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冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度與冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素相關(guān)分析

2017-03-20 10:25洪莉龔金龍吳婷竹
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2016年38期
關(guān)鍵詞:吸煙

洪莉+龔金龍+吳婷竹

摘要:目的 探討冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度與冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素的相關(guān)性。方法 連續(xù)性收集我科行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影的患者296例,根據(jù)造影結(jié)果,將患者分為冠心病組181例與對(duì)照組115例。收集2組患者臨床、實(shí)驗(yàn)室和影像學(xué)資料,采用單因素和多因素logistic回歸模型進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果 冠心病組高血壓、糖尿病、吸煙比例均高于對(duì)照組 (P<0.05);多因素logistic回歸分析示,高血壓(OR=1.868,P=0.030)、吸煙(OR=1.755,P=0.029)是冠心病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。中、重度冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄患者男性、糖尿病、吸煙比例均高于輕度狹窄者(P<0.05);logistic回歸分析示,糖尿病(OR=2.363,P=0.011)、吸煙(OR=2.659,P=0.022)與冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度相關(guān)。結(jié)論 冠心痛的危險(xiǎn)因素與冠狀動(dòng)狹窄程度存在顯著相關(guān)性,其中吸煙是兩者共同的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。

關(guān)鍵詞:冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄;冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素;吸煙

Abstract:Objective To exploe the correlation between coronary artery stenosis and risk factors for coronary heart disease(CHD).Methods A total 296 of patients were divided into CHD group(n=181)and control group(n=115)according to their coronary angiography。Their clinical,laboratory and imaging data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results The proportions of hypertension,diabetes and smoker were significantly higher in CHD group than in control group(P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension and smoking were the independent risk factors for CHD(0R=1.868,P=0.030;OR=1.755,P=0.029).The number of smokers and diabetes was greater in moderate and severe coronary artery stenosis patients than in mild coronary artery stenosis patients (P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes and smoking were the risk factors for coronary artery stenosis(OR=2.363,P=0.011;OR=2.659,P=0.022).Conclusion Risk factors for CHD are closely related with coronary artery stenosis. Smoking is an important risk factor for both CHD and coronary artery stenosis.

Key words:Coronary stenosis;Coronary disease risk factors;Smoking

包括中國在內(nèi)的發(fā)展中國家,冠心病的發(fā)病率及死亡率逐年上升,并逐漸成為主要死亡原因。冠心病的一級(jí)預(yù)防應(yīng)該成為衛(wèi)生工作重點(diǎn),一級(jí)預(yù)防工作中需要準(zhǔn)確的識(shí)別并評(píng)估心血管事件中的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,并做出措施[1]。傳統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)因素(高血壓病、糖尿病、高脂血癥、吸煙)在冠心病進(jìn)程中作用基本明確[2]。新的危險(xiǎn)因素如:胰島素抵抗、感染、脂蛋白a等不斷被提出,但其與冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄的相關(guān)性仍存在爭議。危險(xiǎn)因素相互之間并不只是簡單的疊加而是倍數(shù)關(guān)系,危險(xiǎn)因素有2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上時(shí),冠心病發(fā)病率顯著行增加。本研究收集冠狀動(dòng)脈造影術(shù)者危險(xiǎn)因素,并對(duì)其與冠心病相關(guān)性進(jìn)行分析。

1 資料與方法

1.1一般資料 2014年12月1日~2015年11月30日在我院心血管內(nèi)科住院、并行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影術(shù)者296例,男性163例,女性133例,平均年齡(64.12±9.32)歲。將患者分為冠心病組181例(血管狹窄≥50%)和對(duì)照組115例(血管狹窄<50%),冠心病組中分為男性組105例,女性組79例。

1.2方法 記錄患者的相關(guān)信息,在次日清晨空腹從肘正中抽取患者靜脈血9 ml,行血液生化檢查,檢測(cè)患者的血糖、TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C等。

1.3冠狀動(dòng)脈造影結(jié)果分析 對(duì)其中病變的冠狀動(dòng)脈血管狹窄程度進(jìn)行定量評(píng)分:無任何異常為0分;狹窄1%~49%計(jì)1分;狹窄50%~74%計(jì)2分;狹窄75%~99%計(jì)3分;閉塞(100%)計(jì)4分。各段評(píng)分之和為該患者的總積分。對(duì)冠狀動(dòng)脈的狹窄程度進(jìn)行分級(jí):輕度狹窄0~7分(110例),中度狹窄8~14分(52例),重度狹窄>14分(19例)。

1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 所有統(tǒng)計(jì)分析過程均使用SPSS 22.0軟件完成。計(jì)數(shù)資料組間構(gòu)成比、率的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料兩組間均數(shù)比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05的變量納入二分類logistic回歸模型或有序多因素logistic回歸模型分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1兩組患者單因素分析 冠心病組高血壓、糖尿病、吸煙比例均高于對(duì)照組 (P<0.05);兩組年齡、性別、LDL、 HDL、TC、TG比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。

2.2二分類logistic回歸分析 冠心病為因變量,上述冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素單因素分析比較中P<0.05的變量作為自變量,納入二分類logistic回歸模型,糖尿病、吸煙、高血壓病進(jìn)入回歸模型,僅高血壓病、吸煙是冠心病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),見表2。

2.3患者不同冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度的單因素分析 中度狹窄患者男性比例、吸煙均高于輕度狹窄者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);重度狹窄患者糖尿病、吸煙比例均高于輕度狹窄者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意(P<0.05);不同狹窄程度其余各指標(biāo)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表3。

2.4多因素logistic回歸分析 糖尿病和吸煙與患者冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度相關(guān)(P<0.05),見表4,而男性與冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度無關(guān)(P>0.05)。

3 討論

冠脈粥樣硬化是在遺傳[3-4]和環(huán)境因素基礎(chǔ)上,多種心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素共同作用而形成的[5],有效地識(shí)別冠心病高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群并減少和消除冠心病的危險(xiǎn)因素,可以有效地降低冠心病的發(fā)病率及死亡率。有效地預(yù)防措施首先要對(duì)不同地區(qū)的危險(xiǎn)因素有區(qū)別的認(rèn)識(shí),才能采取合適的措施預(yù)防心血管疾病的發(fā)生及發(fā)展。本研究顯示,冠心病與冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度的危險(xiǎn)因素不完全平行,但吸煙是兩者共同的危險(xiǎn)因素。

該研究中,吸煙、高血壓病是冠心病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。高血壓可直接影響冠狀動(dòng)脈重構(gòu)性,Yano Y等對(duì)27081中青年人群隨訪31年發(fā)現(xiàn),單純收縮期高血壓病患者心血管冠心病等發(fā)病及死亡率明顯增高[6]。

本研究中,冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度與冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病和吸煙與冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度顯著相關(guān),與國外研究結(jié)果一致。糖尿病患者中冠心病發(fā)病率高,Gensini等評(píng)分顯示血管病變嚴(yán)重,且多為多支血管病變,病變常累及左主干,治療效果欠佳[7]。其血管病變程度與糖尿病病程呈正相關(guān),在糖尿病病程>5年患者,血管結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生不可逆轉(zhuǎn)損傷,對(duì)病程在5年內(nèi)的糖尿病積極干預(yù),大大降低冠心病的發(fā)生、進(jìn)展[8]。糖尿病患者易發(fā)生動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,其因素直接或間接作用于血管壁細(xì)胞,引起血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂,導(dǎo)致斑塊和血栓形成。

綜合多因素分析結(jié)果,可看出吸煙是兩者共同的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。煙霧中存在多種有害成分,如尼古丁、一氧化碳、氧化氮和多種自由基,吸煙可以導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮損傷,降低血清對(duì)氧磷酶1(paraoxonase 1,PON1)活性[9],炎癥反應(yīng)加重,血栓形成及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇氧化。吸煙與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊的進(jìn)展、增厚與纖維化密切相關(guān),血管內(nèi)超聲證實(shí)吸煙可加重斑塊負(fù)荷,可作為斑塊負(fù)荷程度的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。

Lehmann N等對(duì)4814例隨訪 (5.1±0.3)年發(fā)現(xiàn):吸煙者冠狀動(dòng)脈鈣化發(fā)生提前8~10年[5]。吸煙不僅造成冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮損傷還可引起冠狀動(dòng)脈痙攣,不論主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)吸煙,均可導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度加重。多個(gè)臨床研究證實(shí)吸煙人群急性心肌梗死發(fā)病率明顯高于非吸煙人群。預(yù)后卻存在“吸煙者矛盾”現(xiàn)象,即急性心肌梗死患者中吸煙者血管再灌注治療后其存活率高于非吸煙者,其結(jié)果可能與吸煙者急性心肌梗死發(fā)病年齡明顯低于非吸煙者,合并高血壓、糖尿病等疾病比率下降有關(guān)[10-11]。但Robertson JO,等對(duì)13819 (29.1%吸煙)非ST段抬高型急性冠脈綜合征研究隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)非ST段抬高型急性冠脈綜合征者1年死亡率明顯高于非吸煙者,冠狀動(dòng)脈造影顯示冠心病患者中吸煙者進(jìn)展為急性冠脈綜合征提前10年甚至更早[12]。

戒煙使冠心病患者心血管不良事件的發(fā)生率明顯下降,遠(yuǎn)高于其他藥物,如阿司匹林、他汀類藥物、I3受體阻滯劑、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑等對(duì)心血管系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)作用。Lee PN等總結(jié)并修正45個(gè)關(guān)于戒煙與冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)率研究后指出:戒煙后心血管病發(fā)病率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下降4.2%[13]。戒煙在急性心肌梗死青年患者預(yù)防發(fā)作中作用尤為突出,Malik FTN對(duì)266例急性心肌梗死患者(年齡≤35歲)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),吸煙是最主要危險(xiǎn)因素[14]。

綜上所述,冠心病和冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄程度相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素存在差異,但不排除受本研究樣本量與研究人群的影響有關(guān)。本研究中,吸煙是兩者共同的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。吸煙危害極大,戒煙效果明顯,投入少,收效大,大大降低冠心病發(fā)病率及死亡率。充分認(rèn)識(shí)吸煙的危害,及早采取措施,同時(shí)兼顧調(diào)控其他危險(xiǎn)因素,減緩冠心病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]Grundy SM,Cleeman JI,Merz CN,et al.Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol.2004 Aug 4;44(3):720-732.

[2]Yusuf S,Reddy S,Ounpuu S,et al.Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization[J].Circulation,2001,104(22):2746-2753.

[3]Kumar A.Do parental coronary heart disease risk factors (non-modifiable) effect their young ones?[J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,2015,5(2):113-123.

[4]Wilkins J T,Gidding S,Liu K,et al.Associations between a parental history of premature cardiovascular disease and coronary artery calcium and carotid intima-media thickness: the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) study.[J]. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology,2012,21(5):397-402.

[5]Lehmann N,Mhlenkamp S,Mahabadi AA,et al.Effect of smoking and other traditional risk factors on the onset of coronary artery calcification: Results of the Heinz Nixdorf recall study[J].Atherosclerosis,2014,232(2):339-345.

[6]Yano Y,Stamler J,Garside D B,et al.Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Youngand Middle-Aged Adults and 31-Year Risk for Cardiovascular Mortality:The Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in IndustryStudy[J]. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2015,65(4):25-31.

[7]Sponder M,F(xiàn)ritzer-Szekeres M,Marculescu R,et al.A new coronary artery disease grading system correlates with numerous routine parameters that were associated with atherosclerosis: a grading system for coronary artery disease severity[J].Vascular Health & Risk Management, 2013,10(default):641-647.

[8]Srinivasan M P,Kamath P K,Bhat N M,et al.Severity of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Does the timing matter[J]. Indian Heart Journal,2016.

[9]Han Y,Dorajoo R,Ke T,et al.Interaction effects between Paraoxonase 1 variants and cigarette smoking on risk of coronary heart disease in a Singaporean Chinese population[J].Atherosclerosis,2015,240(1):40-45.

[10]Grines C L,Topol E J,George B S,et al.Effect of cigarette smoking on outcome after thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction[J]. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,1991,17(2):298-303.

[11]Tan NS,Goodman SG,Cantor WJ,et al.Comparison of the efficacy of pharmacoinvasive management for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in smokers versus non-smokers (from the Trial of Routine Angioplasty and Stenting After Fibrinolysis to Enhance Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction)[J].Am J Cardiol. 2014 Oct 1;114(7):955-961.

[12]Robertson J O,Ebrahimi R,Lansky A J,et al.Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Extent of Coronary Artery Disease and Prognosis of Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: An Analysis From the ACUITY Trial (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy)[J].Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2014 7(4):372-379.

[13]Lee P N, Fry J S, Forey B A.A review of the evidence on smoking bans and incidence of heart disease[J].Regulatory Toxicology & Pharmacology,2014,70(1):7-23.

[14]Malik F T N,Kalimuddin M,Ahmed N,et al.AMI in very young (aged≤35years) Bangladeshi patients: Risk factors & coronary angiographic profile[J].Clinical Trials & Regulatory Science in Cardiology, 2015,13:1-5.

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