was pT2ain 5 patients, pT2bin 2 patients and pT2cin 1 patient, with positive surgical margin in one case. The postoperative pathologic Gleason score was 3+2=5 in 1 patient, 3+3=6 in 6 patients, and 3+4=7 in 1 patient. The catheter was removed after a mean of 17 (range: 14-21) days. No intra-operative complications occurred. The mean hospital stay was 5 (mean 4-7) days after surgery. All the cases were continent after removal of the catheter. No cases demonstrated vesicourethral stricture and biochemical recurrence during a postoperative follow-up period of 4-41 months. Three months after the operation, 6 patients had satisfactory erectile function (IIEF-5 ≥21). Conclusions: The Retzius-sparing RARP is oncologically safe and results in high early continence and potency rates. Long-term, prospective, comparative, and possibly randomized studies are needed.
Robotic surgery; Prostate cancer; Radical prostatectomy; Retzius-sparing
國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(863 計(jì)劃)(2014AA020607);吳階平醫(yī)學(xué)基金會(huì)臨床科研專項(xiàng)資助基金(320.6750.15228)
張旭,xzhang@foxmail.com
2017-05-06
R737.25
A
10.19558/j.cnki.10-1020/r.2017.04.002