李 丹,李異玲
非酒精性脂肪性肝病發(fā)病機(jī)制及治療進(jìn)展
李 丹,李異玲
近年來,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)發(fā)病率在世界范圍內(nèi)逐漸上升,在我國是僅次于病毒性肝炎、酒精性脂肪性肝病的導(dǎo)致肝硬化的主要病因之一。其發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不清楚,目前較為公認(rèn)的機(jī)制為“二次打擊”學(xué)說,第一次打擊為胰島素抵抗,脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)過度沉積,三酰甘油增多;第二次打擊是肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激及脂質(zhì)過氧化,是發(fā)展為NASH、肝硬化甚至肝癌的關(guān)鍵。近年來,對(duì)胰島素增敏劑治療NAFLD的研究較多,而關(guān)于降脂藥的研究則少見。本綜述從NAFLD的概述、發(fā)病機(jī)理、降血脂藥的作用等方面進(jìn)行闡述。
非酒精性脂肪性肝?。唤抵?;胰島素抵抗
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是指除外其他已明確的如大量飲酒、藥物等因素導(dǎo)致的肝臟脂肪變性為主要特征的臨床病理綜合征,是一種遺傳-環(huán)境-代謝相關(guān)性疾病,包括單純性脂肪肝(Nonalcoholic simple fatty liver,NASFL)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、脂肪性肝纖維化、脂肪性肝硬化及肝細(xì)胞癌[1-3]。近年來,在我國隨著飲食結(jié)構(gòu)及生活方式的調(diào)整,NAFLD發(fā)病率逐年上升。其發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚不確切,其中由Day和James在1998年提出的“二次打擊學(xué)說”是目前醫(yī)學(xué)界較為公認(rèn)的發(fā)病機(jī)制[4-5];另外,如脂代謝異常學(xué)說、氧化應(yīng)激學(xué)說也在NAFLD研究發(fā)展中起到至關(guān)重要的作用。近年來,針對(duì)基因PNPLA3、高尿酸血癥等引起NAFLD逐漸被研究者關(guān)注[6-9]。
1.1 二次打擊學(xué)說 胰島素抵抗、肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)過度沉積、三酰甘油(Triglyceride,TG)增多為第一次打擊;第二次打擊是代謝紊亂、氧化應(yīng)激、細(xì)胞因子等多因素參與及脂質(zhì)過氧化,是發(fā)展為NASH、肝硬化甚至肝癌的關(guān)鍵。
1.1.1 第一次打擊 Bloomgar[10]提出,胰島素抵抗人群中,血中游離脂肪酸(Free fatty acids,FFA)升高,肝細(xì)胞合成TG及攝取FFA增多,血脂升高,大量脂肪沉積在肝細(xì)胞內(nèi),引起肝臟脂肪變性,肝臟腫大,最終形成NAFLD。其中FFA的主要代謝途徑如下:外源攝入的TG形成乳糜顆粒,通過脂蛋白脂肪酶(Lipoprotein lipase,LPL)作用生成FFA,F(xiàn)FA被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至脂肪細(xì)胞,并被酯化為TG;在脂肪細(xì)胞內(nèi)生成的TG通過激素敏感脂肪酶(Hormone sensitive lipase,HSL)作用再次脂解成FFA;重新形成的FFA進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)后再次被氧化或酯化,形成TG儲(chǔ)存于肝內(nèi),以極低密度脂蛋白(Very low density lipoprotein,VLDL)形式分泌到外周血循環(huán)。FFA具有細(xì)胞毒性,需通過上述VLDL在肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)被清除。當(dāng)胰島素抵抗明顯,LPL表達(dá)下降,脂蛋白來源的FFA減少,而脂肪組織中吸收的FFA明顯上升時(shí),通過上述代謝途徑,TG在脂肪細(xì)胞中增加,代償性HSL及HL活性增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞及血清中FFA增多,一方面,F(xiàn)FA對(duì)肝細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生毒副作用直接損傷肝細(xì)胞,引起肝細(xì)胞損害;另一方面,過多的FFA酯化形成TG后沉積在肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)導(dǎo)致NAFLD。另外,長期持續(xù)大量高脂飲食,攝入的脂肪被脂解或酯化為TG或FFA,過多的TG及FFA轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到肝細(xì)胞中,同樣引起肝臟脂肪變[11]。
1.1.2 第二次打擊 NAFLD相對(duì)穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)為肝臟單純性脂肪變性,但當(dāng)肝臟經(jīng)歷第一次打擊后,大量脂肪蓄積于肝細(xì)胞內(nèi),肝細(xì)胞受損閾值較正常降低,此時(shí)發(fā)生氧化應(yīng)激,線粒體、細(xì)胞色素P50產(chǎn)生大量活性氧化物,從而產(chǎn)生或激活細(xì)胞因子、脂肪因子及脂質(zhì)過氧化等[4]。而這些氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥介質(zhì)等可損害肝細(xì)胞的因子,促使單純性NAFLD發(fā)展至NASH為第二次打擊。
1.2 對(duì)于NAFLD候選基因的研究(Candidate gene studies,CGSs) 對(duì)CGSs的研究近年逐漸被關(guān)注,其中NAFLD與代謝綜合征(Metabolic syndrome,MS)在發(fā)病機(jī)制上有很多共同的通路,而MS發(fā)病機(jī)制的基因?qū)W研究中IR相關(guān)基因SNPs已被證實(shí)顯著相關(guān)。二者共同的遺傳變異的候選基因包括:①血管緊張素原、細(xì)胞因子相關(guān)β1(Transforming growth factor β1,TGF-β1)等;②編碼內(nèi)毒素受體和氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)基因,如Toll樣受體4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)、CD14等;③IR相關(guān)基因,如胰島素受體、過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體(Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor,PPAR)-γ、抵抗素、脂聯(lián)素等;④肝臟的游離脂肪酸代謝相關(guān)基因,如瘦素、脂聯(lián)素、PPAR-γ、細(xì)胞色素P450等。
1.3 基因多態(tài)性與NAFLD 近幾年,越來越多的學(xué)者開始關(guān)注NAFLD與含Patatin樣磷脂酶域3(Patatin-like phospholipase clomain-containing protein 3,PNPLA3)的關(guān)系。Romeo等[12]通過全基因組掃描9 229個(gè)非同義突變基因,發(fā)現(xiàn)PNPLA3 SNP(rs738409)與NAFLD密切相關(guān);此后,Speliotes等[13]用G WAS研究7 176個(gè)對(duì)象,發(fā)現(xiàn)PNPLA3與NAFLD顯著性相關(guān)。有研究指出,PNPLA3基因rs738409多態(tài)性與NAFLD遺傳易感性存在相關(guān)性[12,14],PNPLA3 I148M和TM6SF2 E167K基因變異與IR代謝綜合征不相關(guān),但具有此類變異的患者可能具有更高的脂肪含量及NASH患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12,15]。此研究對(duì)于以后NAFLD機(jī)制的進(jìn)展提出了新觀點(diǎn),同時(shí),對(duì)以后NAFLD的防治將可能起到至關(guān)重要的作用。
2.1 改變飲食及生活方式 對(duì)于不伴有肝臟纖維化或肝損傷的患者,僅需通過飲食調(diào)整及體育鍛煉改善肝臟脂肪沉積[16],對(duì)于伴有肥胖的患者,需要通過減重7%以上才能實(shí)現(xiàn)肝酶及肝臟組織學(xué)改善,并且維持48周以上才能有效逆轉(zhuǎn)NASH;通過減少果糖如飲料、食品等攝入,以達(dá)到減少500~1 000 kal能量的攝入,每周可以減重0.5~1.0 kg;在減少肝臟脂肪方面,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可能比阻抗訓(xùn)練更有用,建議每周進(jìn)行150~200 min如快走、自行車等有氧物理運(yùn)動(dòng),分3~5次進(jìn)行,對(duì)于減輕體重同樣起到重要作用。另外,酒精對(duì)肝臟的損害已成為共識(shí),應(yīng)嚴(yán)格控制酒精攝入量,男性每日小于30 g,女性小于20 g[17]。
2.2 減重手術(shù) 前瞻性研究提示,外科減重手術(shù)可以改善包括肝臟纖維化在內(nèi)的NASH患者肝臟組織學(xué)表現(xiàn);對(duì)于通過控制飲食及改善生活方式減重失敗的患者可考慮減重手術(shù)[17-18]。手術(shù)方式有胃旁路術(shù)、垂直袖狀胃切除術(shù)及調(diào)節(jié)胃束帶[19]。
2.3 肝臟移植 對(duì)于出現(xiàn)肝功能衰竭和(或)肝細(xì)胞癌的NASH患者,可考慮進(jìn)行肝移植。但對(duì)于BMI>35 kg/m2的患者,50%的患者在肝移植后1年內(nèi)死亡[17]。
2.4 藥物治療 目前尚無明確的藥物治療最佳療程,對(duì)于ALT正常的NAFLD患者療程仍不確切,對(duì)于ALT高于正常,治療6個(gè)月后無明顯改善的患者應(yīng)停藥;同時(shí),目前尚無藥物可以安全適用于兒童NAFLD患者;目前常用藥物包括胰島素增敏劑如二甲雙胍、抗氧化劑如維生素E、細(xì)胞保護(hù)劑如熊去氧膽酸及降脂藥[17,20-21]。多項(xiàng)研究指出,多烯磷脂酰膽堿也可通過抗氧化劑保護(hù)生物膜輔助治療NAFLD。吡格列酮或維生素E或二者聯(lián)合可用于NASH[17,22]。降脂藥治療NAFLD仍存在爭議,目前國內(nèi)有關(guān)NAFLD與高脂血癥影響因素及自然史的長期隨訪隊(duì)列研究的資料尚不足,有部分研究者指出,高脂血癥是NAFLD發(fā)生的重要血清學(xué)基礎(chǔ),改善血脂異常成為NAFLD治療的重要課題,降脂藥物可防止游離脂肪酸和TG的積累,在NAFLD預(yù)防和治療中的作用也引起了人們的關(guān)注[23-26]。降血脂藥有8種,目前臨床中常用的包括他汀類、苯氧芳酸類、煙酸類及依折麥布、血脂康等制劑[27]。2010年我國指南提出,對(duì)于經(jīng)應(yīng)用減肥降糖藥或基礎(chǔ)治療3~6個(gè)月以上仍存在混合性高脂血癥的患者,應(yīng)考慮加用他汀類、苯氧芳酸類(代表藥:非諾貝特)藥物,但應(yīng)注意監(jiān)測(cè)肝功能[28-29]。其中,非諾貝特作為長鏈脂肪酸的分子靶向藥物,激活PPARα系統(tǒng),使其高表達(dá)分解、代謝游離脂肪酸,從而抑制或延緩NASH的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,同時(shí),升高大鼠血漿脂聯(lián)素水平,改善胰島素敏感性[30-33]。脂肪三酰甘油脂酶(Adipose triglyceride lipase,ATGL)是新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種可特異性脂解TG為甘油二酯的重要脂肪酶,有研究指出,ATGL可表達(dá)于肝臟,并通過增強(qiáng)TG水解活性從而減輕脂肪肝,而非諾貝特可能與提高ATGL酶活性有關(guān),這可能是通過TNF-α的調(diào)控來實(shí)現(xiàn)的[34-35]。他汀類藥物的抗炎和抗氧化性能可降低NASH患者血漿中多個(gè)細(xì)胞因子水平,包括TNF-α、IL-6等[36]。Foster等[37]的心臟研究表明,阿托伐他汀結(jié)合維生素C和維生素E可有效降低肝脂肪變性發(fā)生率。
NAFLD發(fā)病機(jī)制極其復(fù)雜且目前仍未闡明,除了目前較為公認(rèn)的二次打擊學(xué)說,隨著近年來的不斷研究,基因rs738409多態(tài)性逐漸成為重點(diǎn)研究方向之一,而國內(nèi)關(guān)于該項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的研究較為少見。PNPLA3的表達(dá)及基因突變與地域因素、人群分布、飲食因素等是否有關(guān)尚待研究,如能發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)于PNPLA3的基因突變的影響因素,對(duì)以后在臨床上防治NAFLD將會(huì)有很大的幫助。目前尚無確切的治療NAFLD的藥物,臨床較為常用的包括胰島素增敏劑、抗氧化劑、細(xì)胞保護(hù)劑及降脂藥等,對(duì)于中藥治療NAFLD及發(fā)病機(jī)制中新靶點(diǎn)的藥物研發(fā)值得我們關(guān)注。雖然大量研究表明,上述藥物對(duì)于治療NAFLD有一定療效,但沒有任何藥物可以替代生活方式干預(yù),運(yùn)動(dòng)是防治NAFLD的獨(dú)立存在因素,加強(qiáng)自身長期鍛煉尤為重要。應(yīng)做到早預(yù)防,早發(fā)現(xiàn),早干預(yù),長期個(gè)體化治療,生活方式與藥物結(jié)合,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)延緩甚至阻止肝病發(fā)展為NASH、肝硬化及肝癌,以達(dá)到預(yù)期及理想的治療效果。
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PathogenesisandtreatmentprogressofNAFLD
LI Dan,LI Yi-ling
(Department of Gastroenterology,the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China)
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been rising in the world scope in recent years,which is the second cause of the leading causes of the liver cirrhosis after viral hepatitis and alcoholic fatty liver disease in China.Its pathogenesis is not clear,and the “secondary” theory is commonly accepted.The mechanism of the first blow is insulin resistance:lipid metabolic disorder leads to liver cell lipid deposition and triglyceride increase;the second blow is oxygen stress and lipid peroxidation in liver cells,which is the key to the development of NASH,liver cirrhosis and even liver cancer.For insulin sensitization agent in the treatment of NAFLD in recent years there are more research,but about lipid-lowering the research is rare.This review describes the overview and the pathogenesis of NAFLD,and the effect of cholesterol-lowering drugs.
NAFLD;Lipid-lowering drugs;Insulin resistance
2017-03-08
中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院,沈陽 110001
10.14053/j.cnki.ppcr.201711029