應趙建, 黃曉敏, 余埡妮, 林曉曉, 陳 晶, 李文君, 董 年, 陳成水
(溫州醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院呼吸與危重癥醫(yī)學科,浙江 溫州 325000)
PI3K/CTGF信號通路在TGF-β1誘導A549細胞表達collagen I過程中的作用*
應趙建, 黃曉敏▲, 余埡妮, 林曉曉, 陳 晶, 李文君, 董 年△, 陳成水△
(溫州醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院呼吸與危重癥醫(yī)學科,浙江 溫州 325000)
目的: 研究磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/結(jié)締組織生長因子(PI3K/CTGF) 信號通路在轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(TGF-β1)誘導人肺腺癌A549細胞表達I型膠原蛋白(collagen I)過程中的分子機制。方法: 體外培養(yǎng)A549細胞,予TGF-β1刺激,觀察CTGF和collagen I的mRNA和蛋白表達及PI3K信號通路的活化;PI3K抑制劑LY294002預先處理A549細胞后,觀察TGF-β1刺激下CTGF和collagen I mRNA和蛋白表達的變化;CTGF特異性siRNA干擾A549細胞中CTGF的表達后,觀察TGF-β1刺激下collagen I mRNA和蛋白表達的變化和PI3K信號通路的活化。結(jié)果: TGF-β1可以誘導A549細胞中CTGF和collagen I的mRNA和蛋白表達以及PI3K信號通路的活化;PI3K特異性抑制劑LY294002可以部分逆轉(zhuǎn)TGF-β1誘導的A549細胞中CTGF和Collagen I mRNA和蛋白表達的升高。干擾CTGF可以降低TGF-β1誘導的A549細胞collagen I mRNA和蛋白表達,而不影響PI3K信號通路的活化。結(jié)論: CTGF是TGF-β1/PI3K信號通路調(diào)控的即刻早期反應效應蛋白,參與了TGF-β1誘導的A549細胞中collagen I表達。
轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1; I型膠原蛋白; 結(jié)締組織生長因子
細胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)代謝異常是腫瘤的重要特征之一,肺癌是高度纖維化的腫瘤,以I型膠原蛋白(collagen I)為代表的ECM過度沉積在肺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展中扮演了重要角色[1-2]。既往認為腫瘤間質(zhì)中成纖維細胞的激活及表型轉(zhuǎn)化是ECM沉積的中心環(huán)節(jié),目前認識到肺癌細胞在轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(transforming growth factor β1,TGF-β1)誘導下可以向成纖維細胞等間質(zhì)細胞分化從而參與ECM的異常沉積[3-4]。結(jié)締組織生長因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)是新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的早期即刻反應蛋白,是TGF-β1調(diào)控的效應蛋白,可以協(xié)同TGF-β1促進細胞表型轉(zhuǎn)化和ECM沉積[5],然而關于其在肺癌ECM代謝異常中的確切機制尚不清楚。結(jié)合我們之前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase,PI3K)信號通路的活化與上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化和ECM的沉積密切相關[6-7],本研究擬進一步探討PI3K信號通路和效應蛋白CTGF在TGF-β1誘導人肺腺癌A549細胞 collagen I表達中的潛在角色,闡明TGF-β1/PI3K/CTGF信號通路在A549細胞ECM合成的調(diào)控機制。
1 細胞
人肺腺癌細胞A549細胞購于上海中科院細胞庫。
2 主要試劑
RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基和胎牛血清購自Gibco;人重組TGF-β1購自PeproTech;PI3K抑制劑LY294002購自Biovision;BCA蛋白濃度測定試劑盒、預染蛋白Marker和ECL發(fā)光液購自Thermo;兔抗人p-Akt和Akt單抗購自CST;兔抗人CTGF和collagen I單抗購自Abcam;TRIzol購自Invitrogen;cDNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒購自TaKaRa;其它生化試劑購自上海生工生物工程公司。Real-time PCR引物由上海生工生物工程公司設計合成,見表1;siRNA-CTGF由上海吉凱基因技術有限公司設計合成,見表2。
表1 Real-time PCR引物序列
表2 CTGF干擾RNA序列
3 方法
3.1 細胞培養(yǎng) A549細胞株使用包含10%胎牛血清和1%雙抗的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基于37 ℃、5% CO2恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。
3.2 細胞干預 取生長狀態(tài)良好處于對數(shù)生長期的細胞,接種于12孔板(抽提RNA)或6孔板(抽提蛋白),待細胞長至孔板面積80%時,進行分組干預,每個分組設立3個復孔,每個實驗重復3次。
3.3 Real-time PCR實驗 按照TRIzol說明書提取細胞總RNA,分光光度法測定計算提取的總RNA含量及濃度。取總RNA 2 μg反轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,再以適量cDNA為模板進行real-time PCR實驗。PCR反應條件為95 ℃10 min; 95 ℃ 30 s, 60 ℃ 30 s, 72 ℃ 30 s,共40個循環(huán)。結(jié)果以GAPDH為內(nèi)參照,對目的基因進行相對定量。
3.4 Western blot實驗 收集各組細胞,提取總蛋白,BCA法測定蛋白濃度。每組取30 μg蛋白進行凝膠電泳,濕轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜,5%脫脂牛奶室溫下封閉2 h, Ⅰ抗(1∶1 000)4 ℃孵育過夜,TBST緩沖液洗膜10 min、3次,Ⅱ抗(1∶5 000)室溫孵育1.5 h,再用TBST緩沖液洗膜10 min×3次,ECL化學發(fā)光法顯影。以β-actin為內(nèi)參照,結(jié)果以各蛋白與β-actin灰度值比值表示。
3.5 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染方法按照Lipofectamine 2000產(chǎn)品說明書進行,提前1 d將1×105個細胞接種于24孔板,次日按照24孔板每孔取2 μL CTGF-siRNA、1 μL Lipofectamine 2000和50 μL Opti-MEM I的比例配制CTGF-siRNA-轉(zhuǎn)染試劑混合液,將siRNA-轉(zhuǎn)染試劑混合液添加入細胞培養(yǎng)板中,置于37 ℃、5% CO2的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),6 h后更換為含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基。
4 統(tǒng)計學處理
使用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。數(shù)據(jù)均以均數(shù)±標準差(mean±SD),多組間比較采用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),組間兩兩比較采用Bonferroni校正的t檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
1 TGF-β1誘導collagen I表達升高
選取不同濃度的TGF-β1刺激A549細胞不同時間, real-time qPCR和Western blot法檢測collagen I的mRNA和蛋白的表達。結(jié)果顯示,TGF-β1可以誘導A549細胞中collagen I的表達,呈現(xiàn)濃度和時間依賴性升高,其中5 μg/L TGF-β1是最適刺激濃度,TGF-β1刺激48 h collagen I升高最為顯著,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見圖1。
Figure 1.The expression of collagen I induced by TGF-β1. A: the mRNA expression of collagen I induced by TGF-β1 at different doses for the indicated time; B: the protein level of collagen I changed by TGF-β1 at different doses for 48 h; C: the protein level of collagen I changed by TGF-β1 at 5 μg/L for the indicated time. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs 0 h; #P<0.05, ##P<0.01 vs 0 μg/L.
2 TGF-β1誘導CTGF的即刻早期表達
選取5 μg/L TGF-β1刺激A549細胞不同時間,結(jié)果顯示TGF-β1可以誘導A549細胞中CTGF即刻早期表達,mRNA和蛋白在TGF-β1刺激3 h時即發(fā)生升高,TGF-β1刺激6 h時CTGF蛋白表達最高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見圖2。
Figure 2.The expression of CTGF induced by TGF-β1. A: the mRNA expression of CTGF induced by TGF-β1 at different doses for the indicated time; B: the protein level of CTGF changed by TGF-β1 at different doses for 48 h; C: the protein level of CTGF changed by TGF-β1 at 5 μg/L for the indicated time. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs 0 h group; #P<0.05, ##P<0.01 vs 0 μg/L.
3 TGF-β1活化PI3K信號通路,PI3K抑制劑逆轉(zhuǎn)TGF-β1誘導的CTGF和collagen I表達升高
選取不同濃度的TGF-β1刺激A549細胞不同時間,用Western blot法檢測,可見TGF-β1可以激活PI3K信號通路,呈現(xiàn)濃度和時間依賴性。使用不同濃度的PI3K抑制劑LY294002預先處理A549細胞,再使用5 μg/L TGF-β1刺激48 h,結(jié)果可見PI3K抑制劑 LY294002可以逆轉(zhuǎn)TGF-β1誘導的A549細胞中CTGF和collagen I表達,呈現(xiàn)劑量依賴性,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見圖3。
Figure 3.TGF-β1 induced PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation, and PI3K inhibitor reversed the expression of CTGF and collagen I induced by TGF-β. A: the protein levels of Akt and p-Akt changed by with the vehicle or TGF-β1 at different doses for 10 min; B: the protein levels of Akt and p-Akt changed by TGF-β1 at dose of 5 μg/L for different time; C: the mRNA and protein levels of CTGF were measured after incubation with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 at different doses and TGF-β1 (5 μg/L) for 6 h; D: the mRNA and protein levels of collagen I were measured after incubation with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 at different doses and TGF-β1 (5 μg/L) for 48 h. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs Con (control) group; △△P<0.01 vs 0 min group; #P<0.05, ##P<0.01 vs TGF-β1 group.
4 siRNA-CTGF-2是最佳干擾序列并影響collagen I的基礎表達
4條不同的干擾序列siRNA-CTGF轉(zhuǎn)染A549細胞24 h后,用real-time qPCR和Western blot分別檢測CTGF的mRNA和蛋白表達,結(jié)果可見siRNA-CTGF-2干擾A549細胞中CTGF表達的效果最佳,見圖4A。與對照組及siRNA陰性對照組相比,siRNA-CTGF-2組的collagen I基礎表達降低,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見圖4B。
Figure 4.siRNA-CTGF-2 was the best interference sequence and impaired the basal collagen I synthesis. A: the mRNA and protein expression of CTGF modified by different siRNAs; B: the mRNA and protein expression of collagen I were measured after CTGF interference by siRNA-CTGF2. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05,**P<0.01 vs Con (control) group; #P<0.05, ##P<0.01 vs siRNA-Con group.
5 干擾CTGF表達影響TGF-β1誘導的collagen I表達升高而不影響PI3K信號通路的活化
siRNA-CTGF-2轉(zhuǎn)染24 h干擾A549細胞中CTGF的表達,再用5 μg/L TGF-β1刺激10 min,結(jié)果顯示siRNA-CTGF-2轉(zhuǎn)染并不影響TGF-β1活化PI3K信號通路,差異無統(tǒng)計學顯著性,見圖5A。然而,siRNA-CTGF-2轉(zhuǎn)染明顯降低TGF-β1誘導的collagen I表達升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見圖5B。
Figure 5.Interference of CTGF expression impaired TGF-β1-induced collagen I synthesis but not PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation. A: the protein levels of Akt and p-Akt changed by the vehicle or TGF-β1 at dose of 5 μg/L for 10 min after CTGF interference; B: TGF-β1-induced mRNA and protein expression of collagen I was measured after CTGF interference. Mean±SD. n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs Con (control) or siRNA-Con group; ##P<0.01 vs siRNA-CTGF-2 group; △P<0.05, △△P<0.01 vs TGF-β1+siRNA-Con group.
既往認為腫瘤間質(zhì)中成纖維細胞的激活及表型轉(zhuǎn)化是腫瘤胞外基質(zhì)代謝異常的關鍵[8],目前逐漸認識到腫瘤細胞可以發(fā)生間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化不僅扮演了ECM沉積啟動細胞,釋放的TGF-β1等轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子參與腫瘤間質(zhì)中成纖維細胞的活化,更扮演了繼發(fā)受體的角色,其分泌的炎癥因子可以以自分泌或旁分泌的方式作用于自身[9]。TGF-β1是關鍵的促纖維化因子,主要激活經(jīng)典的Smad通路和非經(jīng)典Smad通路共同介導ECM中膠原蛋白(collagen)和纖連蛋白(fibronectin)等的沉積[10-11]。近來的研究揭示非經(jīng)典Smad通路PI3K的過度活化參與了肺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展,我們之前的實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)PI3K抑制劑可以逆轉(zhuǎn)慢性氣道重塑中膠原的沉積,然而關于PI3K如何參與肺癌胞外機制代謝異常研究甚少。CTGF屬于早期即刻反應蛋白,影響成纖維細胞的活性,在纖維化的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用[12-13]。作為TGF-β1的調(diào)控蛋白,研究報道TGF-β1主要是經(jīng)Smad通路調(diào)控CTGF,然而有報道稱哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白抑制劑可以反向激活PI3K通路促進肺癌細胞中CTGF的過度表達,協(xié)同TGF-β1參與了ECM沉積[14-15]。本研究旨在探究PI3K信號通路和效應蛋白CTGF在TGF-β1誘導A549細胞的collagen I表達中的的潛在角色,為未來針對肺癌ECM代謝異常揭示潛在的干預靶點。
我們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TGF-β1可以誘導A549細胞的collagen I的表達升高,與之前的研究報道類似,除此之外,TGF-β1可以誘導CTGF的早期表達和PI3K信號通路的活化。使用PI3K抑制劑可以逆轉(zhuǎn)TGF-β1誘導的CTGF的早期表達和collagen I的表達升高,提示我們PI3K信號通路和經(jīng)典的Smad通路共同參與了TGF-β1調(diào)控的CTGF早期表達。我們進一步經(jīng)siRNA-CTGF特異性降低A549細胞中CTGF的表達,發(fā)現(xiàn)A549細胞的collagen I基礎表達及TGF-β1誘導的collagen I表達同時發(fā)生了降低,而不影響TGF-β1活化PI3K信號通路。
總而言之,我們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TGF-β1經(jīng)活化PI3K信號通路調(diào)控A549細胞中collagen I的表達升高,CTGF是TGF-β1/PI3K信號通路潛在的調(diào)控蛋白,協(xié)同TGF-β1誘導A549細胞中collagen I的表達升高,初步闡述了TGF-β1/PI3K/CTGF信號通路在調(diào)控A549細胞collagen I表達中的分子機制。CTGF和PI3K信號通路可能是未來針對肺癌ECM過度沉積的潛在干預靶點。
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(責任編輯: 林白霜, 羅 森)
Effects of PI3K/CTGF signaling pathway on TGF-β1-induced collagen I expression in A549 cells
YING Zhao-jian, HUANG Xiao-min, YU Ya-ni, LIN Xiao-xiao, CHEN Jing, LI Wen-jun, DONG Nian, CHEN Cheng-shui
(DepartmentofPulmonaryandCriticalCareMedicine,TheFirstAffiliatedHospital,WenzhouMedicalUniversity,Wenzhou325000,China.E-mail:wzmudongnian@foxmail.com;wzchencs@163.com)
AIM: To investigate the molecular mechanism of transforming growth factor β1/phosphatylinositol 3-kinase/connective tissue growth factor (TGF-β1/PI3K/CTGF) signaling pathway in the induction of collagen I expression in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. METHODS: The A549 cells were culturedinvitroand stimulated by TGF-β1. The expression of CTGF and collagen I at mRNA and protein levels as well as the activation of PI3K was measured. The A549 cells were pre-treated with PI3K inhibitor LY294002, the expression of CTGF and collagen I at mRNA and protein levels was measured upon TGF-β1 stimulation. Under the condition ofCTGFinterference by siRNA-CTGF, the expression of collagen I at mRNA and protein levels as well as the activation of PI3K by TGF-β1 stimulation was measured. RESULTS: TGF-β1 stimulated the expression of CTGF and collagen I at mRNA and protein levels as well as the activation of PI3K at a dose- and time-dependant manner. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 partly reversed TGF-β1-induced CTGF and collagen I expression. Interference ofCTGFdown-regulated TGF-β1-induced collagen I expression without the effect on the activation of PI3K. CONCLUSION: PI3K signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in TGF-β1-induced collagen I expression in the A549 cells. CTGF is an immediate early response effector protein of TGF-β1/PI3K signaling pathway and synergizes with TGF-β1 in the induction of collagen I expression in the A549 cells.
Transforming growth factor β1; Collagen I; Connective tissue growth factor
1000- 4718(2017)03- 0489- 06
2016- 09- 21
2016- 12- 01
國家自然科學基金資助項目(No. 81270131; No. 81570075)
△通訊作者 董 年 Tel: 0577-86352962; E-mail: wzmudongnian@foxmail.com; 陳成水 Tel: 0577-55578186; E-mail: wzchencs@163.com
▲并列第1作者
R730.23
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2017.03.017