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肝細(xì)胞癌癌前異型增生結(jié)節(jié)的研究現(xiàn)狀

2017-05-15 01:09焦俊喆李京濤閆曙光魏海梁宋藝君常占杰
臨床肝膽病雜志 2017年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:肝細(xì)胞分化肝硬化

焦俊喆, 李京濤, 閆曙光, 魏海梁, 鞠 迪, 宋藝君, 常占杰

(1 陜西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué), 陜西 咸陽(yáng) 712000; 2 陜西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院, 陜西 咸陽(yáng) 712046)

肝細(xì)胞癌癌前異型增生結(jié)節(jié)的研究現(xiàn)狀

焦俊喆1, 李京濤2, 閆曙光1, 魏海梁2, 鞠 迪1, 宋藝君1, 常占杰2

(1 陜西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué), 陜西 咸陽(yáng) 712000; 2 陜西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院, 陜西 咸陽(yáng) 712046)

異型增生結(jié)節(jié)(DN)是肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)癌前病變向HCC演變的重要階段,具有極高的癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。依據(jù)細(xì)胞異型性的不同,DN可分為低度異型增生結(jié)節(jié)(LGDN)和高度異型增生結(jié)節(jié)(HGDN),總結(jié)了LGDN與HGDN的病理特點(diǎn)、影像學(xué)特征及生物標(biāo)志物,簡(jiǎn)述了DN惡變?yōu)镠CC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大小,指出應(yīng)當(dāng)提高臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)于HCC癌前病變DN的認(rèn)識(shí),通過(guò)對(duì)DN的篩查發(fā)現(xiàn)惡變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高的結(jié)節(jié)并進(jìn)行干預(yù),以防止HCC的發(fā)生。

癌, 肝細(xì)胞; 異型增生結(jié)節(jié); 病理狀態(tài), 體征和癥狀; 生物學(xué)標(biāo)記; 綜述

肝細(xì)胞癌(HCC)是全球最常見(jiàn)和最致命的惡性腫瘤之一,約占癌癥死亡病例的9.2%。過(guò)去15年HCC的發(fā)病率增長(zhǎng)了一倍多,而我國(guó)的HCC新發(fā)病例占全球的50%以上[1]。HCC發(fā)病率高,預(yù)后不良。盡管治療方案不斷改進(jìn),但患者的長(zhǎng)期生存率仍然很低,其最主要的原因是HCC早期階段難以發(fā)現(xiàn)和檢出。大量的研究[2-4]顯示80%~90%的HCC發(fā)生在肝纖維化、肝硬化的基礎(chǔ)上,經(jīng)病理學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)及影像學(xué)研究[5-6]證實(shí),肝硬化-HCC的惡變進(jìn)程中,會(huì)經(jīng)歷一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的HCC癌前病變過(guò)程。HCC的癌前病變表現(xiàn)為[7]:肝細(xì)胞異型增生、異型增生灶、異型增生結(jié)節(jié)(dysplastic nodule,DN)、肝細(xì)胞腺瘤。其中DN的惡變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極高,因此對(duì)于HCC癌前病變中DN的研究具有非常重要的臨床和科研意義。

1 DN的病理特點(diǎn)及本質(zhì)

1.1 DN的病理特點(diǎn) 1995年國(guó)際胃腸病學(xué)大會(huì)國(guó)際工作組將慢性肝病中的結(jié)節(jié)分為再生結(jié)節(jié)、DN及HCC結(jié)節(jié)。DN是指具有不典型增生(存在細(xì)胞質(zhì)和細(xì)胞核異常)而在組織學(xué)上無(wú)惡變證據(jù)[8]、直徑超過(guò)1 cm的肝細(xì)胞群,常見(jiàn)于肝硬化中,也偶見(jiàn)于其他慢性肝病中[9]。DN大多數(shù)直徑為1~1.5 cm,可為單個(gè)或多個(gè)結(jié)節(jié)(數(shù)量常少于10個(gè)),與周?chē)螌?shí)質(zhì)在大小、顏色和組織上有差異。依據(jù)組織學(xué)上細(xì)胞的異型性,可將DN分為低級(jí)異型增生結(jié)節(jié)(low grade dysplastic nodule,LGDN)和高級(jí)異型增生結(jié)節(jié)(high grade dysplastic nodule,HGDN)。兩者的病理特點(diǎn)比較見(jiàn)表1[5,10-12]。

1.2 DN是HCC癌前病變 DN通常被認(rèn)為是HCC癌前病變。HCC不全是DN發(fā)展而來(lái),也可以是肝內(nèi)任何部位發(fā)生惡變,但由DN發(fā)展導(dǎo)致的HCC,HCC結(jié)節(jié)通常位于DN中。對(duì)切除的高分化HCC進(jìn)行取材,發(fā)現(xiàn)幾乎所有高分化HCC均伴有DN。有報(bào)道[13]稱(chēng)DN與其毗鄰的HCC具有非常相似的分子結(jié)構(gòu)改變。DN中LGDN的惡變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小,而HGDN惡變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大,大多數(shù)HCC是由HGDN惡變發(fā)展所致[10,14-15]。HGDN的端粒更短且染色體更加不穩(wěn)定,大多數(shù)HGDN與HCC相似,均強(qiáng)表達(dá)hTERT mRNA,約33%的HGDN表現(xiàn)出更高的端粒酶活性[16]。Kobayashi等[14]對(duì)154例DN患者隨訪,隨訪中位時(shí)間為2.8年時(shí),HGDN、LGDN的惡變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)系數(shù)分別為16.8和2.96。一項(xiàng)對(duì)中國(guó)患者隨訪29個(gè)月的研究[17]表明:1、2、3和4年的癌變率在再生結(jié)節(jié)為3%、5%、9%、12%;在LGDN為29%、35%、38%、44%;在HGDN為38%、41%、51%和51%,說(shuō)明DN是HCC癌前病變且HGDN的出現(xiàn)增加了HCC的發(fā)生和死亡危險(xiǎn)。

表1 LGDN和HGDN的病理特點(diǎn)比較

2 DN的影像學(xué)特征

2.1 DN的超聲表現(xiàn) 超聲是肝臟影像學(xué)檢查中最常用的手段,但是常規(guī)超聲的應(yīng)用對(duì)于DN的檢出率及特異性均差強(qiáng)人意,近幾年來(lái)超聲造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)技術(shù)則提高了DN診斷的特異性。與CT和MRI相比,CEUS具有非腎排泄、實(shí)時(shí)成像能力及血管內(nèi)造影等優(yōu)勢(shì)[18]。CEUS的造影時(shí)相與增強(qiáng)CT相似,都分為動(dòng)脈期、門(mén)靜脈期和延遲期。在CEUS中少數(shù)DN可表現(xiàn)為動(dòng)脈期先于肝實(shí)質(zhì)出現(xiàn)高強(qiáng)化,門(mén)靜脈期和延遲期均與肝實(shí)質(zhì)同等強(qiáng)化,而大多數(shù)DN動(dòng)脈期和門(mén)靜脈期與肝實(shí)質(zhì)同步增強(qiáng)和同步減退。與DN不同的是,典型HCC在CEUS中表現(xiàn)為動(dòng)脈期病灶出現(xiàn)高強(qiáng)化,門(mén)靜脈期或延遲期出現(xiàn)低強(qiáng)化[18]。相比增強(qiáng)CT和MRI,CEUS可對(duì)≤1 cm的早期HCC病灶起到更好的診斷價(jià)值[18]。CEUS可實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控肝內(nèi)DN增強(qiáng)特征,如果出現(xiàn)惡變可早期明確HCC的診斷。通過(guò)結(jié)合常規(guī)超聲和CEUS,有利于DN患者進(jìn)展為HCC的早期診斷。

2.2 DN的CT表現(xiàn) LGDN和HGDN在CT平掃期均表現(xiàn)為較低或等密度。在增強(qiáng)CT的動(dòng)脈期,大多數(shù)LGDN和HGDN均表現(xiàn)為低密度,少數(shù)HGDN可出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)化,可能是由于肝動(dòng)脈供血增加的緣故[19],而LGDN中異常增生血管較少,所以動(dòng)脈期仍是較低或等密度。大多數(shù)的LGDN和HGDN在增強(qiáng)CT的門(mén)靜脈期無(wú)強(qiáng)化,表現(xiàn)為稍低或等密度。少數(shù)HGDN則出現(xiàn)低密度,這與門(mén)靜脈血供減少、動(dòng)脈血供增多有關(guān)[19]。動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)CT是檢出小肝癌較為敏感的技術(shù),但通常不能發(fā)現(xiàn)LGDN與HGDN,因?yàn)镈N的門(mén)靜脈血流量和周?chē)母斡不M織大致相當(dāng)[20]。LGDN與HGDN均不出現(xiàn)假包膜,而大多數(shù)的小肝癌可出現(xiàn)假包膜。2.3 DN的MRI表現(xiàn) MRI對(duì)于DN的檢測(cè)優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯,檢出率最高。臨床上常見(jiàn)LGDN和HGDN在T1WI上常表現(xiàn)為高信號(hào),也可表現(xiàn)為等信號(hào),兩者在T2WI均不表現(xiàn)為高信號(hào)。小肝癌在T1WI中,大多數(shù)表現(xiàn)為略低信號(hào)或等信號(hào)、少部分表現(xiàn)為略高信號(hào),單看T1WI幾乎不能區(qū)別DN與小肝癌。但在T2WI中,絕大部分小肝癌表現(xiàn)為略高信號(hào),少數(shù)表現(xiàn)為等或略低信號(hào),這是鑒別DN和小肝癌的關(guān)鍵性特征[6]。用造影劑超順磁性氧化鐵粒子(superparamagnetic iron oxide,SPIO)做增強(qiáng)MRI檢查能準(zhǔn)確鑒別DN和HCC。因?yàn)镈N中有較多Kupffer細(xì)胞,HCC中Kupffer細(xì)胞較少甚至缺失,而Kupffer細(xì)胞能夠攝取并清除SPIO,所以DN因含有SPIO在T2WI中表現(xiàn)為低信號(hào),相反的,不含SPIO的HCC在T2WI中表現(xiàn)為高信號(hào)[21]。釓塞酸二鈉(Gd-EOB-DTPA,普美顯) 是特異性的肝細(xì)胞對(duì)比造影劑,可以被正常肝細(xì)胞持續(xù)攝取,而不被HCC細(xì)胞及病變細(xì)胞攝取。在DN中,隨著肝細(xì)胞異型性的增加,攝取Gd-EOB-DTPA的能力逐漸下降。對(duì)DN和HCC分別進(jìn)行Gd-EOB-DTPA增強(qiáng)MRI:DN在T2WI 表現(xiàn)低信號(hào),而HCC 在T2WI 常表現(xiàn)為高信號(hào),根據(jù)T2WI信號(hào)不同可鑒別二者[22]。

除了常規(guī)的超聲、CT和MRI等影像學(xué)檢查,還出現(xiàn)了PET-CT、PET-MRI等影像學(xué)“新秀”。PET-CT或PET-MRI獲得的組織學(xué)影像及PET反映的功能代謝活動(dòng)均優(yōu)于單一的成像模式[23]。有研究[24]認(rèn)為PET-CT發(fā)現(xiàn)HCC肝外轉(zhuǎn)移及轉(zhuǎn)移灶數(shù)目及大小比CT與MRI更加準(zhǔn)確,但是PET-CT對(duì)于高分化HCC的特異性并不高,因?yàn)楦叻只疕CC與正常肝組織在PET-CT上顯像相似。PET-MRI可作為PET-CT中高分化HCC的有效補(bǔ)充手段[25]。由于診斷特異性或費(fèi)用等問(wèn)題,使得PET-CT與PET-MRI臨床應(yīng)用并不普遍,但隨著其發(fā)展與普及,對(duì)于肝臟結(jié)節(jié)病變的診斷定能夠提供更加準(zhǔn)確的信息。

2.4 DN惡變的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn) DN癌變的危險(xiǎn)信號(hào)[19]:DN結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)出現(xiàn)脂肪變;結(jié)節(jié)的供血改變(由門(mén)靜脈供血為主轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦蝿?dòng)脈供血為主);出現(xiàn)結(jié)節(jié)中結(jié)節(jié);出現(xiàn)假包膜;Kupffer細(xì)胞功能和數(shù)目減少,攝取清除SPIO能力明顯下降;結(jié)節(jié)進(jìn)行性增大;結(jié)節(jié)直徑大于3 cm。

3 DN的生物標(biāo)志物

3.1 磷脂?;嫉鞍拙厶?3(glypican,GPC3) GPC3是一種細(xì)胞膜表面的硫酸乙酰肝素糖蛋白,具有調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖與分化的作用。GPC3在HCC癌前病變和HCC組織中過(guò)度表達(dá),而在正常肝組織和肝硬化組織中不表達(dá)[26]。HCC癌前病變一旦轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾「伟珿PC3迅速高表達(dá),因而GPC3可用來(lái)區(qū)別HCC結(jié)節(jié)和良性肝結(jié)節(jié)。對(duì)172例肝切除術(shù)后患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[27]GPC3與AFP水平和腫瘤結(jié)節(jié)中癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移呈正相關(guān),肝組織中GPC3的高表達(dá)是術(shù)后無(wú)病生存期短、復(fù)發(fā)和總體生存率下降的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。有報(bào)道[28]顯示,在肝臟切除標(biāo)本中,高分化HCC的GPC3免疫反應(yīng)性是69%、中低分化HCC是81%、HGDN是9%,LGDN無(wú)陽(yáng)性表達(dá)。近期的研究[29]也發(fā)現(xiàn)HGDN的GPC3陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率高于LGDN。說(shuō)明GPC3可作為常規(guī)HCC的篩查指標(biāo)之一,同時(shí),GPC3陽(yáng)性表達(dá)的DN,尤其是高表達(dá)GPC3的HGDN,惡變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。

3.2 角蛋白(cytokeratin,CK)7和CK19 在匯管區(qū)、纖維間隔的內(nèi)外出現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲屬于間質(zhì)浸潤(rùn)。研究[30]發(fā)現(xiàn)間質(zhì)浸潤(rùn)對(duì)于高分化HCC有較高的診斷意義,間質(zhì)浸潤(rùn)有利于高分化HCC和HGDN的鑒別。由于高分化HCC腫瘤細(xì)胞與正常肝細(xì)胞相似,所以往往很難區(qū)分腫瘤細(xì)胞和慢性肝炎或肝硬化時(shí)集中分布在肝門(mén)區(qū)和纖維間隔內(nèi)外的非腫瘤性肝細(xì)胞。CK7和CK19免疫組化染色有助于區(qū)別肝臟腫瘤細(xì)胞間質(zhì)浸潤(rùn)(CK7、CK19陰性)和膽管反應(yīng)(CK7、CK19陽(yáng)性)[31]。通過(guò)對(duì)CK7和CK19進(jìn)行免疫染色,可明顯的區(qū)分高分化HCC腫瘤細(xì)胞與正常肝細(xì)胞。3.3 熱休克蛋白(heat shock protein,HSP)70 HSP70是一種抗細(xì)胞凋亡因子,常在細(xì)胞增殖和腫瘤形成中出現(xiàn)高表達(dá)。高表達(dá)的HSP70可見(jiàn)于包括HCC在內(nèi)的多種腫瘤疾病[32-33]。HSP70在膽管細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核與細(xì)胞質(zhì)中正常表達(dá),在肝細(xì)胞中不表達(dá),但在大多數(shù)的HCC中過(guò)度表達(dá)。Chuma等[34]對(duì)早期和進(jìn)展期HCC的“結(jié)節(jié)中結(jié)節(jié)”進(jìn)行了寡核苷酸陣列分析來(lái)對(duì)比其表達(dá)譜,證實(shí)HSP70的表達(dá)與結(jié)節(jié)分化程度相關(guān);研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)HSP70在早期HCC中表達(dá)高于DN,而與早期HCC相比,進(jìn)展期HCC過(guò)表達(dá)HSP70。HSP70免疫反應(yīng)性,在高分化HCC是78%、中低分化HCC是67%、HGDN是5%、LGDN無(wú)陽(yáng)性表達(dá)[28]。

3.4 谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase,GS) GS催化谷氨酰胺合成,是β-catenin的靶基因,GS過(guò)度表達(dá)與β-catenin的變異和此通路的活化有關(guān)[35]。GS在HCC中的表達(dá)較HGDN中更高(69.8% vs 13.6%),在陽(yáng)性DN中表達(dá)GS的細(xì)胞比例小于50%,而在HCC中表達(dá)GS的細(xì)胞比例大于50%[28]。據(jù)報(bào)道[28],GS的免疫反應(yīng)性在癌前病變、早期HCC和進(jìn)展期HCC呈現(xiàn)遞增趨勢(shì)。HGDN的GS免疫反應(yīng)性是14%、高分化HCC是59%、中低分化HCC是86%。

3.5 CD34抗原 不同于正常的肝動(dòng)脈,DN或小肝癌中新形成的無(wú)膽管伴行的動(dòng)脈叫做非配對(duì)動(dòng)脈。肝竇毛細(xì)血管化是長(zhǎng)期肝硬化組織病理學(xué)的重要改變,其發(fā)生與肝竇的血流增加及血壓增高有關(guān)。肝竇毛細(xì)血管化的形成破壞了肝竇的正常結(jié)構(gòu),使肝內(nèi)微循環(huán)發(fā)生障礙,肝細(xì)胞和血液間氧和營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的交換減弱。有研究[36]對(duì)正常肝臟、肝硬化、DN和高分化HCC進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)正常肝臟無(wú)肝竇毛細(xì)血管化,DN開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)肝竇毛細(xì)血管化,并且在結(jié)節(jié)周邊最明顯,而高分化HCC的肝竇毛細(xì)血管化非常嚴(yán)重。隨著LGDN-HGDN-早期HCC-進(jìn)展期HCC的改變,CD34的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)逐漸增加但并非階梯式的增加[37]。CD34陽(yáng)性表達(dá)只能用于區(qū)別正常肝組織和高分化HCC,而不能用于區(qū)分HGDN和高分化HCC,因?yàn)閮烧叩腃D34陽(yáng)性表達(dá)無(wú)明顯差異。

3.6 增殖細(xì)胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)和Ki-67抗原 PCNA在腫瘤細(xì)胞及正常細(xì)胞增殖時(shí)均可表達(dá),是調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期的重要因子,具有啟動(dòng)細(xì)胞增殖的作用,可用于評(píng)估不同腫瘤細(xì)胞包括HCC細(xì)胞的增殖活性。Ki-67亦常用于細(xì)胞增殖活性的評(píng)估。從LGDN-HGDN-早期HCC-進(jìn)展期HCC,PCNA和Ki-67的表達(dá)逐漸增加,在LGDN中活性很低,僅稍高于肝硬化[38]。檢測(cè)PCNA和Ki-67也有助于評(píng)估肝損傷時(shí)細(xì)胞再生的增殖活性。但是由于沒(méi)有明確區(qū)別多種組織的截?cái)嘀?,所以?duì)細(xì)胞增殖活性進(jìn)行半定量檢測(cè)不能用于區(qū)分HGDN和高分化HCC[39]。

總之,單個(gè)生物標(biāo)志物的特異性及敏感性差強(qiáng)人意,因此,應(yīng)進(jìn)行標(biāo)志物指標(biāo)的聯(lián)合檢測(cè)以增加診斷的敏感性和特異性。目前推薦的免疫染色“套餐”包括HSP70、GPC3和GS,以上3項(xiàng)指標(biāo)中的2項(xiàng)為陽(yáng)性即可考慮為HCC,而排除肝臟DN[28]。

4 DN惡變?yōu)镠CC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

臨床上可根據(jù)DN的病理特點(diǎn)和影像表現(xiàn)來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)惡變?yōu)镠CC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5]。HGDN尺寸增大和CT動(dòng)脈期增強(qiáng)的發(fā)生率超過(guò)LGDN[15],HGDN的惡變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。但是目前對(duì)單個(gè)HGDN結(jié)節(jié)惡性轉(zhuǎn)變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估仍比較困難。DN的尺寸大小、隨訪中DN大小的變化和血管模式的改變都是預(yù)測(cè)惡變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的指標(biāo)。DN惡變?yōu)镠CC風(fēng)險(xiǎn)如表2[5]所示。

表2 DN惡變?yōu)镠CC的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

5 小結(jié)

目前臨床上對(duì)HCC癌前病變DN的重視尚不足。肝穿刺獲得標(biāo)本組織量少、影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)的不典型性、病理組織檢測(cè)技術(shù)的高要求等均是DN早期診斷和治療的影響因素。通過(guò)對(duì)HCC癌前病變DN的深入研究,有望發(fā)展出更好的影像技術(shù)和篩選出更可靠的生物標(biāo)志物來(lái)篩查出癌變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高的結(jié)節(jié)并加以干預(yù)治療,更好地預(yù)防HCC的發(fā)生,從而提高患者的生存期和生活質(zhì)量。

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引證本文:JIAO JZ, LI JT, YAN SG, et al. Current research status of precancerous dysplastic nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(5): 974-978. (in Chinese) 焦俊喆, 李京濤, 閆曙光, 等. 肝細(xì)胞癌癌前異型增生結(jié)節(jié)的研究現(xiàn)狀[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(5): 974-978.

(本文編輯:王 瑩)

Current research status of precancerous dysplastic nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma

JIAOJunzhe,LIJingtao,YANShuguang,etal.

(ShaanxiUniversityofChineseMedicine,Xianyang,Shaanxi712000,China)

Dysplastic nodule (DN) is an important stage for precancerous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions progressing to HCC and has a very high risk of canceration. According to the difference in atypia, DN is classified into low-grade DN (LGDN) and high-grade DN (HGDN). This article summarizes the pathological features, radiological features, and biomarkers of LGDN and HGDN, briefly describes the risk of the canceration of DN into HCC, and points out that it is necessary to enhance the knowledge of DN, the precancerous HCC lesions, in clinical physicians. DN screening to identify nodules with a high risk of canceration and related intervention help to prevent the development of HCC.

carcinoma, hepatocellular; dysplastic nodule; pathological conditions, signs and symptoms; biological markers; review

10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.05.039

2016-11-22;

2016-12-21。

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81603612);陜西省科技廳課題(2012SF2-11,2014K11-02-04-06,2016SF-234);陜西省中醫(yī)藥管理局課題(15-JC009);北京醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)基金會(huì)課題(YJHYXKYJJ-276)

焦俊喆(1993-),男,主要從事肝病相關(guān)研究。

李京濤,電子信箱:lijingtao555@163.com;常占杰,電子信箱:changzhanjie@163.com。

R735.7

A

1001-5256(2017)05-0974-05

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