蔣 冰,劉 騫,黃 波,羅婭紅
1. 遼寧省腫瘤醫(yī)院,中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院病理科,遼寧 沈陽 110042;
2. 遼寧省腫瘤醫(yī)院,中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,遼寧 沈陽 110042
·論著·
乳腺分泌基質(zhì)的癌影像學(xué)及臨床病理特征觀察
蔣 冰1,劉 騫1,黃 波1,羅婭紅2
1. 遼寧省腫瘤醫(yī)院,中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院病理科,遼寧 沈陽 110042;
2. 遼寧省腫瘤醫(yī)院,中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科,遼寧 沈陽 110042
目的:探討乳腺分泌基質(zhì)的癌(matrix-producing carcinoma,MPC)影像學(xué)及臨床病理特征。方法:回顧性分析12例乳腺MPC影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)、病理形態(tài)學(xué)特點、免疫表型、治療及預(yù)后,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻。結(jié)果:患者均為女性,年齡43~74歲,平均50歲。3例患者首診時伴有同側(cè)腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。超聲檢查顯示12例腫瘤均為低回聲結(jié)節(jié)狀病變伴后方回聲增強效應(yīng),乳腺影像報告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System,BI-RADS)分級范圍3~4A級;MRI顯示12例腫瘤T1WI呈環(huán)形增強,T2WI呈高信號,BI-RADS分級范圍4C~5級。12例腫瘤均為單發(fā),最大徑1.5~9.0 cm,肉眼見灰白色結(jié)節(jié)狀或多結(jié)節(jié)融合狀腫塊,界限相對較清,質(zhì)地中等至硬,切面灰白、灰紅,部分區(qū)域黏液半透明狀;鏡檢顯示浸潤癌成分直接過度為黏液軟骨樣基質(zhì),無介于中間的梭形細(xì)胞肉瘤樣化生區(qū);結(jié)節(jié)邊緣浸潤癌成分均為浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌。11例為雌激素受體(estrogen receptor,ER)(-)、孕激素受體(progesterone receptor,PR)(-)、人類表皮生長因子受體2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER-2)/neu(-)的三陰性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC);10例腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)細(xì)胞角蛋白5/6(cytokeratin 5/6, CK5/6)和表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR);所有患者腫瘤細(xì)胞均表達(dá)S-100。12例患者均獲得完整隨訪資料,隨訪時間8~30個月。所有患者均生存至今,9例無瘤存活,1例術(shù)后16個月發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移,1例術(shù)后8個月發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移,1例術(shù)后11個月胸壁復(fù)發(fā)。結(jié)論:乳腺MPC是一類較罕見的特殊類型乳腺癌,其超聲影像學(xué)特點與許多良性病變和腫瘤有所重疊,極易漏診,而MRI診斷乳腺MPC有較高的靈敏度。乳腺MPC在病理形態(tài)學(xué)及免疫表型方面有顯著的特征性表現(xiàn)。
乳腺腫瘤;化生性癌;乳腺分泌基質(zhì)的癌
乳腺分泌基質(zhì)的癌(matrix-producing carcinoma,MPC)是一種罕見的異源性化生性癌,1989年由Wargotz等[1]首先報道。其形態(tài)學(xué)特征是由浸潤性癌直接過度為黏液軟骨和(或)骨樣基質(zhì),而不存在介于其間的梭形細(xì)胞肉瘤樣區(qū)或破骨細(xì)胞。2012版世界衛(wèi)生組織(World Health Organization,WHO)乳腺腫瘤分類將以前的“上皮-間葉混合性化生性癌”更名為“伴有間葉分化的化生性癌”,間葉分化包括骨、軟骨、橫紋肌、神經(jīng)等,MPC歸于此類腫瘤。由于乳腺MPC極少見,發(fā)生率不足浸潤性乳腺癌的1%,國內(nèi)外相關(guān)深入報道十分有限[1-2]。本研究收集12例MPC患者,探討其影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)、病理形態(tài)學(xué)特點、免疫表型、治療及預(yù)后。
1.1 資料
收集遼寧省腫瘤醫(yī)院2011—2015年12例乳腺MPC患者資料,其中5例為外院會診患者。12例患者均獲得完整隨訪資料。
1.2 方法
影像學(xué):主要評價患者超聲及MRI表現(xiàn)。
病理學(xué):取所需患者存檔石蠟塊,由病理學(xué)專家根據(jù)蘇木精-伊紅(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色切片進行形態(tài)學(xué)觀察,確定具有代表性的病變部位,制成4 μm連續(xù)切片。雌激素受體(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受體(progesterone receptor,PR)及人表皮生長因子受體2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER-2)/neu應(yīng)用羅氏全自動免疫組化染色儀(Ventana BenchMark XT)進行免疫組化染色,一抗細(xì)胞角蛋白5/6(cytokeratin 5/6,CK5/6)、癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,EMA)、表皮生長因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)、S-100、P63及二抗均購自福州邁新生物技術(shù)開發(fā)有限公司,按二步法及抗體說明操作。
2.1 臨床資料
12例乳腺MPC患者年齡43~74歲,平均50歲。均為單發(fā)。腫瘤最大徑1.5~9.0 cm。7例腫瘤位于左側(cè)乳腺,5例位于右側(cè)乳腺。具體情況見表1。
表1 12例乳腺MPC臨床資料
2.2 影像學(xué)特點
2.2.1 超聲檢查表現(xiàn)
12例腫瘤形狀從卵圓形、啞鈴形至不規(guī)則形,邊界相對清楚,中央?yún)^(qū)呈低回聲,伴后方回聲增強效應(yīng)(圖1A),7例診斷為乳腺影像報告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System,BI-RADS) 3級,5例診斷為BI-RADS 4A級。
公益性是民間組織的特性之一,也是民間組織秉持的價值觀。民間組織堅持公益的社會價值觀使它們關(guān)注到一些被主流社會,包括政府和市場所忽視的或不愿、無力涉及的領(lǐng)域,在兒童福利領(lǐng)域就表現(xiàn)在目前民間組織為之服務(wù)的一些困境兒童(如孤兒),滿足他們的福利需求是民間組織實現(xiàn)自身公益理念的必然選擇。同時,在孤兒救助中引入民間組織,可以更好地調(diào)動民間力量的積極性,為社會志愿者投身公益事業(yè)提供實踐的平臺,使孤兒救助真正成為全社會關(guān)心的公益事業(yè)。
2.2.2 MRI檢查表現(xiàn)
T1WI顯示環(huán)形增強,T2WI顯示高信號(圖1B),5例診斷為BI-RADS 4C級,7例診斷為BIRADS 5級。
圖1 乳腺分泌基質(zhì)的癌影像學(xué)
2.3 病理學(xué)特點
2.3.1 大體觀察
腫塊形狀從卵圓形、啞鈴形至不規(guī)則形,均為結(jié)節(jié)狀或多結(jié)節(jié)融合狀,邊界均相對清楚,表面灰白,切面灰白、灰紅,部分區(qū)域黏液半透明狀,質(zhì)地中等至硬。
2.3.2 鏡下觀察
6例腫瘤具有清晰邊界,4例腫瘤呈多結(jié)節(jié)推擠性邊緣,其余2例形態(tài)不規(guī)則。12例均由浸潤性癌直接過度為黏液軟骨樣基質(zhì),不存在介于其間的梭形細(xì)胞肉瘤樣區(qū)或破骨細(xì)胞,腫瘤黏液軟骨樣基質(zhì)成分至少占腫瘤整體的10%。9例腫瘤細(xì)胞分布不均,結(jié)節(jié)周圍腫瘤細(xì)胞富集,中央腫瘤細(xì)胞密度??;其余3例可見黏液軟骨樣基質(zhì)背景中腫瘤細(xì)胞均勻彌漫分布,結(jié)節(jié)周圍與中央細(xì)胞密度不存在或僅存在輕微差別。2例腫瘤伴有結(jié)節(jié)中央壞死,8例伴有點灶狀壞死,其余2例無壞死。結(jié)節(jié)邊緣浸潤癌成分均為浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌,2例組織學(xué)分級2級,其余10例均為3級(圖2A~2C)。詳見表2。
11例腫瘤均不表達(dá)ER、PR及HER-2/neu,1例ER約5%弱至中等強度表達(dá)。10例腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)CK5/6和EGFR。所有腫瘤均表達(dá)S-100及EMA。瘤巢周圍P63顯示肌上皮缺失(圖2D~2F)。
圖2 乳腺MPC病理鏡下形態(tài)及免疫組化
2.4 治療及預(yù)后
8例患者行乳腺改良根治術(shù),4例患者行乳腺區(qū)段切除術(shù)及前哨淋巴結(jié)活檢。3例患者首診時伴有同側(cè)腋窩淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。2例患者接受術(shù)前新輔助化療。12例患者均接受術(shù)后輔助化療。4例保乳手術(shù)及3例腋窩淋巴結(jié)有轉(zhuǎn)移者接受術(shù)后放療。
12例患者均獲得完整隨訪資料,隨訪時間8~30個月。所有患者均生存至今,9例無瘤存活,1例術(shù)后16個月發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移,1例術(shù)后8個月發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移,1例術(shù)后11個月胸壁復(fù)發(fā)。
表2 12例乳腺MPC病理學(xué)特點
乳腺化生性癌包含一組腫瘤,其特征為腫瘤性上皮向鱗狀細(xì)胞和(或)間葉成分分化,包括但不局限于梭形細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞、骨細(xì)胞和橫紋肌細(xì)胞。腫瘤可完全由化生成分構(gòu)成,也可由癌和化生區(qū)域混合而成。由于化生性癌具有多種形態(tài)學(xué)表現(xiàn),曾有多種術(shù)語命名,包括癌肉瘤、肉瘤樣癌、伴假肉瘤樣化生性癌、伴假肉瘤樣間質(zhì)的癌、梭形細(xì)胞癌、梭形細(xì)胞化生性腫瘤、產(chǎn)生基質(zhì)的乳腺癌、腺鱗癌、低級別腺鱗癌、鱗狀細(xì)胞癌及纖維瘤病樣化生性癌等[3-5]。盡管許多類型的乳腺化生性癌在形態(tài)學(xué)特征方面有重疊,但不同亞型的腫瘤其生物學(xué)行為有所不同。例如,低級別纖維瘤病樣梭形細(xì)胞癌有較好的預(yù)后[4],而癌肉瘤是高度侵襲性腫瘤[3]。鑒于乳腺化生性癌很少見,僅占所有浸潤性乳腺癌的0.2%~5%[3],國內(nèi)外有關(guān)其亞型的深入報道極為有限。
乳腺MPC是一種罕見的生化性癌,1989年由Wargotz等[1]首先報道。其診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為由浸潤性癌直接過度為黏液軟骨和(或)骨樣基質(zhì),而不存在介于其間的梭形細(xì)胞肉瘤樣區(qū)或破骨細(xì)胞。除2009年Downs-Kelly等報道過32例乳腺MPC外,其余均為小樣本或個案報道[2]。本研究收集了12例乳腺MPC患者,從影像學(xué)、病理形態(tài)學(xué)、免疫表型、治療及預(yù)后等多方面綜合評價其特征性改變。
在影像學(xué)方面,主要評價乳腺MPC的超聲及MRI表現(xiàn)。超聲檢查是乳腺癌篩查的一線檢測手段,本研究中12例腫瘤從卵圓形、啞鈴形至不規(guī)則形,邊界相對清楚,中央?yún)^(qū)呈低回聲,伴后方回聲增強效應(yīng),7例BI-RADS 3級,5例BIRADS 4A級。由此可見,超聲在診斷乳腺MPC方面價值有限,雖然有特征性表現(xiàn),但MPC與其他非腫瘤性病變和良性腫瘤易混淆,從而誤診或漏診。MRI檢查乳腺MPC時,T1WI顯示環(huán)形增強,T2WI顯示高信號,5例BI-RADS 4C級,7例BI-RADS 5級,具有較好的診斷靈敏度,有助于臨床醫(yī)師及時采取有效的后續(xù)治療。
乳腺MPC大體多表現(xiàn)為結(jié)節(jié)狀或多結(jié)節(jié)融合狀腫塊,切面灰白、灰紅,部分區(qū)域呈黏液半透明狀,質(zhì)地中等至硬。鏡下特征為浸潤性癌成分直接過度為黏液軟骨樣基質(zhì)。根據(jù)黏液軟骨樣基質(zhì)及腫瘤細(xì)胞的分布情況,可分為周圍型和彌漫型[1]。周圍型結(jié)節(jié)周邊腫瘤細(xì)胞富集,呈不規(guī)則條索狀、小梁狀分布,由外向內(nèi)腫瘤細(xì)胞逐步減少而黏液軟骨樣基質(zhì)逐步增多,中央?yún)^(qū)除黏液軟骨樣基質(zhì)背景外,可伴有出血及壞死。彌漫型結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)可見腫瘤細(xì)胞較為均勻一致的彌漫分布,結(jié)節(jié)中央及周圍細(xì)胞密度僅有少許差別或無明顯差別[1-2]。本研究中,9例周圍型為主,3例彌漫型為主。
乳腺MPC的起源至今尚未明確,少數(shù)研究顯示其可能起源于肌上皮或一種具有多向分化潛能的干細(xì)胞,而非成熟的上皮或肌上皮[1,6]。本研究中,所有病例均表達(dá)S-100蛋白。雖然Wargotz等[1]研究中MPC與對照組浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌的預(yù)后沒有明顯差別,但隨后Downs-Kelly等[2]的研究則提示,與對照組浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌相比,MPC具有較高的局部復(fù)發(fā)率和遠(yuǎn)隔轉(zhuǎn)移率。有研究表明,10%~15%的乳腺癌患者2年內(nèi)發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移[7],三陰性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移能力相對更強[8]。本研究中,11例乳腺MPC均為TNBC [ER(-)、PR(-)、HER-2/neu(-)],1例術(shù)后16個月發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移,1例術(shù)后8個月發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移,1例術(shù)后11個月胸壁復(fù)發(fā),與以前研究較一致。此外,10例腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)TNBC基底細(xì)胞亞型標(biāo)記CK5/6和EGFR。由于TNBC細(xì)胞多表達(dá)EGFR,近年來很多學(xué)者致力于EGFR單克隆抗體及酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)在TNBC治療中的研究。Corkery等[9]通過體外實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),吉非替尼增加了卡鉑和多西他賽在TNBC細(xì)胞中的作用,三者在TNBC中的作用是協(xié)同的。TNBC細(xì)胞系對EGFR抑制劑的反應(yīng)與絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)和蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B,PKB)磷酸化減少和誘導(dǎo)G1期阻滯有關(guān)。Thome等[10]報道一項使用吉西他濱聯(lián)合厄洛替尼治療轉(zhuǎn)移性乳腺癌的Ⅱ期臨床研究,包括20例TNBC,部分緩解率達(dá)25%。由于乳腺MPC極罕見,大樣本研究甚少,其治療及預(yù)后尚需進一步研究。
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Radiographic and clinicopathologic observation of matrix-producing carcinoma of the breast
JIANG Bing1, LIU Qian1, HUANG Bo1, LUO Yahong2
(1. Department of Pathology, Liaoning Province Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, China; 2. Department of Radiology, Liaoning Province Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, China)
LUO Yahong E-mail: cjr.luoyahong@vip.163.com
Objective:To investigate the radiographic and clinicopathologic characteristics of matrix-producing carcinoma (MPC) of the breast.Methods:A total of 12 cases diagnosed as MPC of the breast were retrospectively analyzed for radiographic and clinicopathologic fi ndings, immunophenotypes, treatment and prognosis, followed with review of the literatures.Results:The patients were all female, mean age 50 years (range 43-74 years). A relative well-circumscribed hypoechoic nodular lesion with posterior echo pattern was revealed by ultrasonography, with Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) categories 3-4A. MRI revealed a low-intensity tumor with T1 imaging and a high-intensity tumor with T2 imaging, with BI-RADS categories 4C-5. All patients were single mass. The size of tumors was 1.5-9.0 cm. Macroscopically, the tumor showed relatively well-circumscribed pale nodular lesion, with mucilaginous edge in some area. On microscopic evaluation, all the invasive components showed an abrupt transition to chondromyxoid matrix without an intervening spindle cell sarcomatoid component. The overt invasive carcinoma components were all invasive ductal carcinoma. On immnuohistochemical evaluation, 11 cases were triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Ten cases were positive for cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). All cases were positive for S-100 protein. Follow-up information of all cases were obtained. Follow-up time ranged 8-30 months. At the time of initial diagnosis, 3 patients had axillary lymph node metastasis. All patients were surviving. Nine patients were surviving with diseasefree, one patient had lung metastasis 16 months after surgery, one patient had lung metastasis 8 months after surgery, and one patient had recurrence in thoracic wall 11 months after surgery.Conclusion:MPC of the breast is an extremely rare variant carcinoma of the breast, and its ultrasonographic features were similar to many lesions or tumors, always leading to missed diagnosis. MRI had relatively higher sensitivity in the diagnosis of MPC of the breast. Thorough understanding of the pathological features of this disease and usage of immunochemical panel could make the patients benef i t from the subsequent treatment.
Breast neoplasm; Metaplastic carcinoma; Matrix-producing carcinoma of the breast
R737.9
A
1008-617X(2017)02-0136-05
2017-01-22
2017-02-14)
國家公益性行業(yè)專項基金項目(No:201402020)
羅婭紅 E-mail:cjr.luoyahong@vip.163.com