孫秀芹,包柄楠,趙 怡,周迎生
·論著·
行冠狀動(dòng)脈重建術(shù)的糖尿病與非糖尿病患者頸動(dòng)脈病變特點(diǎn)研究
孫秀芹,包柄楠,趙 怡,周迎生*
目的 探討行冠狀動(dòng)脈重建術(shù)的糖尿病與非糖尿病患者頸動(dòng)脈病變特點(diǎn)。方法 選取2014年1月—2015年6月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院收治的因冠心病準(zhǔn)備行冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植(CABG)術(shù)的患者461例,根據(jù)是否合并糖尿病分為糖尿病組(n=223)和非糖尿病組(n=238)。術(shù)前采用頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查評(píng)估患者的頸動(dòng)脈病變情況,并分析兩組患者的頸動(dòng)脈病變特點(diǎn)。結(jié)果 兩組患者性別、平均年齡、合并高血壓、缺血性心臟病家族史比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);糖尿病組患者吸煙史低于非糖尿病組,合并血脂異常、腦血管意外史、短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(TIA)史高于非糖尿病患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。糖尿病組患者左主干狹窄、左回旋支≥50%狹窄、左前降支彌漫性狹窄發(fā)生率高于非糖尿病組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者左前降支≥50%狹窄、左回旋支彌漫性狹窄、右冠狀動(dòng)脈彌漫性狹窄、右冠狀動(dòng)脈≥50%狹窄、心房中間支彌漫性狹窄、心房中間支≥50%狹窄發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。糖尿病組患者頸動(dòng)脈病變程度高于非糖尿病組,頸動(dòng)脈≥50%狹窄發(fā)生率高于非糖尿病組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。其中,糖尿病組患者右頸總動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄、右頸動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄、左頸總動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄、左頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、左頸動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄發(fā)生率高于非糖尿病組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者右頸總動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄、右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、左頸動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、右頸動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、左頸總動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、左頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 行冠狀動(dòng)脈重建術(shù)的糖尿病患者發(fā)生嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于非糖尿病患者,主要合并分支為左右頸總動(dòng)脈和頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈。
糖尿病;頸動(dòng)脈狹窄;心肌血管重建術(shù)
孫秀芹,包柄楠,趙怡,等.行冠狀動(dòng)脈重建術(shù)的糖尿病與非糖尿病患者頸動(dòng)脈病變特點(diǎn)研究[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(13):1597-1660,1605.[www.chinagp.net]
SUN X Q,BAO B N,ZHAO Y,et al.Characteristics of carotid artery lesion between diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery reconstruction[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(13):1597-1660,1605.
動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是2型糖尿病大血管病變的病理基礎(chǔ)[1]。頸動(dòng)脈狹窄是缺血性腦卒中的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,冠心病、糖尿病合并頸動(dòng)脈狹窄可能會(huì)帶來更為嚴(yán)重的心腦血管疾病。頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜增厚、斑塊形成對(duì)冠心病的預(yù)測(cè)具有一定價(jià)值[2-3]。較為嚴(yán)重的頸動(dòng)脈病變,如明顯狹窄(狹窄程度≥50%)對(duì)嚴(yán)重冠狀動(dòng)脈病變的預(yù)測(cè)也具有一定臨床意義,分析冠心病、糖尿病合并頸動(dòng)脈狹窄患者的血管病變程度和代謝異常特征,有利于早期篩查嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈病變患者,進(jìn)而為其提供早期綜合治療、改善預(yù)后。本文旨在探討行冠狀動(dòng)脈重建術(shù)的糖尿病與非糖尿病患者頸動(dòng)脈病變特點(diǎn),比較在不同血糖水平行冠狀動(dòng)脈重建術(shù)的患者發(fā)生嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而為臨床確定更加合理的冠狀動(dòng)脈重建術(shù)適應(yīng)證提供依據(jù)。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選取2014年1月—2015年6月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院收治的因冠心病準(zhǔn)備行冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植(CABG)術(shù)的患者461例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈造影確診為冠心病,且存在左主干或多支嚴(yán)重病變[2];(2)心絞痛頻發(fā)或藥物治療下無法緩解。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)伴惡性腫瘤、嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全、嚴(yán)重感染者;(2)合并血液系統(tǒng)疾病、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病者;(3)介入性治療(支架、經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)血管成形術(shù))失敗,或CABG術(shù)后發(fā)生再狹窄者;(4)心肌梗死或合并心肌破裂、心包填塞等嚴(yán)重心臟器質(zhì)性病變,或無存活心肌、經(jīng)手術(shù)無法切實(shí)改善心功能者;(5)合并肺、肝、腎等重要臟器功能障礙者。根據(jù)是否合并糖尿病,將納入患者分為糖尿病組(n=223)和非糖尿病組(n=238),糖尿病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照文獻(xiàn)[4-5]。本研究經(jīng)首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院倫理會(huì)審核通過,納入患者均知情同意。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 一般資料收集 通過查閱病歷收集患者的一般資料,包括性別、年齡、吸煙史、合并高血壓和血脂異常情況、缺血性心臟病家族史、腦血管意外史、短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作(TIA)史等,以>1支/d、連續(xù)5年吸煙為有吸煙史。
1.2.2 冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查 由副主任醫(yī)師或以上職稱的技術(shù)人員,采用日立HVprevi彩色多普勒超聲檢查儀對(duì)患者進(jìn)行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查。術(shù)前1~2 d完善各項(xiàng)必要檢查,包括心臟彩超、常規(guī)心電圖、X線片檢查及常規(guī)生化和凝血項(xiàng)目檢測(cè)等。在局部麻醉情況下,經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈穿刺植入動(dòng)脈鞘,將造影導(dǎo)管送入左右冠狀動(dòng)脈口后多角度緩慢、逐步注入造影劑,超聲監(jiān)測(cè)造影劑在冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)的走形和冠狀動(dòng)脈病變情況。以至少存在1支主要血管或其主要分支血管管腔直徑狹窄≥50%為冠心??;以至少3支主要血管或其主要分支血管管腔直徑狹窄≥50%為多支病變,左主干管腔直徑狹窄≥50%等同于3支病變[6]。
1.2.3 頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查 CABG術(shù)前,由副主任醫(yī)師或以上職稱的技術(shù)人員,采用日立HVprevi彩色多普勒超聲檢查儀檢查患者的頸動(dòng)脈病變情況,該儀器具有實(shí)時(shí)組織彈性成像功能和組織應(yīng)變比值定量分析功能。檢查時(shí)患者取仰臥位,頸后伸,頭偏向被檢側(cè)的對(duì)側(cè)。血管切面先橫軸、后縱軸實(shí)時(shí)顯示頸總動(dòng)脈、顱外段頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈、顱外段頸外動(dòng)脈、竇部二維圖像,檢測(cè)動(dòng)脈內(nèi)徑、動(dòng)脈內(nèi)中膜厚度(IMT)、有無動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊或狹窄。以IMT≥1.0 mm為內(nèi)中膜增厚、IMT≥1.5 mm為斑塊,采用北美有癥狀頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜切除試驗(yàn)法計(jì)算斑塊所致的管腔狹窄程度,狹窄率=〔1-最狹窄處殘腔內(nèi)徑(Ds)/頸動(dòng)脈竇遠(yuǎn)端正常頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈最大直徑(D1)〕×100%。管腔狹窄程度劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:1%~49%為輕度狹窄,50%~69%為中度狹窄,≥70%為重度狹窄;因頸動(dòng)脈直徑狹窄≥50%才會(huì)產(chǎn)生血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變,故本研究主要對(duì)≥50%狹窄患者進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析[7]。
2.1 兩組患者一般資料比較 兩組患者性別、平均年齡、合并高血壓、缺血性心臟病家族史比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者吸煙史、合并血脂異常、腦血管意外史、TIA史比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表1)。
2.2 兩組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變情況比較 兩組患者左主干狹窄、左前降支彌漫性狹窄、左回旋支≥50%狹窄發(fā)生率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者左前降支≥50%狹窄、左回旋支彌漫性狹窄、右冠狀動(dòng)脈彌漫性狹窄、右冠狀動(dòng)脈≥50%狹窄、心房中間支彌漫性狹窄、心房中間支≥50%狹窄發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表2)。
2.3 兩組患者頸動(dòng)脈病變情況比較 兩組患者頸動(dòng)脈病變程度比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=5.13,P<0.05,見表3)。其中,兩組患者頸動(dòng)脈≥50%狹窄的發(fā)生率分別為8.8%(21/238)、19.3%(43/223),兩組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=10.534,P<0.05)。2.4 兩組患者頸動(dòng)脈各支≥50%狹窄發(fā)生率比較 兩組患者右頸總動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄、右頸動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄、左頸總動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄、左頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、左頸動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄、左頸動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄發(fā)生率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者右頸總動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄、右頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、右頸動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、左頸總動(dòng)脈≥70%狹窄、左頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈50%~69%狹窄發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表4)。
表1 兩組患者一般資料比較
注:TIA=短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作;a為t值
表2 兩組患者冠狀動(dòng)脈病變情況比較〔n(%)〕
表4 兩組患者頸動(dòng)脈各支≥50%狹窄發(fā)生率比較〔n(%)〕
表3 兩組患者頸動(dòng)脈病變程度比較〔n(%)〕
Table 3 Comparison of the degree of carotid artery lesions of patients between two groups
組別例數(shù)正常輕度狹窄中度狹窄重度狹窄非糖尿病組238120(50.4)97(40.8)14(5.9)7(2.9)糖尿病組22392(41.2)88(39.5)24(10.8)19(8.5)
糖尿病可增加冠心病、腦血管疾病及外周血管疾病的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在糖尿病的病程中可伴隨動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,而頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性狹窄與缺血性腦卒中的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[8]。冠心病患者中合并頸動(dòng)脈病變的患者為30%~70%,而合并頸動(dòng)脈病變的冠心病患者行冠狀動(dòng)脈重建術(shù)后發(fā)生卒中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,接受CABG術(shù)的患者中頸動(dòng)脈病變的發(fā)生率為2%~21%[9]。BIRINCIOGLU等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),行CABG術(shù)患者的頸動(dòng)脈狹窄病變中,<60%狹窄占46.2%,60%~70%狹窄占7.1%,80%~99%狹窄占4.6%;而合并糖尿病患者中,<60%狹窄占18.5%,60%~79%狹窄占12.5%,80%~99%狹窄占19.4%。本研究中,糖尿病組和非糖尿病組患者<50%狹窄均占40.0%左右,而糖尿病組≥50%狹窄的發(fā)生率高于非糖尿病組,提示合并糖尿病的冠心病患者發(fā)生嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。
MITSUHASHI等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病組患者的頸動(dòng)脈IMT較對(duì)照組高,且CABG術(shù)組患者IMT較非CABG術(shù)組高,大多數(shù)糖尿病合并冠心病患者存在多種血管病變和彌漫性狹窄。PARASKEVAS等[12]的研究結(jié)果顯示,IMT可以準(zhǔn)確反映糖尿病患者合并頸動(dòng)脈、冠狀動(dòng)脈病變情況,對(duì)1組冠心病患者行頸動(dòng)脈超聲檢查提示21%的患者存在頸動(dòng)脈≥50%狹窄,糖尿病、高血壓及TIA史是頸動(dòng)脈病變的危險(xiǎn)因素。動(dòng)脈血管順應(yīng)性降低、硬度增加是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化形成的重要因素[4],而動(dòng)脈緩沖功能的變化則可在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊出現(xiàn)之前產(chǎn)生。頸動(dòng)脈與冠狀動(dòng)脈的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)相似,其動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)病機(jī)制亦相同。既往研究結(jié)果顯示,女性、高齡、吸煙史、合并高血壓、腦血管疾病史是頸動(dòng)脈病變的危險(xiǎn)因素[10]。隨著年齡的增加,血管緊張度和擴(kuò)張性逐漸下降,僵硬度日益增加,提示年齡增長和血管老化、彈性下降、內(nèi)膜增厚、順應(yīng)性下降與僵硬程度的增加一致,均是影響頸動(dòng)脈血管硬度的重要因素[13]。另外,血脂和血糖異常參與冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展,同時(shí)糖尿病往往伴隨血脂異常,而作為冠心病等危癥的糖尿病逐漸引起相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的重視。糖尿病因高血糖和胰島素抵抗,引起動(dòng)脈血管內(nèi)膜下脂質(zhì)沉著、內(nèi)膜變形增厚,平滑肌細(xì)胞增生而形成動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[14]。與心血管病有關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素亦與頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化密切相關(guān),冠狀動(dòng)脈造影發(fā)現(xiàn)冠狀動(dòng)脈損害程度和頸動(dòng)脈病變程度一致,而頸動(dòng)脈的粥樣硬化程度與冠心病的死亡率亦呈正相關(guān)[15],提示頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化程度對(duì)分析糖尿病患者的病情嚴(yán)重度和預(yù)后有著重要價(jià)值。本研究結(jié)果顯示,糖尿病組患者吸煙史低于非糖尿病組,合并血脂異常、腦血管意外史、TIA史高于非糖尿病組,但兩組患者性別、年齡、合并高血壓、缺血性心臟病家族史間無差異,結(jié)果可能還需進(jìn)一步研究的證實(shí)。
綜上所述,行冠狀動(dòng)脈重建術(shù)的糖尿病患者合并嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄發(fā)生率高于未合并糖尿病者,其合并嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈狹窄的分支主要為左右頸總動(dòng)脈和頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈。提示糖尿病患者更易合并嚴(yán)重的頸動(dòng)脈狹窄,應(yīng)盡早篩查出冠心病合并糖尿病患者的嚴(yán)重頸動(dòng)脈病變,以預(yù)防嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。另外,本文為單中心研究,頸動(dòng)脈病變的影響因素和頸動(dòng)脈分支病變特點(diǎn)尚有待進(jìn)一步多中心、大樣本研究的觀察。
作者貢獻(xiàn):孫秀芹進(jìn)行文章的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì),參與研究的實(shí)施與可行性分析、數(shù)據(jù)收集與整理、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理、結(jié)果的分析與解釋、撰寫論文、論文的中英文修訂,負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校,對(duì)文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理;包柄楠、趙怡參與研究的實(shí)施與可行性分析、數(shù)據(jù)收集與整理、撰寫論文、論文的中英文修訂;周迎生參與研究的實(shí)施與可行性分析、數(shù)據(jù)收集與整理、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理、結(jié)果的分析與解釋、撰寫論文、論文的中英文修訂,負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校,對(duì)文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理。
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(本文編輯:王鳳微)
Characteristics of Carotid Artery Lesion between Diabetic Patients and Non-diabetic Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Reconstruction
SUNXiu-qin,BAOBing-nan,ZHAOYi,ZHOUYing-sheng*
DepartmentofEndocrineMetabolism,BeijingAnzhenHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100029,China
Objective To discuss characteristics of carotid artery lesion between diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients undergoing coronary artery reconstruction.Methods 461 patients who were to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) in Beijing Anzhen Hospital,Capital Medical University from January 2014 to June 2015 were selected,and were divided into diabetic group(n=223) and non-diabetic group(n=238).Preoperative carotid artery ultrasonography was used to assess the status of carotid artery lesion of and the characteristics of carotid artery lesions in both groups were analyzed.Results There was no significant difference in gender,average age,incidence of hypertension and family history of ischemic heart disease between the two groups(P>0.05).The history of smoking in diabetic group was lower than that in non-diabetic group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The incidence of dyslipidemia,history of cerebrovascular accident and transient ischemic attack(TIA) in diabetic group was higher than that in non-diabetic group(P<0.05).The incidence of left main branch stenosis,diffuse stenosis of left anterior descending branch and left circumflex artery stenosis≥ 50% in diabetic group was higher than that of non-diabetic group(P<0.05).The incidence of left anterior descending artery stenosis≥ 50%,left circumflex diffuse stenosis,right coronary artery diffuse stenosis,right coronary artery stenosis≥ 50%,atrial interventricular diffuse stenosis and atrial intermediate branch stenosis≥ 50% was not significantly different between two groups(P>0.05).The incidence of carotid artery in diabetic group was higher than that in non-diabetic group.The incidence of carotid artery stenosis≥ 50% in diabetic group was significantly higher than that in non-diabetic group(P<0.05).Among them,the incidence of right common carotid artery stenosis of 50% to 69%,right carotid artery stenosis of 50% to 69%,left common carotid artery stenosis of 50% to 69%,left internal carotid artery stenosis ≥ 70%,left carotid artery stenosis of 50% to 69%,left carotid artery stenosis ≥ 70% in diabetic group was significantly higher than that in non-diabetic group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of right common carotid artery stenosis≥ 70%,right internal carotid artery stenosis of 50% to 69%,right internal carotid artery stenosis≥ 70%,right carotid artery stenosis ≥ 70%,left common carotid artery stenosis ≥ 70%,left internal carotid artery stenosis of 50% to 69% between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The risk of diabetic patients after CABG developing severe carotid artery stenosis is higher than non-diabetic patients,and the main combined branches are left and right common carotid arteries and internal carotid artery.
Diabetes mellitus;Carotid stenosis;Myocardial revascularization
北京市科委科研基金項(xiàng)目(Z131100004013044)——老年糖尿病冠心病患者自我血糖監(jiān)測(cè)方法建立與應(yīng)用
R 587.1 R 543.4
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.13.014
2016-12-16;
2017-03-27)
100029 北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌代謝科
*通信作者:周迎生,主任醫(yī)師;E-mail:Zys626@aliyun.com
*Correspondingauthor:ZHOUYing-sheng,Chiefphysician;E-mail:Zys626@aliyun.com