龍 爍 張海軍 武書庚 王曉翠 王 晶 齊廣海(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院飼料研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部飼料生物技術(shù)重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,生物飼料開發(fā)國(guó)家工程研究中心,北京100081)
胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞蛋品質(zhì)、抗氧化能力和蛋中硒含量的影響
龍 爍 張海軍*武書庚*王曉翠 王 晶 齊廣海
(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院飼料研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部飼料生物技術(shù)重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,生物飼料開發(fā)國(guó)家工程研究中心,北京100081)
本試驗(yàn)旨在研究飼糧中添加硒代胱氨酸(SeC)、L-硒甲基硒代半胱氨酸(L-MSC)、L-硒代半胱氨酸(L-SeCys)和亞硒酸鈉(SS)對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能、蛋品質(zhì)、抗氧化能力和蛋中硒含量的影響,以期為富硒雞蛋的生產(chǎn)提供依據(jù)。選用26周齡體況良好、產(chǎn)蛋率接近的海蘭灰蛋雞450只,隨機(jī)分為5個(gè)組,每組6個(gè)重復(fù),每個(gè)重復(fù)15只雞。對(duì)照組飼喂基礎(chǔ)飼糧(不額外補(bǔ)充硒),其他4組飼糧在基礎(chǔ)飼糧中添加0.30 mg/kg硒,分別來自SeC、L-MSC、L-SeCys和SS,各組飼糧中硒含量實(shí)測(cè)值分別為0.08(對(duì)照組)、0.36(SeC組)、0.35(L-MSC組)、0.31(L-SeCys組)和0.37(SS組) mg/kg。預(yù)試期1周,正試期4周。結(jié)果表明:1)與SS組和對(duì)照組相比,胱氨酸類硒源各組產(chǎn)蛋雞的平均蛋重、產(chǎn)蛋率和料蛋比均無顯著差異(P>0.05)。L-SeCys組平均日采食量在試驗(yàn)1~2周時(shí)顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。2)與SS組和對(duì)照組相比,胱氨酸類硒源各組產(chǎn)蛋雞的蛋白高度、哈氏單位、蛋殼強(qiáng)度、蛋形指數(shù)、蛋黃和蛋白比例均無顯著差異(P>0.05)。試驗(yàn)第4周末,SS組蛋黃顏色顯著高于其他各組(P<0.05);SeC和SS組蛋殼厚度顯著高于其他各組(P<0.05),L-MSC和L-SeCys組蛋殼厚度顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);對(duì)照組蛋殼比例顯著低于各試驗(yàn)組(P<0.05)。3)與SS組和對(duì)照組相比,胱氨酸類硒源各組產(chǎn)蛋雞的血漿谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性顯著升高(P<0.05);SeC和SS組血漿總超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);胱氨酸類硒源各組血漿丙二醛(MDA)含量與SS組相比無顯著差異(P>0.05);對(duì)照組血漿總抗氧化能力(T-AOC)顯著低于其他各組(P<0.05),L-MSC組的血漿T-AOC最高,顯著高于SS組(P<0.05)。4)與對(duì)照組相比,飼糧中添加胱氨酸類硒源顯著提高了蛋中硒含量(P<0.05),其中L-MSC組最高;胱氨酸類硒源各組蛋中硒含量和硒轉(zhuǎn)化率均高于SS組(P>0.05)。由此可見,飼糧中添加3種胱氨酸類硒源可增強(qiáng)機(jī)體抗氧化水平,提高蛋中硒含量,其中SeC和L-MSC效果更好。
蛋雞;硒源;抗氧化能力;蛋中硒含量
硒是動(dòng)物機(jī)體的必需微量元素,作為谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性中心的組成成分,硒可以調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)的氧化還原狀態(tài),在機(jī)體抗氧化方面也有至關(guān)重要的作用[1]。硒還能維持公禽的精液質(zhì)量,有利于生育繁殖,可維持發(fā)育中胚胎的抗氧化系統(tǒng)[2],且有抗癌作用[3]。硒在生物體內(nèi)主要以有機(jī)硒的形式存在,主要為含硒氨基酸和蛋白質(zhì)。其中,硒代氨基酸包括硒代胱氨酸(selenocystine,SeC)和硒代蛋氨酸(selenomethionine,SeMet)等。隨著對(duì)硒研究的不斷深入,人們逐漸意識(shí)到通過飲食攝入適量的硒對(duì)維持身體健康具有重要的意義,因此富硒雞蛋受到越來越廣泛的關(guān)注。國(guó)內(nèi)的補(bǔ)硒劑包括有機(jī)硒和以亞硒酸鈉(sodium selenite,SS)為主的無機(jī)硒化合物。SS的利用率和安全系數(shù)較低,有些國(guó)家已經(jīng)限制SS作為硒營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑的應(yīng)用。與無機(jī)硒相比,有機(jī)硒更易在機(jī)體組織器官中存留[2]。作為硒代氨基酸,SeC是一種選擇性高、毒性低的抗腫瘤藥物,能誘導(dǎo)人類乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡[4]。硒代半胱氨酸(selencysteine,SeCys)可能是人體的第21種必需氨基酸[5],L-硒代半胱氨酸(L-selencysteine,L-SeCys)是SeCys的左旋結(jié)構(gòu)。L-硒甲基硒代半胱氨酸(L-Se-methylselenocysteine,L-MSC)是SeCys的甲基化衍生物,為甲基硒的重要前體物質(zhì),已被衛(wèi)生部批準(zhǔn)為新型營(yíng)養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化劑(食品添加劑新品種2009年第9號(hào)公告),作為第3代補(bǔ)硒營(yíng)養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化劑和廣譜抗癌劑,其應(yīng)用前景廣闊[6]。缺硒會(huì)引發(fā)健康問題,硒過量也會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生不良影響,我國(guó)飼料添加劑安全使用規(guī)范(農(nóng)業(yè)部公告第1224號(hào))和歐洲管理執(zhí)行委員會(huì)(commission implementing regulation No.427/2013)[7]均推薦家禽配合飼料中硒的最高限量為0.5 mg/kg。研究表明,蛋中硒含量在飼喂含硒飼糧第4~21天內(nèi)增加[8-9],飼糧中添加0.3 mg/kg硒[酵母硒(YSe)和SS]對(duì)生產(chǎn)性能影響不顯著,但顯著增加蛋中硒含量[10-12]。目前關(guān)于比較SeC、L-MSC、L-SeCys等有機(jī)硒與SS對(duì)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能和蛋中硒含量影響的研究較少。鑒此,本研究旨在比較飼糧中添加相同劑量的SeC、L-MSC、L-SeCys和SS對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能、蛋品質(zhì)、抗氧化能力、蛋中硒含量和硒轉(zhuǎn)化率的影響,以期為開發(fā)新硒源和生產(chǎn)富硒雞蛋提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料與試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
試驗(yàn)用硒源見表1。試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物為26周齡體況良好、產(chǎn)蛋率接近的海蘭灰蛋雞。
表1 試驗(yàn)用硒源
1.2 試驗(yàn)飼糧與飼養(yǎng)管理
參照《雞飼養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(NY/T 33—2004)配制基礎(chǔ)飼糧,基礎(chǔ)飼糧組成及營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平見表2。試驗(yàn)雞采用4層立體籠養(yǎng),每籠3只,采用隨機(jī)編號(hào)安排組位,避免環(huán)境和位置的影響。自由采食和飲水,自然光照加人工補(bǔ)光(16 h/d),相對(duì)濕度50%~60%,自然通風(fēng)結(jié)合縱向負(fù)壓通風(fēng);每天清糞2次,每周消毒1次,常規(guī)免疫。預(yù)試期1周,正試期4周。
1.3 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)選用26周齡體況良好、產(chǎn)蛋率接近的海蘭灰蛋雞450只,隨機(jī)分為5組,每組6個(gè)重復(fù),每個(gè)重復(fù)15只雞。對(duì)照組飼喂基礎(chǔ)飼糧(不額外補(bǔ)充硒),SeC、L-MSC、L-SeCys和SS組飼糧在基礎(chǔ)飼糧中以不同形式的硒源添加0.30 mg/kg硒,飼糧中硒含量實(shí)測(cè)值分別為0.08(對(duì)照組)、0.36(SeC組)、0.35(L-MSC組)、0.31(L-SeCys組)和0.37(SS組) mg/kg。
1.4 測(cè)定指標(biāo)與方法
1.4.1 生產(chǎn)性能
每天09:30收蛋,以重復(fù)為單位記錄蛋重、產(chǎn)蛋數(shù)、軟破蛋及異形蛋數(shù),計(jì)算平均蛋重和產(chǎn)蛋率。每周定時(shí)結(jié)料、稱重,以重復(fù)為單位計(jì)算平均日采食量和料蛋比。
平均蛋重(g)=總產(chǎn)蛋量/雞蛋總數(shù);
產(chǎn)蛋率(%)=100×總產(chǎn)蛋數(shù)/(雞只數(shù)×天數(shù));
平均日采食量(g)=總采食量/(雞只數(shù)×天數(shù));
料蛋比=總耗料量/總蛋重。
表2 基礎(chǔ)飼糧組成及營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平(風(fēng)干基礎(chǔ))
1)維生素和礦物質(zhì)預(yù)混料為每千克飼糧提供 Vitamin and mineral premix provided the following per kg of the diet: VA 12 500 IU,VD34 125 IU,VE 15 IU,VK 2 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 1 mg,核黃素 riboflavin 8.5 mg,泛酸鈣 calcium pantothenate 50 mg,煙酸 niacin 32.5 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 8 mg,生物素 biotin 2 mg,二氫葉酸 dihydrofolate 5 mg,VB125 mg,膽堿 choline 500 mg,Mn 65 mg,I 1 mg,F(xiàn)e 60 mg,Cu 8 mg,Zn 66 mg。
2)代謝能和有效磷為計(jì)算值,其余均為實(shí)測(cè)值。ME and AP were calculated values, while the others were measured values.
1.4.2 蛋品質(zhì)
試驗(yàn)第2和4周末,每重復(fù)隨機(jī)取3枚蛋,測(cè)定蛋品質(zhì)。采用SONOVA蛋品質(zhì)自動(dòng)分析儀(Egg AnalyzerTM,Orka Technology Ltd.)測(cè)定蛋重、蛋白高度、哈氏單位和蛋黃顏色;蛋殼強(qiáng)度分析儀(Egg Force Reader,Orka Technology Ltd.)測(cè)定蛋殼強(qiáng)度;蛋殼厚度測(cè)定儀(Eggshell Thickness Gauge,Orka Technology Ltd.)測(cè)定蛋殼厚度;蛋形指數(shù)測(cè)定儀(Egg Index Reader,F(xiàn)ujibira Industry Co., Ltd.)測(cè)量蛋形指數(shù)。蛋成分分析:全蛋、蛋殼、蛋黃和蛋清分別稱重,并統(tǒng)計(jì)蛋殼、蛋白和蛋黃比例。
1.4.3 血漿抗氧化指標(biāo)
試驗(yàn)第4周末,每重復(fù)隨機(jī)取2只雞,空腹翅靜脈采集抗凝血,4 000 r/min、4 ℃離心10 min制備血漿,分裝,-20 ℃保存。比色法測(cè)定血漿GSH-Px活性和總抗氧化能力(T-AOC),黃嘌呤氧化酶法測(cè)定血漿總超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性,硫代巴比妥酸法測(cè)定血漿丙二醛(MDA)含量。上述指標(biāo)均采用南京建成生物工程研究所試劑盒測(cè)定,嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明書操作。
1.4.4 蛋中硒含量
利用氫化物-原子熒光光譜法(GB 5009.93—2010)測(cè)定全蛋液中硒含量。于試驗(yàn)第4周末,每重復(fù)隨機(jī)取2枚蛋,去殼,蛋液混勻,凍干。電熱板加熱消解:稱凍干全蛋粉2 g,置消化瓶,加入10.0 mL混合酸(硝酸與高氯酸體積比為9∶1),放幾粒玻璃珠,加蓋表面皿,靜置過夜,電熱板加熱,期間及時(shí)補(bǔ)加硝酸溶液,溶液變?yōu)榍辶翢o色,且有白煙時(shí),繼續(xù)加熱至剩余2 mL,冷卻,加入5.0 mL鹽酸,繼續(xù)加熱至溶液變?yōu)榍辶翢o色并伴有白煙,此時(shí)將六價(jià)硒還原為四價(jià)。冷卻,轉(zhuǎn)移至50 mL容量瓶,定容,混勻備用。取10.0 mL消化液,于15 mL離心管,加鹽酸(6 mol/L)2.0 mL、鐵氰化鉀(100 g/L)1.0 mL,混勻。利用原子熒光光譜儀測(cè)定硒含量,同時(shí)設(shè)空白對(duì)照(超純水)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品對(duì)照(硒標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照物GBW8551)。
1.4.5 蛋中硒轉(zhuǎn)化率
根據(jù)料蛋比,計(jì)算蛋中硒轉(zhuǎn)化率:
蛋中硒轉(zhuǎn)化率(%)=100×1 kg雞蛋硒含量/
生產(chǎn)1 kg雞蛋所攝入的總硒含量。
1.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用SPSS 19.0進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用Duncan氏法進(jìn)行多重比較,以P<0.05作為顯著性標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以P<0.01作為極顯著性標(biāo)準(zhǔn),結(jié)果以“平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差”表示。
2.1 胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的影響
由表3可知,與SS組和對(duì)照組相比,胱氨酸類硒源各組產(chǎn)蛋雞的平均蛋重、產(chǎn)蛋率和料蛋比均無顯著差異(P>0.05);L-SeCys組平均日采食量在試驗(yàn)1~2周時(shí)顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),其余各組平均日采食量無顯著差異(P>0.05)。結(jié)果表明,飼糧中添加相同水平的不同硒源,胱氨酸類硒源在一定程度上降低了產(chǎn)蛋雞的平均日采食量,而對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋率、平均蛋重和料蛋比均無顯著影響。
表3 飼糧中添加胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的影響
同行數(shù)據(jù)肩標(biāo)不同小寫字母表示差異顯著(P<0.05),相同或無字母表示差異不顯著(P>0.05)。下表同。
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.
2.2 胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞蛋品質(zhì)的影響
由表4可知,與SS組和對(duì)照組相比,胱氨酸類硒源各組產(chǎn)蛋雞的蛋白高度、哈氏單位、蛋殼強(qiáng)度、蛋形指數(shù)、蛋黃和蛋白比例均無顯著差異(P>0.05),但胱氨酸類硒源各組第4周末的哈氏單位均高于SS組,且各試驗(yàn)組的蛋白高度均高于對(duì)照組。試驗(yàn)第4周末,SS組蛋黃顏色顯著高于其他各組(P<0.05);SeC和SS組蛋殼厚度顯著高于其他各組(P<0.05),L-MSC和L-SeCys組蛋殼厚度顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);對(duì)照組的蛋殼比例顯著低于各試驗(yàn)組(P<0.05)。結(jié)果表明,蛋雞飼糧中補(bǔ)充適量硒能提高蛋黃顏色,增加蛋殼厚度和蛋殼比例,在一定程度上提高蛋白高度和哈氏單位。
表4 飼糧中添加胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞蛋品質(zhì)的影響
續(xù)表4項(xiàng)目Items時(shí)間Time/周組別Groups對(duì)照Control硒代胱氨酸SeCL-硒甲基硒代半胱氨酸L?MSCL-硒代半胱氨酸L?SeCys亞硒酸鈉SSSEMP值P?value蛋黃顏色Yolkcolor24.72±0.254.99±0.194.92±0.164.75±0.315.08±0.410.0600.11145.06±0.49b5.30±0.61b5.25±0.32b5.08±0.17b6.08±0.50a0.1300.006蛋殼強(qiáng)度Eggshellstrength/(N/m2)236.57±5.1436.07±1.5635.48±2.4137.86±3.1939.56±3.460.7600.532439.78±3.1539.71±5.6240.29±2.5739.24±2.5839.30±2.010.9200.337蛋殼厚度Eggshellthickness/mm20.43±0.020.43±0.010.42±0.010.43±0.010.45±0.020.0030.19740.34±0.01c0.43±0.02a0.40±0.02b0.38±0.02b0.43±0.02a0.008<0.010蛋形指數(shù)Eggshapeindex21.31±0.021.33±0.011.32±0.021.32±0.011.34±0.010.0040.81241.33±0.011.32±0.001.33±0.021.34±0.031.33±0.010.0040.836蛋殼比例Eggshellpercentage/%29.34±0.57b10.08±0.27a10.63±0.21a10.54±0.49a10.46±0.17a0.140<0.01049.50±0.309.57±0.219.93±0.419.79±0.169.74±0.210.0650.207蛋黃比例Yolkpercentage/%226.27±0.7626.27±0.8226.83±0.8725.63±1.1825.90±1.330.2100.519426.49±0.9325.19±1.4925.86±0.7125.36±0.8626.38±1.480.2700.333蛋白比例Albumenpercentage/%264.38±0.8064.43±4.2262.63±0.7962.65±2.2962.59±2.220.4800.529463.39±1.4765.29±1.3964.21±0.7364.85±0.7363.87±1.650.2900.209
2.3 胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞血漿抗氧化指標(biāo)的影響
由表5可知,與SS組和對(duì)照組相比,胱氨酸類硒源各組產(chǎn)蛋雞的血漿GSH-Px活性顯著升高(P<0.05),SeC、L-SeCys和L-MSC組的血漿GSH-Px活性分別比SS組提高了141.42%、83.59%和117.33%。胱氨酸類硒源各組的血漿T-SOD活性與SS組相比無顯著差異(P>0.05),SeC和SS組血漿T-SOD活性顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),L-SeCys和L-MSC組血漿T-SOD活性也高于對(duì)照組(P>0.05)。胱氨酸類硒源各組的血漿MDA含量與SS組相比無顯著差異(P>0.05)。對(duì)照組血漿T-AOC顯著低于其他各組(P<0.05),L-MSC組的血漿T-AOC最高,顯著高于SS組(P<0.05)。結(jié)果表明,飼糧中添加硒源能提高產(chǎn)蛋雞的機(jī)體抗氧化水平。
2.4 胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞蛋中硒含量和硒轉(zhuǎn)化率的影響
由表6可知,與對(duì)照組相比,飼糧中添加胱氨酸類硒源顯著提高了蛋中硒含量(P<0.05),其中L-MSC組最高;與SS組相比,SeC、L-MSC和L-SeCys組蛋中硒含量分別提高了12.00%、27.90%和4.63%(P>0.05)。硒源對(duì)蛋中硒轉(zhuǎn)化率有一定的影響,4種硒源蛋中硒轉(zhuǎn)化率順序?yàn)長(zhǎng)-MSC>L-SeCys>SeC>SS;胱氨酸類硒源各組蛋中硒轉(zhuǎn)化率均高于SS組(P>0.05)。
3.1 胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的影響
硒是人和動(dòng)物機(jī)體必需的微量元素之一,缺硒會(huì)引發(fā)克山病、骨節(jié)病和地氟病等疾病,硒還具有抗氧化、抗應(yīng)激、提高免疫力和抗癌等功能[12]。本試驗(yàn)表明,與SS組相比,飼糧中添加0.3 mg/kg硒(胱氨酸類硒源)對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞的生產(chǎn)性能無顯著影響。研究表明,飼糧中添加0.3 mg/kg硒(SeMet、YSe和SS)對(duì)蛋雞的生產(chǎn)性能無顯著影響,0.1、0.3和0.5 mg/kg硒(SeMet)對(duì)蛋雞的生產(chǎn)性能也無顯著影響[8];有機(jī)硒或無機(jī)硒對(duì)蛋雞的生產(chǎn)性能也無顯著影響[10-11,13];富硒益生菌能顯著增加蛋雞的產(chǎn)蛋率和平均蛋重,降低料蛋比,這與益生菌直接相關(guān)[14]。蛋雞的生產(chǎn)性能和對(duì)硒元素的敏感性受飼糧和蛋雞的品種、日齡及機(jī)體代謝情況等因素的影響,所以飼糧中添加不同來源和水平的硒對(duì)生產(chǎn)性能的影響有別[15]。本試驗(yàn)選用了開產(chǎn)到高峰期過度的海蘭灰蛋雞,雞體內(nèi)的代謝和抗氧化能力均處于旺盛時(shí)期,生產(chǎn)性能受外界飼糧因素的影響較?。辉囼?yàn)1~2周,L-SeCys組的平均日采食量顯著低于對(duì)照組,但與SS組相比無顯著差異,可能是因?yàn)樵囼?yàn)初期蛋雞未適應(yīng)飼糧中添加的硒源;隨著飼喂時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),各組的平均日采食量無顯著差異,產(chǎn)蛋率和平均蛋重均在增加,與SS相比,SeC、L-MSC、L-SeCys對(duì)蛋雞生產(chǎn)性能的改善作用更強(qiáng)。
表5 飼糧中添加胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞血漿抗氧化指標(biāo)的影響
表6 飼糧中添加胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞蛋中硒含量和硒轉(zhuǎn)化率的影響
3.2 胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞蛋品質(zhì)的影響
蛋雞品種、產(chǎn)蛋日齡、營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平和疾病等均影響蛋品質(zhì)。蛋白高度和哈氏單位是衡量雞蛋蛋白質(zhì)量和新鮮度的重要指標(biāo)[14]。研究表明,飼糧中添加0.3 mg/kg硒,YSe組蛋雞的哈氏單位高于SS組,但差異不顯著[11]。本試驗(yàn)研究表明,胱氨酸類硒源各組第4周末產(chǎn)蛋雞的哈氏單位均高于SS組,且各試驗(yàn)組的蛋白高度均高于對(duì)照組,說明胱氨酸類硒源有提高哈氏單位的趨勢(shì)。孫慶艷等[15]研究表明,飼糧添加不同來源和水平的硒,對(duì)常規(guī)蛋品質(zhì)均無顯著影響,但與對(duì)照組相比,添加硒組的蛋殼厚度略有增加,蛋黃顏色均有加深。本試驗(yàn)研究表明,飼糧中添加胱氨酸類硒源和SS對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞的蛋形指數(shù)和蛋殼強(qiáng)度均無顯著影響;試驗(yàn)第4周,SeC和SS組蛋殼厚度相同,顯著高于其他各組,L-MSC和L-SeCys組蛋殼厚度顯著低于SS組,對(duì)照組的蛋殼厚度顯著低于各試驗(yàn)組。研究表明,YSe能夠增加蛋殼厚度,但無顯著差異[14],說明硒能改善雞蛋的蛋殼品質(zhì),可能是通過提高抗氧化能力來保護(hù)蛋殼[15],SeC和SS對(duì)蛋殼厚度的作用效果優(yōu)于L-MSC和L-SeCys。
3.3 胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞血漿抗氧化能力的影響
T-AOC是衡量機(jī)體抗氧化能力的綜合指標(biāo)[15],食用有機(jī)硒能極顯著提高肝臟的T-AOC[18]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,胱氨酸類硒源各組產(chǎn)蛋雞的血漿T-AOC均高于SS組,其中L-MSC組的血漿T-AOC最高,顯著高于SS組;與對(duì)照組相比,飼糧中添加不同硒源均顯著提高了血漿T-AOC。有機(jī)硒提高T-AOC,主要與GSH-Px活性的提高有關(guān),有機(jī)硒中的硒比SS更容易構(gòu)成GSH-Px的活性中心[18]。
MDA是機(jī)體脂質(zhì)過氧化的產(chǎn)物,隨著體內(nèi)氧自由基的活性增強(qiáng),氧化作用增強(qiáng),MDA含量升高,抗氧化作用減弱。研究表明,YSe可極顯著降低血清MDA含量[15,19],顯著降低肝臟MDA含量,提高肉雞血漿GSH-Px活性,極顯著提高肝臟T-AOC[18]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,胱氨酸類硒源各組的血漿MDA含量與SS組相比無顯著差異;與對(duì)照組相比,飼糧中添加不同硒源均降低了血漿MDA含量。因?yàn)轱暭Z中添加一定量硒元素能提高GSH-Px和T-SOD的活性,后者能抑制MDA的產(chǎn)生,從而減少過多自由基對(duì)機(jī)體的傷害[19]。血液中硒含量與飼糧中硒水平呈顯著線性關(guān)系(R2=0.968,P<0.001)[7]。
3.4 胱氨酸類硒源對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋雞蛋中硒含量和硒轉(zhuǎn)化率的影響
硒是人體必需的微量元素之一,主要源于食物。雞蛋是人類膳食的重要組成部分,故可通過提高雞蛋中硒含量來達(dá)到補(bǔ)充硒的目的。研究表明,雞蛋中硒含量與飼糧中硒水平呈線性關(guān)系[10,14,20]。飼喂含硒飼糧后,蛋中硒元素在2 d后開始沉積,7 d達(dá)到高峰[21];更換飼糧4周后,蛋中硒含量下降到正常水平[22]。白來航蛋雞飼糧中添加0.3 mg/kg硒的不同硒源均能顯著提高蛋中硒含量[4]。研究表明,飼糧中添加相同水平(0.3 mg/kg硒)的4種硒源均能顯著提高蛋中硒的沉積量[15],提高第4和8周末蛋中硒含量[13]。飼糧中添加0~0.5 mg/kg硒,蛋中硒含量呈線性增加[7]。本研究表明,與SS組相比,飼糧中添加0.3 mg/kg硒(SeC、L-MSC和L-SeCys)均提高了蛋中硒含量,其中,L-MSC組的蛋中硒含量最高;與對(duì)照組相比,飼糧中添加胱氨酸類硒源均提高了蛋中硒含量。前人研究表明,飼糧中添加相同水平的不同硒源,有機(jī)硒組蛋中硒含量顯著高于無機(jī)硒組[11,13]。
富硒蛋中硒含量為200~500 μg/kg(DB36/T 566—2009、DB6124.01—2010),本試驗(yàn)SeC、L-MSC、L-SeCys、SS組蛋中硒含量分別為200.70、229.20、187.50和179.20 μg/kg,均達(dá)到或接近富硒蛋標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。關(guān)于硒攝入的每日推薦量,不同地區(qū)的規(guī)定有別。我國(guó)《營(yíng)養(yǎng)素補(bǔ)充劑申報(bào)與審評(píng)規(guī)定(試行)》中規(guī)定,硒的攝取量最低為15 μg/d;國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)組織聯(lián)合會(huì)(FAO/WHO/IAEA)規(guī)定男女成人膳食中硒最低需要量分別為21和16 μg/d,建議膳食中硒最適生理需要量為41 μg/d[23];美國(guó)科學(xué)院食物及營(yíng)養(yǎng)組提出美國(guó)男女成人每日膳食中硒供給量分別為70及55 μg/d[24]。每天食用2~3枚L-MSC組雞蛋即能滿足機(jī)體對(duì)硒的需要量。
有研究指出,硒在小腸中被吸收,有機(jī)硒可主動(dòng)穿過腸壁,生物利用率高,無機(jī)硒只能通過被動(dòng)擴(kuò)散進(jìn)入腸壁[3],故有機(jī)硒的沉積效果遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于無機(jī)硒[7,10],所以本試驗(yàn)中有機(jī)硒各組的蛋中硒轉(zhuǎn)化率高于SS組,與前人的研究結(jié)果一致[12,14-15]。本研究結(jié)果也表明,各試驗(yàn)組蛋中硒轉(zhuǎn)化率均顯著低于對(duì)照組,這與胡華鋒等[25]研究結(jié)果相一致。硒供應(yīng)不足時(shí),家禽會(huì)動(dòng)員體內(nèi)儲(chǔ)存的硒來維持健康[26],滿足部分需要;家禽也會(huì)更好地利用攝入的有限的硒源維持蛋中硒含量,故對(duì)照組蛋中硒轉(zhuǎn)化率最高。
本研究表明,L-MSC和SeC作為飼糧中硒源補(bǔ)充劑能夠顯著提高產(chǎn)蛋雞蛋中硒含量,具有實(shí)踐應(yīng)用性。L-MSC具有抗氧化、抗衰老、治療心腦血管疾病和解重金屬毒等作用[4],還是一種有效的細(xì)胞增長(zhǎng)抑制劑,能有效抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖并誘導(dǎo)其凋亡,能抑制多種癌基因的表達(dá)[27]。2002年,L-MSC被美國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)認(rèn)定為最新一代硒源類飲食補(bǔ)充劑,2009年被我國(guó)批準(zhǔn)為新型食品營(yíng)養(yǎng)強(qiáng)化劑。所以富含L-MSC的雞蛋不僅可以增強(qiáng)機(jī)體的抗氧化能力,也具有一定的防癌功效。
① 與SS相比,飼糧中添加0.3 mg/kg硒(SeC、L-MSC、L-SeCys),未見顯著影響海蘭灰蛋雞的生產(chǎn)性能和除蛋殼厚度、蛋黃顏色以外的蛋品質(zhì)指標(biāo)。
② 與SS相比,3種胱氨酸類硒源均可提高產(chǎn)蛋雞的血漿GSH-Px活性和T-AOC,顯著增強(qiáng)機(jī)體抗氧化水平,其中SeC和L-MSC效果更好。
③ 3種胱氨酸類硒源均能提高蛋中硒含量,L-MSC在蛋中沉積效果更好。
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*Corresponding authors: ZHANG Haijun, associate professor, E-mail: fowlfeed@163.com; WU Shugeng, professor, E-mail: wushugeng@caas.cn
(責(zé)任編輯 李慧英)
Effects of Cystine Selenium Sources on Egg Quality, Antioxidant Capacity and Egg Selenium Content of Laying Hens
LONG Shuo ZHANG Haijun*WU Shugeng*WANG Xiaocui WANG Jing QI Guanghai
(KeyLaboratoryofFeedBiotechnologyofMinistryofAgriculture,NationalEngineeringResearchCenterofBiologicalFeed,FeedResearchInstitute,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalScience,Beijing100081,China)
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary selenocystine (SeC),L-Se-methyselenocysteine (L-MSC),L-selencysteine (L-SeCys) and sodium selenite (SS) on performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity and egg selenium content of laying hens, with the aim to provide basis for the production of selenium enriched eggs. Four hundred and fifty healthy 26-week-old Hy-Line Grey laying hens with similar laying rate were randomly allotted into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 15 hens per replicate. The laying hens in control group were fed a basal diet without adding exogenous selenium source, and the other four groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with SeC,L-MSC,L-SeCys or SS containing 0.30 mg/kg selenium. The measured values of selenium content in diets were 0.08 (control group), 0.36 (SeC group), 0.35 (L-MSC group), 0.31 (L-SeCys group) and 0.37 (SS group) mg/kg, respectively. The pre-test period lasted for one week and the test period lasted for four weeks. The results showed as follows: 1)compared with SS and control groups, the average egg weight, laying rate and the ratio of feed to egg of laying hens in all cystine selenium source groups had no significant differences (P>0.05). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) inL-SeCys group was significantly lower than that in control group during 1 to 2 weeks (P<0.05). 2) Compared with SS and control groups, the albumen height, Haugh unit, eggshell strength, egg shape index and the percentages of yolk and albumen of laying hens in all cystine selenium source groups had no significant differences (P>0.05). At the end of 4th week, the yolk color in SS group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.05); the eggshell thickness in SeC and SS groups was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.05), and the eggshell thickness inL-MSC andL-SeCys groups was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05); the egg shell percentage in control group was significantly lower than that in the other groups (P<0.05). 3) Compared with SS and control groups, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in plasma of laying hens in all cystine selenium source groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). The activity of total superoxide dismutase activity (T-SOD) in plasma in SeC and SS groups was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the content of malondialdebyde (MDA) in plasma between all cystine selenium source groups and SS group (P>0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in plasma in control group was significantly lower than that in the other groups (P<0.05), and the T-AOC inL-MSC group was highest and was significantly higher than that in SS group (P<0.05). 4)Compared with control group, dietary cystine selenium sources significantly increased egg selenium content (P<0.05), and egg selenium content inL-MSC group was the highest. The egg selenium content and selenium conversion rate in all cystine selenium source groups were higher than that in SS group (P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary three cystine selenium sources can improve the antioxidant capacity and egg selenium content, and SeC andL-MSC have the better effects.[ChineseJournalofAnimalNutrition, 2017, 29(5):1600-1609]
laying hens; selenium sources; antioxidant capacity; egg selenium content
10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.05.019
2016-11-18
現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-41-K13);家禽產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系北京市創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)(CARS-PSTP)
龍 爍(1993—),女,山東臨沂人,碩士研究生,從事家禽營(yíng)養(yǎng)與飼料科學(xué)研究。E-mail: maplega@163.com
*通信作者:張海軍,副研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師,E-mail: fowlfeed@163.com;武書庚,研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師,E-mail: wushugeng@caas.cn
S831.5
A
1006-267X(2017)05-1600-10