譚前輝
英語(yǔ)中,主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間要求在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。處理主謂一致問(wèn)題一般遵循以下三條原則:
一、語(yǔ)法一致原則:即主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的變化決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的變化形式。
1.一般來(lái)說(shuō),主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式;主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù),其謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①I(mǎi)m a student.②The boys are playing basketball.
2.主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞,不定式(短語(yǔ))或動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①Snow is white.②To see(seeing) is to believe(believing).
3.主語(yǔ)是不定代詞“each, one, much,(a)little, either, neither, another, the other+單數(shù)名詞”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用單數(shù)。
e.g.Each has a cup of tea.
4.主語(yǔ)是“each (either, neither, another, the other, one +of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(代詞)”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)常用單數(shù)。
e.g.①Each of us has a new book.②One of the girls likes dancing very much.
5.主語(yǔ)是由“every, some, any, no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞”時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①I(mǎi)s everyone here? ②Someone is waiting for you.
6.主語(yǔ)是“both(of),(a) few (of), many, several, a number of等加名詞”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①Both of them are workers.②Few of the girls are from Changsha.
7.單數(shù)主語(yǔ)后面跟有“with, together, with, along with, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than, as much as, like, except, besides, but等引導(dǎo)的詞組” 時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①Tom, along with his classmates plays basketball every Sunday.②All but one do well in the exam.
8.由“many a, more than one等修飾單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;若“more than +復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①M(fèi)any a comrade has given his life for the people.②More than two students have read the book.
9.主語(yǔ)是“one or two+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①One or two students havent come.②There are one or two things I want to tell you.
10.由“and或both… and連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)形式的名詞(代詞)詞組作主語(yǔ)”時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①A boy and a girl want to go.②Both rice and wheat are grown in that country.
二、意義一致原則
從意義著眼處理一致的關(guān)系,即主語(yǔ)形式雖為復(fù)數(shù),但意義為單數(shù),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;或主語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù),意義為復(fù)數(shù),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
1.以ics或s結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞,某些疾病,游戲名稱,某些地理名詞和其他專(zhuān)有名詞,以及不可數(shù)名詞“news”等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式。
E.g.①Economics is a vital subject.② News is travelling very fast.
2.主語(yǔ)是單復(fù)數(shù)同形(sheep, dear, fish)詞,謂語(yǔ)要根據(jù)句意決定其單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.① The(This, That) sheep is white.②The(These, Those) sheep are eating grass.
3.主語(yǔ)是“表時(shí)間、距離、重量、價(jià)值等的名詞”時(shí),形式雖為復(fù)數(shù),但作“一個(gè)整體”看待,其謂語(yǔ)常用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①There is only ten minutes left.②Five pounds is quite enough.
4.主語(yǔ)是“trousers,shoes,glasses,clothes”等時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。若其前有單位詞(a/ this/ that/ king/pair+of...),則由單位詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)來(lái)決定謂語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①M(fèi)y trousers are worn out.②This pair of shoes is new.
5.主語(yǔ)是“all(some, half, a lot ,plenty ,any, the rest/last/remainder, most, percent...)+of+名詞”時(shí),若of后是可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,若是不可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①All of books are interesting.②All of the work has been done.endprint
6.主語(yǔ)是集體名詞,如family,class,team,group,crowd等時(shí),謂語(yǔ)要依句意來(lái)定。若名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整體,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);若名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是該集體的各個(gè)成員,謂語(yǔ)則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.①Class tow is a gooel class(視為集體)②Class tow are all out on the playground.
7.主語(yǔ)是某些形容詞,如∶old , young, poor, rich, dead, living, blind, English(英國(guó)人),Chinese(中國(guó)人)等與the連用表示一類(lèi)人或在姓氏的名詞復(fù)數(shù)前加the時(shí),謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。
e.g.①The young have outdone the old.②The Toms' have gone to BeiJing.
8.主語(yǔ)是數(shù)詞,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);主語(yǔ)是個(gè)算式,謂語(yǔ)通常也用單數(shù)。
e.g.Tow and three is five.
9.由and連接的兩個(gè)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),若兩個(gè)名詞指“同一個(gè)人,同一物,同一事或同一概念且and后面的名詞前無(wú)冠詞”時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①The teacher and writer has come.②All work and no play maks jack a dull boy.
10.由and連接的兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)單詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),若在各自前都有every,each,no,each...and...each...,every...and...every...等修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
e.g.①I(mǎi)n china every boy and every girl has the right to go to school.②No teacher and no students has arrived.
三、臨近一致原則∶即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要根據(jù)最靠近它的主語(yǔ)來(lái)決定。
1.在倒裝句以及There be...結(jié)構(gòu)中,如主語(yǔ)是并列的,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般和其后面的第一主語(yǔ)取得數(shù)上的一致。
e.g.①Here comes a bus.②There are two pencils and a knife on the desk.
2.由“or,either,...or,neither...nor,not only...but(also),not...but”等連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)常與最臨近的相一致。
e.g.①Neither you nor he is good at speaking English.②Not only students but also their theacher has gone to the English evening.
參考文獻(xiàn)∶
[1]《實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》(張道真主編)
[2]《新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》(章振邦主編)
[3]《中專(zhuān)英語(yǔ)教材》(廖世翹主編)endprint