彭思思,章軍建
綜述
血管性認(rèn)知障礙的血液生物標(biāo)志物研究進(jìn)展
彭思思,章軍建
血管性認(rèn)知障礙(VCI)涵蓋血管性輕度認(rèn)知障礙(VCIND)到血管性癡呆(VaD),在一定程度上具有可干預(yù)性,篩查VCI相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物可為VCI的早期防治提供新的依據(jù),本文對近年來的VCI血液標(biāo)志物研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行簡要綜述。
血管性認(rèn)障礙;血管性癡呆;生物標(biāo)記物
血管性認(rèn)知障礙(vascular cognitive impairment,VCI)的概念最早在 1993 年由 Hachinski和Bowler等[1,2]提出,它是指由腦血管病危險因素(如高血壓病、糖尿病和高脂血癥、吸煙等)、顯性(如腦梗死和腦出血等)或非顯性腦血管?。ㄈ绨踪|(zhì)疏松和慢性腦缺血)引起的從輕度認(rèn)知損害到癡呆的一大類綜合征[3]。中華醫(yī)學(xué)會神經(jīng)病學(xué)分會于2011年提出,VCI的診斷應(yīng)具備三要素:認(rèn)知損害、血管因素、認(rèn)知障礙與血管因素有因果聯(lián)系;其程度診斷包括:早期的無癡呆血管性認(rèn)知障礙(vascular cognitive impairment no dementia,VCIND)和晚期的血管性癡呆(vascular dementia,VaD)[4]。VCIND是一種相對隱匿且達(dá)不到癡呆診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的疾病狀態(tài)[5],主要和血管危險因素相關(guān),在疾病早期積極控制血管危險因素可有效防止VCIND進(jìn)展。鑒于VCIND可防可治,它的早期診療成為延緩認(rèn)知功能下降和降低癡呆風(fēng)險的關(guān)鍵。目前,其診斷主要通過臨床評估、神經(jīng)心理測量、實驗室檢查和影像學(xué)檢查。隨著生化檢測技術(shù)的發(fā)展,篩查有效VCI相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物為VCIND的診療提供了新依據(jù)。本文對近年來的VCI血液標(biāo)志物研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。漿中高水平Hcy與VCI有關(guān),且高齡在其中占據(jù)重要地位[11]。血漿中Hcy水平增高導(dǎo)致腦低灌注,通過興奮性或氧化性損傷、Tau蛋白磷酸化、抑制DNA甲基化形成β淀粉樣變性、神經(jīng)纖維纏結(jié)、局域性腦萎縮、神經(jīng)突觸功能損傷而最終導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙[9]。
血漿Hcy水平升高與葉酸、B族維生素(VitaminB12/VitaminB6)缺乏有關(guān),補(bǔ)充B族維生素可糾正血漿Hcy水平。同時,VitaminB12/VitaminB6的缺乏可直接損害認(rèn)知功能。目前也有些研究表明血漿高水平Hcy與認(rèn)知損害無關(guān),其原因可能與受試者本身所具備的影響認(rèn)知功能、相互作用的基線因素(年齡、血壓、教育程度等)及神經(jīng)心理評估的敏感性有關(guān)[9]。
Hcy是一種與葉酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸的代謝相關(guān)的含硫醇非必需氨基酸。正??崭寡獫{Hcy水平為3~10 μmol/L,中老年人血漿Hcy水平輕度增高(10~30 μmol/L)較常見。高同型半胱氨酸血癥與認(rèn)知功能損害、阿爾茨海默?。ˋlzheimer’s disease,AD)樣的病理變化、腦白質(zhì)病變及海馬萎縮有關(guān)[6-9]。Firbank等[7]研究80例老年高血壓患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)基線血漿Hcy水平高的受試者海馬體積相對偏小,2年后隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)Hcy水平增高加劇腦白質(zhì)變性和海馬萎縮。Yeganeh等[10]指出,血漿Hcy水平增高可通過NMDA受體(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor)、代謝型谷氨酸受體介導(dǎo)海馬神經(jīng)元損害、促進(jìn)β淀粉樣變性,繼而損害認(rèn)知功能。弗明漢研究提示血
hs-CRP是炎癥急性時相由肝細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的一種非糖基化聚合蛋白,其血漿濃度升高已被證實增加AD和VaD發(fā)病風(fēng)險[12]。新近研究表明,hs-CRP輕度升高可反映許多疾病的慢性、低級別炎癥,如動脈粥樣硬化、心血管疾病、糖尿病[13],這種慢性炎癥又存在于導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙的神經(jīng)退行性病變的免疫應(yīng)答中[14]。Chung等[15]在糖尿病患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),基線血漿hs-CRP濃度較高者,腦血管反應(yīng)性差,2年后隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)這些受試者的執(zhí)行功能、日常行為能力相較于對照組明顯降低。這提示血漿中炎癥因子進(jìn)一步降低血管反應(yīng)性,并加速認(rèn)知功能損害。Gunathilak等[16]多中心觀察了3 256例中老年社區(qū)居民,發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿高水平hs-CRP加重肥胖患者的認(rèn)知損害。Wersching等[17]研究了447例無卒中老年人,結(jié)合其頭顱功能磁共振,發(fā)現(xiàn)較血漿高濃度hs-CRP者前額葉腦血管微結(jié)構(gòu)完整性欠佳、執(zhí)行功能下降,并推測高水平hs-CRP可通過前額葉通路影響執(zhí)行功能。
IL-6作為一種常見的炎癥因子也被認(rèn)為和VCI相關(guān),但缺乏特異性。Manoux等[18]對5 217例中年人進(jìn)行長達(dá)10年觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)長期血漿IL-6水平增高對預(yù)測中年認(rèn)知功能下降有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
血脂的異常變化提示血管可能存在損害。血脂代謝紊亂增加血液黏度、破壞血流動力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性和血管內(nèi)皮完整性,從而造成動脈粥樣硬化、腦低灌注等,最終導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元變性、壞死,增加心腦血管事件發(fā)生率。既往研究認(rèn)為膽固醇(cholesterol)是卒中、心血管事件的生物標(biāo)志物,并強(qiáng)調(diào)降脂的重要。新近研究認(rèn)為,血漿總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)在中年時期升高增加癡呆風(fēng)險,在晚年則反之[19,20],也可能是因為膽固醇是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞膜的重要組成部分,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮重要作用。Ketterl等[21]的研究提示高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)對于老年女性的認(rèn)知功能有保護(hù)作用。Fanning等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low-density lipoproteincholesterol,LDL-C)、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)升高促進(jìn)腦白質(zhì)病變和腔隙性腦梗死的進(jìn)展,并損害認(rèn)知功能。脂代謝紊亂還促進(jìn)Aβ沉積和Tau蛋白的磷酸化。Timothy等[23]研究了老年人血漿血脂水平、頭部PET掃描及認(rèn)知功能評估之間的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿低水平HDL-C、高水平LDL-C、24-羥膽固醇/27-羥膽固醇的比值增高促進(jìn)腦Aβ淀粉樣蛋白沉淀,降低認(rèn)知功能;而血漿TC、TG水平則與之沒有明顯關(guān)系。另一項8年隨訪研究表明,基線血漿高水平24-羥膽固醇、24-羥膽固醇/27-羥膽固醇可預(yù)測后期認(rèn)知功能損害[24]??诜☆愃幬锟捎行Ы档脱?,預(yù)防 VCI[23]。
載脂蛋白 E ε4(apolipoprotein E ε4,ApoE ε4)在脂代謝中扮演重要角色,與血脂代謝紊亂、動脈粥樣硬化形成、AD樣病理改變相關(guān)。ApoE ε4與腦淀粉樣變、腦小血管病及VCI可能有密切關(guān)系[25],這需進(jìn)一步研究。
Aβ是β-淀粉樣前體蛋白(amyloid precursor protein,APP)水解后形成的一種多肽,人體內(nèi)最常見的亞型是Aβ1-40和Aβ1-42。Aβ沉積于血管基膜并浸潤到平滑肌細(xì)胞層形成Aβ沉淀,導(dǎo)致淀粉樣血管病,發(fā)揮神經(jīng)毒性作用[26]。Llado等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)正常老年人高水平血漿Aβ1-40者雙側(cè)額葉皮質(zhì)變薄,客觀記憶力下降、處理速度變慢、非語言推理能力變差;而高水平血漿Aβ1-42者顳葉皮質(zhì)變薄,記憶力下降且伴血漿Hcy水平升高。Dao等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn)淀粉樣變促進(jìn)VCI患者記憶力和執(zhí)行功能的衰退。Aβ影響認(rèn)知的機(jī)制可能是:脂質(zhì)超氧化,產(chǎn)生自由基和過氧化物,破壞細(xì)胞膜完整性;抑制磷酸化過程干擾ATP生成;激活炎癥反應(yīng);紊亂細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)境。血漿Aβ能否預(yù)測VCI還需進(jìn)一步研究證實。
急、慢性血糖升高均可損害認(rèn)知功能。急性高血糖可通過改變腦血流量和神經(jīng)元滲透壓降低信息處理速度、損害工作記憶;慢性高血糖則可通過改變腦微結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)致腦小血管病和認(rèn)知損害[29]。澳大利亞的大樣本數(shù)據(jù)顯示,相較于正常受試者,二型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2MD)患者、糖耐量異常的年輕男性、血糖水平正常但偏高者具有認(rèn)知損害風(fēng)險(記憶、處理速度、言語功能)更高,該研究強(qiáng)調(diào)在中年控制血糖的重要性[30]。Jagielski等[31]的大樣本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),空腹血糖水平和單詞延遲回憶測試、MMSE得分呈負(fù)相關(guān)。Young等[32]研究155例不同年齡段的糖耐量異常受試者,發(fā)現(xiàn)61歲以上糖耐量較差受試者在插話記憶測試中忘掉更多的單詞,且在反應(yīng)測試中反應(yīng)時間延長。一項來自日本的研究觀察88例65歲以上的T2MD患者發(fā)現(xiàn)血中糖化白蛋白(glycoalbumin,GA)與糖化血紅蛋白(Hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)比值與長谷川癡呆量表、MMSE得分相關(guān)[33]。Zhang等[34]的研究表明,血糖水平較高者的殼核和尾狀核出現(xiàn)內(nèi)向萎縮;T2MD患者雙側(cè)海馬、紋狀體均出現(xiàn)萎縮。該研究提出早期監(jiān)測管理血糖來評估腦萎縮的重要性。另一項功能磁共振研究顯示,T2MD患者相對于正常人腦白質(zhì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能連接稀疏、白質(zhì)徑路更長,這可能是由高水平HbA1c(8.9%~14.6%)、長期血糖控制不良而改變腦微結(jié)構(gòu)介導(dǎo)的[35]。
晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)是一組非酶性糖基化反應(yīng)所形成的一系列具有高度活性終產(chǎn)物的總稱,慢性高血糖介導(dǎo)VCI的機(jī)制可能是AGEs導(dǎo)致微血管、大血管發(fā)生動脈粥樣硬化間接損傷神經(jīng)元[36]。腦對低血糖事件極為敏感,低血糖導(dǎo)致大鼠部分海馬和皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元壞死,從而影響認(rèn)知。胰島素是重要的降糖藥物,而過量胰島素誘發(fā)低血糖損害認(rèn)知功能,同時血清胰島素濃度過高本身也可損害認(rèn)知功能。綜上所述,將糖代謝各項指標(biāo)作為VCI早期診斷的生物標(biāo)志物雖缺乏特異性和敏感性,但有助于指導(dǎo)降低認(rèn)知損害風(fēng)險。
hs-cTnT是心肌壞死后所釋放的一種蛋白質(zhì),可預(yù)測健康老年人患冠心病風(fēng)險及死亡率,它同時還是亞臨床心肌梗死、腦小血管病、卒中(尤其是心源性卒中)的重要生物標(biāo)志物[37-39]。新近研究指出hs-cTnT還能預(yù)測VCI風(fēng)險,動脈粥樣硬化在其中起不可忽視的作用[40]。影像學(xué)研究[41]提示,高水平hs-cTnT促進(jìn)腦梗死和腦白質(zhì)病變的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。Wijsman等[42]研究5 407例伴心血管疾病或伴相關(guān)危險因素的老年人,3.2年隨訪后發(fā)現(xiàn)hscTnT水平較高者認(rèn)知功能較差,且這一現(xiàn)象獨立于心血管疾病相關(guān)的危險因素和ApoE基因表型。Schneider等[43]的研究顯示,基線時高水平hs-cTnT受試者的執(zhí)行功能和語言能力均受損,隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)高水平hs-cTnT與VaD關(guān)系密切,而非AD。高水平hs-cTnT影響認(rèn)知的機(jī)制目前尚不清楚。
Fg是重要的凝血因子和非特異性炎癥因子,其血漿水平升高可增加心腦血管疾病和癡呆的發(fā)病風(fēng)險。Van等[44]研究表明,血中Fg水平升高可增加AD和VaD的發(fā)病率,且與VaD發(fā)病關(guān)系更大。Xu等[45]的研究顯示,伴高水平Fg輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)者更容易發(fā)展成癡呆(包括AD和VaD),提示控制MCI患者血中Fg水平,有利于延緩認(rèn)知下降。Fg與VCI的機(jī)制可能是Fg促進(jìn)血液的炎癥反應(yīng)、動脈粥樣硬化形成,影響腦血流,進(jìn)而影響認(rèn)知。D-二聚體是Fg、纖維蛋白水解的產(chǎn)物,其血漿濃度增高提示纖維蛋白溶解系統(tǒng)激活。Carcaillon等[46]的研究表明,血漿中D-二聚體水平升高增加VaD風(fēng)險,因此,D-二聚體也可能是預(yù)測VCI的生物標(biāo)志物。
下丘腦-垂體-甲狀腺軸貫穿甲狀腺相關(guān)激素的分泌,該軸中任一環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)問題均會使甲狀腺激素水平紊亂,從而影響機(jī)體正常代謝。目前,甲狀腺相關(guān)的激素與認(rèn)知功能的關(guān)系尚存在爭論[47,48]。一項納入11項研究的Meta分析顯示,高水平游離T4或低于正常水平的促甲狀腺激素(thyroid-stimulating hormone,TSH)增加患AD風(fēng)險[49]。Forti等[48]研究血清TSH水平與認(rèn)知的關(guān)系發(fā)現(xiàn),高水平TSH也許是預(yù)測VCI而非AD的生物標(biāo)志物。Chen等[50]研究215例VCI患者的血清甲狀腺相關(guān)的激素水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)血清總T3、游離T3水平與MMSE得分呈正相關(guān),而TSH水平與之成負(fù)相關(guān)。甲狀腺相關(guān)的激素是否能預(yù)測VCI還需要作進(jìn)一步大樣本研究。
脂聯(lián)素是由脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的一種內(nèi)源性多肽類激素,在抵抗炎癥、動脈粥樣硬化、高血壓和調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮功能方面有積極作用。中低水平脂聯(lián)素被證實和胰島素抵抗、T2MD、冠心病、卒中、AD的發(fā)病相關(guān)[51-53],而高水平脂聯(lián)素則增加全因死亡率和肥胖患者患AD和腦萎縮風(fēng)險。Masaki等[54]將T2MD患者分為高脂聯(lián)素和低脂聯(lián)素組進(jìn)行對照,發(fā)現(xiàn)低脂聯(lián)素組空腹血糖、血胰島素濃度較高。該研究提示脂聯(lián)素可能調(diào)節(jié)血管危險因素對多個靶器官的損害,且在影像學(xué)上表現(xiàn)為海馬體積更小。脂聯(lián)素可能是通過上調(diào)AMPK磷酸化、GLUT4轉(zhuǎn)運、AMPK信號通路,下調(diào)甘油三酯水平降低VCI風(fēng)險的。
瘦素是由脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的蛋白質(zhì)類激素,其主要生理作用是參與調(diào)節(jié)攝食行為、能量消耗和維持體重。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)及外周均有瘦素受體,瘦素還參與神經(jīng)保護(hù)[55]、改善糖代謝和胰島素敏感性[56]、免疫調(diào)節(jié)和骨代謝[57]。瘦素可通過改善海馬突觸可塑性來提高大鼠學(xué)習(xí)、記憶的能力[58],還可治療氧糖剝離動物模型的腦血管損傷[59]。趙建華等[60]將VCIND組與正常組對照發(fā)現(xiàn)VCIND組血漿瘦素水平偏低,且Moca總分下降,提示瘦素可能是預(yù)測VCI的生物標(biāo)志物。其機(jī)制可能是通過PI(3)K/Akt通路和JAK2/STAT3通路實現(xiàn)的。目前,關(guān)于瘦素與VCI的研究較少,但它們之間的確切關(guān)系值得進(jìn)一步探索。
綜上所述,在VCI病程早期,甚至是僅有血管危險因素而無認(rèn)知損害時,血液中的代謝過程可能已發(fā)生改變。生物標(biāo)志物是通過其自身水平變化,在疾病早期階段預(yù)測發(fā)病風(fēng)險,或在疾病過程中反映疾病進(jìn)展程度的物質(zhì)。上述的血液學(xué)生物標(biāo)記物在VCI的研究中越來越受到重視,可能為VCI早期診斷提供依據(jù),但這些生物標(biāo)志物均不具備特異性,且其中不少仍存在爭議。VCI并不是單一的疾病,它是由各種血管性因素引起不同程度認(rèn)知功能損害的綜合征。隨著神經(jīng)影像學(xué)和組學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,期待對VCI相關(guān)的生物標(biāo)志物進(jìn)行輪廓分析,甚至指紋印記分析,相信敏感性和特異性高的VCI標(biāo)志物會被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
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(本文編輯:王晶)
R741;R741.04
ADOI10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.2017.05.015
武漢大學(xué)中南醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科武漢430071
科技支撐計劃公益性科技研究類(No.2014BCB044)
2016-10-30
章軍建cissyi@hotmail.com