馮永輝 閆素梅 韓慧娜 生 冉 郭曉宇(內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)學(xué)院,呼和浩特010018)
陰外動(dòng)脈灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)奶牛產(chǎn)奶量及乳腺內(nèi)短鏈脂肪酸攝取規(guī)律的影響
馮永輝 閆素梅*韓慧娜 生 冉 郭曉宇
(內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)學(xué)院,呼和浩特010018)
本試驗(yàn)研究了陰外動(dòng)脈灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)奶牛產(chǎn)奶量及乳腺內(nèi)短鏈脂肪酸攝取規(guī)律的影響。選擇8頭健康荷斯坦奶牛分為2組,每組4頭牛。采用2×2交叉試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),2組分別飼喂2種不同粗飼料[苜蓿(MF組)、玉米秸稈(CS組)]的飼糧,飼糧的精粗比為45∶55。試驗(yàn)分為2階段,每階段20 d,其中預(yù)試期14 d,載體灌注期3 d,乳脂前體物灌注期3 d。在載體灌注期,MF組與CS組均接受載體灌注,分別命名為MFC1組和CSC組;在乳脂前體物灌注期,MF組繼續(xù)接受載體灌注(MFC2組),CS組灌注乳脂前體物(CSF組)。測(cè)定產(chǎn)奶量、干物質(zhì)采食量及乳成分。采集尾動(dòng)脈和乳靜脈血漿測(cè)定短鏈脂肪酸濃度和脂肪酸比例。結(jié)果表明:1)在灌注乳脂前體物前,CSC組產(chǎn)奶量、4%乳脂校正乳產(chǎn)量、乳脂產(chǎn)量、乳蛋白產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)乳脂效率顯著低于MFC1組(P<0.05),CSC組尾動(dòng)脈血漿中短鏈脂肪酸濃度及短鏈脂肪酸/長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸有低于MFC1組的趨勢(shì)(0.05≤P<0.10)。2)灌注乳脂前體物后,CSF組產(chǎn)乳脂效率和乳蛋白率顯著高于CSC組(P<0.05),CSF組產(chǎn)奶量、4%乳脂校正乳產(chǎn)量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率盡管在數(shù)值上仍然低于MFC2組,但組間差異不顯著(P>0.05),而CSF組產(chǎn)乳脂效率顯著高于MFC2組(P<0.05)。3)灌注乳脂前體物后,CSF組尾動(dòng)脈血漿中乙酸、丙酸以及短鏈脂肪酸濃度顯著高于CSC組(P<0.05),且乙酸、丁酸及短鏈脂肪酸濃度顯著高于MFC2組(P<0.05),短鏈脂肪酸/長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸有低于MFC2組的趨勢(shì)(0.05≤P<0.10)。4)除CSF組丁酸動(dòng)靜脈差有高于CSC組的趨勢(shì)(0.05≤P<0.10)外,CSC組與MFC1組、CSC組與CSF組、CSF組與MFC2組乳腺對(duì)乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、短鏈脂肪酸的攝取量、攝取率和動(dòng)靜脈差均無顯著差異(P>0.05)。結(jié)果提示,以玉米秸稈為粗飼料奶牛灌注乳脂前體物可顯著增加奶牛的產(chǎn)奶量、乳脂率和乳脂產(chǎn)量,并達(dá)到與以苜蓿等為粗飼料相似的水平,且具有較高的產(chǎn)乳脂效率,但對(duì)乳腺內(nèi)短鏈脂肪酸的攝取量和攝取率無顯著的影響。
乳腺;陰外動(dòng)脈;乳脂前體物;短鏈脂肪酸
牛奶營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的改善是提高奶產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的有利保證[1]。乳脂是牛奶的主要成分,是衡量牛奶品質(zhì)的重要指標(biāo)。乳腺中約50%的脂肪酸來源于乳脂前體物在乳腺內(nèi)的重新合成,其中包括中短鏈(C4~C14)脂肪酸以及50%的C16脂肪酸[2];C18脂肪酸和50%的C16脂肪酸均來自飼糧[3]。我國(guó)是一個(gè)秸稈生產(chǎn)大國(guó),每年玉米秸稈的產(chǎn)量高達(dá)2.2億t[4],而且一些地方還存在以玉米秸稈作為奶牛飼糧的主要粗飼料,由于其營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值卻遠(yuǎn)低于優(yōu)質(zhì)牧草,不利于奶牛產(chǎn)奶性能和乳品質(zhì)的充分發(fā)揮。因此,在充分利用玉米秸稈資源為粗飼料的情況下,如何提高產(chǎn)奶量和改善乳品質(zhì)是當(dāng)前亟待解決的問題。灌注一定量的乳脂前體物對(duì)奶牛合成乳脂等乳成分有一定的促進(jìn)作用的報(bào)道許多,但研究結(jié)果不盡一致。張福全[5]研究了奶牛陰外動(dòng)脈灌注脂肪酸和氨基酸對(duì)乳腺脂肪酸代謝的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)在低質(zhì)粗飼料的飼糧條件下,灌注脂肪酸有增加乳脂率的趨勢(shì),并顯著提高乳腺對(duì)C18∶2n-6的攝取率;與載體灌注相比,脂肪酸灌注增加了乳腺對(duì)C16∶0的攝取及乳腺脂肪酸平衡。Maxin等[6]通過在瘤胃內(nèi)灌注一定量的乙酸時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),乳脂率提高了6.5%,而對(duì)乳脂產(chǎn)量沒有顯著的影響。Purdie等[7]的試驗(yàn)指出,奶牛陰外動(dòng)脈灌注乙酸鈉后,顯著地提高了乳蛋白率,乳脂率也有增加的趨勢(shì),盡管血漿中乙酸的濃度相比增加了123%,并且乳腺的攝取率相比增加了128%,但是乳脂產(chǎn)量、乳腺對(duì)長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸(LCFA)與β-羥丁酸(BHBA)的攝取量均沒有產(chǎn)生顯著的變化。作者曾以玉米秸稈與苜蓿為粗飼料進(jìn)行比較飼養(yǎng)試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)單純飼喂玉米秸稈可使奶牛乳腺內(nèi)乳脂前體物供給不足而導(dǎo)致乳脂產(chǎn)量降低。因此推測(cè),在玉米秸稈為粗飼料條件下,補(bǔ)充供給奶牛缺乏的乳脂前體物可以提高產(chǎn)奶量及乳腺對(duì)短鏈脂肪酸的攝取,但目前有關(guān)該領(lǐng)域的研究報(bào)道極少。鑒于此,本試驗(yàn)給飼喂玉米秸稈的奶牛陰外動(dòng)脈中灌注乳脂前體物,通過測(cè)定動(dòng)靜脈血漿中短鏈脂肪酸的濃度與比例及乳腺的攝取量,來探討灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)產(chǎn)奶量及乳腺內(nèi)短鏈脂肪酸攝取規(guī)律的影響,為有效提高秸稈飼料資源的利用效率和提高乳品質(zhì)奠定科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
本試驗(yàn)采用2×2交叉試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),選擇8頭中國(guó)荷斯坦奶牛[經(jīng)產(chǎn)、泌乳中期、健康無病、體況良好、產(chǎn)奶量為(20.17±1.28) kg/d],隨機(jī)分為2組,每組4頭牛,分別飼喂2種不同粗飼料[苜蓿(MF組)、玉米秸稈(CS組)]的飼糧。MF組的飼糧粗飼料包括苜蓿、玉米青貯和羊草,CS組的飼糧粗飼料僅有玉米秸稈。試驗(yàn)分為2階段,每階段20 d,分別設(shè)置預(yù)試期14 d,載體灌注期3 d,乳脂前體物灌注期3 d。在載體灌注期,MF組奶牛接受載體灌注(MFC1組),玉米秸稈組奶牛也接受載體灌注(CSC組);在乳脂前體物灌注期,MF組奶牛繼續(xù)接受載體灌注(MFC2組),CS組奶牛灌注乳脂前體物(CSF組)。
各組采用相同的精飼料,精粗比均為45∶55,采用全混合日糧(TMR)形式飼喂。基礎(chǔ)飼糧組成及營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平見表1。奶牛自由飲水和采食,保證每日的剩料量是投料量的5%。每天擠2次奶,分別為06:00和18:00。在灌注期前1周于奶牛的陰外動(dòng)脈埋置血插管。
表1 基礎(chǔ)飼糧組成及營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平(干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ))
1)進(jìn)口苜蓿的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平(干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ))Imported alfalfa nutrient levels (DM basis):粗蛋白質(zhì) CP 20.82%,粗脂肪 EE 2.09%,酸性洗滌纖維 ADF 33.40%,中性洗滌纖維 NDF 45.80%。
2)玉米秸稈的營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平(干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ))Corn stover nutrient levels (DM basis):粗蛋白質(zhì) CP 6.82%,粗脂肪 EE 0.94%,酸性洗滌纖維 ADF 45.85%,中性洗滌纖維 NDF 68.28%。
3)每千克預(yù)混料含有One kg of premix contained the following:VA 700 000 IU,VD3120 000 IU,VE 2 100 mg,F(xiàn)e 1 750 mg,Cu 1 600 mg,Zn 10 000 mg,Mn 3 500 mg,Se 42 mg,I 84 mg,Co 42 mg。
1.2 灌注液的組成與配制
通過以下公式確定乳脂前體物的灌注量:
乳脂前體物的灌注量=(MF組奶牛合成乳脂的
過程中由血漿供給的脂肪酸的總量-CS組
奶牛合成乳脂的過程中由血漿供給的
脂肪酸的總量)×0.1。
本試驗(yàn)采用微量恒流泵對(duì)奶牛的陰外動(dòng)脈進(jìn)行血液灌注,每頭每天乳脂前體物總灌注量約280 g,其中,長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸約為200 g,短鏈脂肪酸約為80 g。灌注液的總體積為2 L,每天持續(xù)灌注6 h,灌注時(shí)間為早晨采食開始時(shí)。灌注的乳脂前體物由長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸C16∶0、C18∶0、C18∶1c9、C18∶2c6、C18∶3n3及短鏈脂肪酸乙酸組成,含量分別為6.50%、3.34%、7.74%、46.44%、5.57%和30.21%。其中,長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸的原料由亞麻油(主要提供C18∶3n3)、紅花籽油(主要提供C16∶0、C18∶1c9和C18∶2c6)和硬脂酸甘油三酯(主要提供C18∶0)組成,短鏈脂肪酸的原料為無水乙酸鈉(主要提供乙酸)。
載體灌注液的主要配制過程:準(zhǔn)確稱取6 g大豆卵磷脂溶解到生理鹽水中,加熱攪拌均勻。待混合液降至室溫時(shí),定容至1 L。高壓均質(zhì)。均質(zhì)后的液體經(jīng)4層紗布過濾,高壓滅菌后分裝封蓋。
乳脂前體物灌注液的配制參考Stamey Lanier等[8]和劉大川等[9]的方法。將亞麻油(呼和浩特蒙月香植物油加工廠)、紅花籽油(中糧塔原新疆食用紅花籽油有限公司)、硬脂酸甘油三酯(上海達(dá)瑞精細(xì)化學(xué)品有限公司)和無水乙酸鈉(永大化學(xué)試劑有限公司)混合后,加熱并攪拌均勻。稱大豆油卵磷脂大約15 g,放置于加有生理鹽水的燒杯中,加熱并攪拌均勻。將以上2種混合好的液體混合,用生理鹽水定容到2 L,用磁力攪拌器攪拌和均質(zhì)機(jī)進(jìn)行均質(zhì),將均質(zhì)好的液體裝瓶高壓滅菌。盡量現(xiàn)配現(xiàn)用。
1.3 血漿樣與乳樣的采集與制備
采集載體灌注期和乳脂前體物灌注期后2 d的乳樣,將早、晚乳樣按照產(chǎn)量比例進(jìn)行混合后,分裝至50 mL無菌離心管中,用于乳成分測(cè)定。
在載體灌注期和乳脂前體物灌注期的后2 d采集血液。
乳脂前體物灌注期在第2天上午灌注前(0 h)與下午采食前(0 h),分別采集乳靜脈、尾動(dòng)脈血液20 mL,分離血漿;第3天分別在上午灌注后1 h和下午采食后4 h,采集乳靜脈、尾動(dòng)脈血液樣品20 mL,分離血漿,-20 ℃保存?zhèn)溆?。待試?yàn)結(jié)束后,分別等量混合連續(xù)2 d分離的4個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的乳靜脈、尾動(dòng)脈血漿樣品,-20 ℃保存,用于測(cè)定脂肪酸濃度。
1.4 測(cè)定指標(biāo)與方法
1.4.1 產(chǎn)奶性能
灌注期每天記錄產(chǎn)奶量和干物質(zhì)采食量(DMI)。采集的乳樣測(cè)定乳成分指標(biāo),主要包括乳脂率、乳脂產(chǎn)量、乳蛋白率、乳蛋白產(chǎn)量,采用自動(dòng)乳成分分析儀(MilkoScanTMMinor-Type-78110,丹麥)測(cè)定。計(jì)算4%乳脂校正乳(4% FCM)產(chǎn)量。產(chǎn)乳脂效率計(jì)算公式如下:
產(chǎn)乳脂效率(%)=100×乳脂產(chǎn)量/DMI。
1.4.2 尾動(dòng)脈和乳靜脈血漿中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸濃度
采用內(nèi)標(biāo)法測(cè)定尾動(dòng)脈和乳靜脈血漿中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸濃度,內(nèi)標(biāo)物是巴豆酸,采用氣相色譜儀(GC-2010,日本島津)。
尾動(dòng)脈和乳靜脈血漿中脂肪酸濃度采用氣相色譜儀測(cè)定,采用SPTM-2560毛細(xì)血管柱和火焰離子檢測(cè)器(FID),以C17∶0作為內(nèi)標(biāo),脂肪酸甲酯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品為外標(biāo),使用二階程序升溫法分離檢測(cè)。其中包括短鏈脂肪酸乙酸、丙酸和丁酸及長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸C14∶0、C16∶0、C18∶0、C18∶1c9、C18∶2c6和C18∶3n3。
短鏈脂肪酸/長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸=短鏈脂肪酸
濃度(mmol/L)/長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸濃度(mmol/L)。
1.4.3 乳腺內(nèi)血流量、短鏈脂肪酸的攝取率與攝取量
血流量以C18∶0+C18∶1c9作為內(nèi)源指示劑估算,參考Annison等[10]的方法。乳腺的短鏈脂肪酸攝取率與攝取量參照Enjalbert等[11]的方法計(jì)算。相關(guān)計(jì)算公式如下:
血流量=乳中內(nèi)標(biāo)指示劑濃度(mg/L)/
[尾動(dòng)脈血漿中內(nèi)標(biāo)指示劑濃度(mg/L)-
乳靜脈血漿中內(nèi)標(biāo)指示劑濃度(mg/L)];
攝取率(%)=100×動(dòng)靜脈濃度差(mg/L)/
動(dòng)脈濃度(mg/L);
攝取量(g/L)=動(dòng)靜脈濃度差(mg/L)×
血流量×1 000。
式中:攝取量的單位g/L代表每生成1 L乳乳腺攝取乳脂前體物的質(zhì)量。
1.5 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用SAS 9.0軟件中的MIXED模型進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,P<0.05表示組間差異顯著,0.05≤P<0.10表示組間差異趨于顯著。
2.1 灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)產(chǎn)奶性能的影響
由表2可知,在灌注乳脂前體物前,CSC組產(chǎn)奶量、4% FCM產(chǎn)量、乳脂產(chǎn)量、乳蛋白產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)乳脂效率顯著低于MFC1組(P<0.05);灌注乳脂前體物后,CSF組乳脂率有高于CSC組的趨勢(shì)(0.05≤P<0.10),產(chǎn)乳脂效率和乳蛋白率顯著高于CSC組(P<0.05),CSF組產(chǎn)奶量、4% FCM產(chǎn)量和乳脂產(chǎn)量盡管在數(shù)值上仍然低于MFC2組,但組間差異不顯著(P>0.05),而CSF組產(chǎn)乳脂效率和高于MFC2組(P<0.05),乳蛋白產(chǎn)量CSF組有高于MFC2組的趨勢(shì)(0.05≤P<0.10)。
表2 灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)奶牛產(chǎn)奶性能的影響
P<0.05表示組間差異顯著,0.05≤P<0.10表示組間差異趨于顯著。下表同。
P<0.05 mean significant difference between groups, and 0.05≤P<0.10 mean significant tendency between groups. The same as below.
2.2 灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)尾動(dòng)脈和乳靜脈血漿中短鏈脂肪酸濃度及脂肪酸比例的影響
由表3和表4可知,在灌注乳脂前體物前,CSC組尾動(dòng)脈血漿中短鏈脂肪酸濃度及短鏈脂肪酸/長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸有低于MFC1組的趨勢(shì)(0.05≤P<0.10);在灌注乳脂前體物后,CSF組尾動(dòng)脈血漿中乙酸、丙酸以及短鏈脂肪酸濃度顯著高于CSC組(P<0.05),且CSF組乙酸、丁酸及短鏈脂肪酸濃度顯著高于MFC2組(P<0.05),但短鏈脂肪酸/長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸仍然有低于MFC2組的趨勢(shì)(0.05≤P<0.10)。各組乳靜脈血漿中短鏈脂肪酸濃度和脂肪酸比例均無顯著差異(P>0.05)。
2.3 灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)乳腺內(nèi)短鏈脂肪酸攝取規(guī)律的影響
由表5可知,除CSF組丁酸動(dòng)靜脈差有顯著高于CSC組的趨勢(shì)(0.05≤P<0.10)外,CSC組與MFC1組、CSC組與CSF組、CSF組與MFC2組的奶牛乳腺對(duì)乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、短鏈脂肪酸的攝取量、攝取率和動(dòng)靜脈差均無顯著差異(P>0.05)。CSC組血流量趨于顯著地低于MFC1組(0.05≤P<0.10)。
乳脂率是衡量奶牛泌乳性能的重要指標(biāo)。目前,通過奶牛陰外動(dòng)脈灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)產(chǎn)奶性能的研究報(bào)道很少,且多數(shù)集中在奶牛飼糧添加乳脂前體物或瘤胃灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)乳脂率和產(chǎn)奶量的影響,關(guān)于不同粗飼料飼糧模式下灌注乳脂前體物的比較研究罕見。本試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果表明,2種不同的飼糧模式下的奶牛均在陰外動(dòng)脈灌注載體,CSC組產(chǎn)奶量、4% FCM產(chǎn)量、乳脂產(chǎn)量和乳蛋白產(chǎn)量顯著低于MFC1組;在灌注乳脂前體物后,CSF組產(chǎn)奶量、4% FCM產(chǎn)量、乳脂產(chǎn)量和乳脂率盡管在數(shù)值低于MFC2組,但差異不顯著。DMI的研究結(jié)果顯示,CSC組奶牛在載體灌注期與MFC1組無顯著差異,但灌注乳脂前體物后CSF組顯著低于CSC組與MFC2組。這些結(jié)果提示,飼喂玉米秸稈的奶牛灌注乳脂前體物后的產(chǎn)奶性能有明顯改善,但DMI反而顯著降低,這是顯著增加產(chǎn)乳脂效率的原因之一。
表3 灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)奶牛尾動(dòng)脈和乳靜脈血漿中短鏈脂肪酸濃度的影響
表4 灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)尾動(dòng)脈和乳靜脈血漿中脂肪酸比例的影響
表5 灌注乳脂前體物對(duì)奶牛乳腺內(nèi)短鏈脂肪酸攝取規(guī)律的影響
續(xù)表5項(xiàng)目Items組別GroupsCSCMFC1CSFMFC2SEMP值P?valueCSC×MFC1CSC×CSFCSF×MFC2乙酸Aceticacid動(dòng)靜脈差A(yù)rtery?veindifference/(mg/L)70.79120.10130.67112.8081.900.650.570.88攝取率Uptakerate/%333425270.220.950.780.94攝取量Uptakequantity/(g/L)9.0813.1641.9725.0926.270.920.350.60丙酸Propionicacid動(dòng)靜脈差A(yù)rtery?veindifference/(mg/L)-0.27-78.5732.05-4.5342.310.200.600.55攝取率Uptakerate/%-1-244-30.120.190.780.69攝取量Uptakequantity/(g/L)3.33-17.22-0.08-5.117.740.090.780.64丁酸Butyricacid動(dòng)靜脈差A(yù)rtery?veindifference/(mg/L)-62.22-68.9630.7315.2730.400.870.050.28攝取率Uptakerate/%-35-5312-140.260.600.250.49攝取量Uptakequantity/(g/L)-7.43-9.397.72-0.918.370.870.280.48短鏈脂肪酸Short?chainfattyacids動(dòng)靜脈差A(yù)rtery?veindifference/(mg/L)10.05-83.72201.752.84101.500.500.140.16攝取率Uptakerate/%1-1319-30.110.380.170.13攝取量Uptakequantity/(g/L)2.32-31.2547.254.3532.680.530.290.29
本課題組在前期的階段性研究結(jié)果表明,采用3種不同飼糧模式飼喂的奶牛在產(chǎn)奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率方面均存在顯著的差異,以玉米秸稈為主要粗飼料的低精料玉米秸稈組(精粗比約為45∶55)和高精料玉米秸稈組(精粗比為65∶35)模式的奶牛產(chǎn)奶量和乳蛋白率均顯著低于苜蓿草+玉米青貯+羊草的混合粗飼料組(精粗比約為45∶55);乳脂率以混合粗料組最高,低精料玉米秸稈組最低;在進(jìn)一步研究不同飼糧模式對(duì)乳腺內(nèi)乳脂前體物代謝規(guī)律時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),進(jìn)入乳腺陰外動(dòng)脈中的乳脂前體物濃度及其比例、乳腺對(duì)乳脂前體物的攝取量及其比例也存在顯著差異。由此推測(cè),玉米秸稈飼糧條件下,乳品質(zhì)低下可能與乳腺對(duì)乳脂前體物攝取規(guī)律發(fā)生改變有關(guān),但目前相關(guān)的研究報(bào)道很少。Ling[12]研究證實(shí),瘤胃后灌注一定量的脂肪酸會(huì)使奶牛的產(chǎn)奶量、乳脂率和乳脂產(chǎn)量得到一定的提高;在灌注不同的乳脂前體物時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),灌注亞麻酸與其他長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸相比對(duì)奶牛的產(chǎn)奶量和乳脂率提高的效果更為明顯。Relling等[13]給奶牛飼喂一定量的脂肪后,乳脂產(chǎn)量提高0.26 kg/d。張玉斌等[14]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在奶牛飼糧中添加一定量的保護(hù)性向日葵油后,提高了乳脂率。Zhang等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),增加飼糧與血液中的脂肪酸供給量,奶牛的相應(yīng)脂肪酸攝取率和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率降低,但乳中的相應(yīng)脂肪酸的濃度和產(chǎn)量會(huì)增加。Maxin等[6]通過在瘤胃內(nèi)灌注一定量的乙酸發(fā)現(xiàn),乳脂率提高了6.5%,而乳脂產(chǎn)量沒有顯著變化。為了進(jìn)一步探討飼喂玉米秸稈奶牛的產(chǎn)奶性能低于飼喂苜蓿奶牛的原因,本研究探討了灌注前后尾動(dòng)脈和乳靜脈血漿中短鏈脂肪酸的攝取規(guī)律的變化。研究表明,在灌注乳脂前體物前,CSC組尾動(dòng)脈中的乙酸、丙酸和丁酸濃度、乙酸/丙酸、(乙酸+丁酸)/丙酸在數(shù)值上均低于MFC1組,短鏈脂肪酸的濃度趨于顯著地低于MFC1組;但在灌注乳脂前體物后,CSF組尾動(dòng)脈血漿中乙酸、丙酸和短鏈脂肪酸的濃度均顯著高于CSC組,乙酸、丁酸及短鏈脂肪酸的濃度顯著高于MFC2組。這些結(jié)果提示,灌注乳脂前體物后,提高了飼喂玉米秸稈奶牛尾動(dòng)脈血液中用于乳脂從頭合成的乳脂前體物乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及短鏈脂肪酸的濃度,這部分地解釋了秸稈組奶牛灌注乳脂前體物后可顯著增加奶牛的產(chǎn)奶量、乳脂率和乳脂產(chǎn)量,并達(dá)到與苜蓿組相似的水平的原因,即與灌注乳脂前體物后尾動(dòng)脈血漿中的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及短鏈脂肪酸的濃度高有關(guān)。目前相關(guān)的研究很少,具體的原因需要進(jìn)一步探討。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果也得出,在灌注乳脂前體物前,與MFC1組相比,CSC組乳蛋白產(chǎn)量顯著降低,降低了25.42%;在灌注乳脂前體物后,與MFC2組相比,CSF組乳蛋白產(chǎn)量有降低的趨勢(shì),降低了24.59%,提示飼喂玉米秸稈奶牛灌注乳脂前體物后不僅可增加乳脂的合成與產(chǎn)奶性能,而且可以增加乳蛋白的合成,減小與飼喂苜蓿奶牛在乳蛋白合成上的差距。本試驗(yàn)尚未研究單獨(dú)灌注乙酸或長(zhǎng)鏈脂肪酸、單獨(dú)灌注某種氨基酸對(duì)乳腺內(nèi)脂肪酸與氨基酸攝取規(guī)律的影響,下一步有必要對(duì)其進(jìn)行深入研究,為更好地從乳脂前體物與乳蛋白前體物攝取規(guī)律的角度,探討以玉米秸稈作為粗飼料的奶牛其產(chǎn)奶性能降低的原因,進(jìn)而有效提高秸稈飼料資源的利用效率和提高乳品質(zhì)奠定科學(xué)依據(jù)。
以玉米秸稈為粗飼料奶牛灌注乳脂前體物可顯著增加奶牛的產(chǎn)奶量、乳脂率和乳脂產(chǎn)量,并達(dá)到與以苜蓿等為粗飼料相似的水平,且具有較高的產(chǎn)乳脂效率,但對(duì)乳腺內(nèi)短鏈脂肪酸的攝取量和攝取率無顯著的影響。
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*Corresponding author, professor, E-mail: yansmimau@163.com
(責(zé)任編輯 王智航)
Effects of Infusing Milk Fat Precursors to External Pudic Artery on Milk Yield and Uptake Rule of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Mammary Gland of Dairy Cows
FENG Yonghui YAN Sumei*HAN Huina SHENG Ran GUO Xiaoyu
(CollegeofAnimalScience,InnerMongoliaAgriculturalUniversity,Huhhot010018,China)
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of infusing milk fat precursors to external pudic artery on milk yield and uptake rule of short-chain fatty acids in mammary gland of dairy cows. Eight healthy Holstein cows were divided into two groups with four cows per group. A 2×2 cross-over experimental design was adopted. Cows in the two groups were fed diets with two kinds of roughages: corn stover (CS group) and alfalfa (MF group), and the diet concentrate to roughage ratio was 45∶55. The experiment was divided into two stages, and each stage lasted for 20 days, including 14 days of preliminary feeding period, 3 days of carrier infusion phase and 3 days of milk fat precursors infusion phase. During carrier infusion period, MF group and CS group received carrier infusion, and were named MFC1group and CSC group, respectively; during milk fat precursors infusion period, MF group continued to accept carrier infusion (MFC2group), while CS group accepted milk fat precursors infusion (CSF group). Milk yield, dry matter intake and milk composition were determined. Plasma in caudal artery and internal mammary vein was collected to determine short-chain fatty acid concentrations and fatty acid proportions. The results showed as follows: 1) before milk fat precursors infusion, CSC group had significantly lower milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield, milk fat yield, milk protein yield and milk fat producing efficiency than MFC1 group (P<0.05), and short-chain fatty acid concentration and short-chain fatty acid to long-chain fatty acid rate in plasma of caudal artery in CSC group tended to be higher than those in MFC1group (0.05≤P<0.10). 2) After milk fat precursors infusion, milk fat producing efficiency and milk protein percentage in CSF group were significantly higher than those in CSC group (P<0.05), and CSF group still below in MFC2group in milk yield, 4% FCM yield, milk fat percentage and milk protein percentage, but no significant differences was found between groups (P>0.05); CSF group was significantly higher than MFC2group in milk fat producing efficiency (P<0.05). 3) After milk fat precursors infusion, the concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid and short-chain fatty acids in plasma of caudal artery in CSF group were significantly higher than those in CSC group (P<0.05), and the concentrations of acetic acid, butyric acid and short-chain fatty acids in CSF group was significantly higher than those in MFC2group (P<0.05), but short-chain fatty acids to long-chain fatty acids rate in CSC group tended to be lower than that in MFC2group (0.05≤P<0.10). 4) Except that artery-vein difference of butyric acid in CSF group tended to be higher than that in CSC group (0.05≤P<0.10), and there were no significant differences in uptake quantity, uptake rate and artery-vein difference of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and short-chain fatty acids between CSC group and MFC1group, CSC group and CSF group, CSF group and MFC2group (P>0.05). The results indicate that dairy cows fed corn stover as roughage infused milk fat precursors can significantly increase the milk yield, milk fat percentage and milk fat yield, and closely achieves the levels in dairy cows fed alfalfa as roughage, especially has producing efficiency of milk fat, but has no significant effects on uptake quantity, uptake rate of short-chain fatty acids in mammary gland.[ChineseJournalofAnimalNutrition, 2017, 29(5):1552-1559]
mammary gland; external pubic artery; milk fat precursor; short-chain fatty acid
10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2017.05.013
2016-10-13
國(guó)家奶業(yè)“973計(jì)劃”項(xiàng)目(2011CB1008003)
馮永輝(1989—),男,內(nèi)蒙古通遼人,碩士研究生,從事反芻動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究。E-mail: fengyonghui0912@163.com
*通信作者:閆素梅,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,E-mail: yansmimau@163.com
S823
A
1006-267X(2017)05-1552-08