徐 佳,鄭永昌,王 萱,薛華丹,王士闐,梁繼祥,金征宇
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 1放射科 2肝臟外科,北京 100730
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肝臟局灶性病變第3代雙源CT雙能成像參數(shù)與灌注成像參數(shù)的相關(guān)性
徐 佳1,鄭永昌2,王 萱1,薛華丹1,王士闐1,梁繼祥1,金征宇1
中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院1放射科2肝臟外科,北京 100730
目的 研究對(duì)于肝臟局灶性病變,第3代雙源CT的雙能成像碘圖參數(shù)與灌注成像灌注參數(shù)的相關(guān)性。方法 以2015年11月至2016年8月在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院經(jīng)臨床診斷為肝臟非囊性占位的33例患者為研究對(duì)象,運(yùn)用第3代雙源CT行肝臟灌注成像及雙能CT成像掃描,兩種掃描間隔15 min。于雙能CT動(dòng)、門脈期碘圖肝占位相對(duì)高、中、低密度區(qū)及正常肝右葉、肝左葉實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)繪制感興趣區(qū)(ROI),獲得碘圖CT值;于肝臟灌注圖像的相同位置繪制ROI,獲得肝動(dòng)脈灌注量(ALP)、門靜脈灌注量(PVP)、肝動(dòng)脈灌注指數(shù)(HPI)。采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析比較碘圖CT值與灌注參數(shù)相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 動(dòng)脈期碘圖CT值與ALP(r=0.812,95%CI=0.728~0.885,P<0.001)和PVP(r=-0.209,95%CI=-0.323~-0.073,P=0.007)顯著相關(guān),與HPI無顯著相關(guān)(r=0.058,95%CI=0.046~0.498,P=0.461)。門脈期碘圖CT值與PVP顯著相關(guān)(r=0.214,95%CI=0.072 ~0.361,P=0.005),與HPI無顯著相關(guān)(r=0.036,95%CI=-0.002~0.242,P=0.649)。雙能CT掃描動(dòng)脈期和門脈期的總有效劑量為(3.53±1.17)mSv,明顯低于肝臟灌注的(14.53±0.45)mSv (t=25.212,P<0.001)。結(jié)論 雙能CT成像動(dòng)脈期碘圖參數(shù)與肝臟灌注ALP和PVP顯著相關(guān),門脈期碘圖參數(shù)與PVP顯著相關(guān)。
第3代雙源CT;碘圖;肝臟灌注;肝局灶性病變
ActaAcadMedSin,2017,39(1):74-79
CT灌注成像可以獲得反映組織血流灌注信息的定量參數(shù),CT灌注參數(shù),如動(dòng)脈灌注量、血容量等,在早期發(fā)現(xiàn)惡性病變、評(píng)價(jià)抗血管生成藥物對(duì)腫瘤的治療療效及預(yù)后預(yù)測等方面具有一定的價(jià)值[1- 3]。然而,由于灌注CT成像輻射劑量較大,需患者配合屏氣時(shí)間較長,因此限制了其臨床使用。雙能CT成像輻射劑量較灌注成像明顯為低,通過雙管電壓成像,利用不同原子序數(shù)物質(zhì)的不同衰減特征可將碘對(duì)比劑信號(hào)和軟組織分離,獲得可提供碘對(duì)比劑分布信息的碘圖,被認(rèn)為是另一種能夠提供組織灌注定量參數(shù)的方法[4]。Gordic等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肝臟雙能CT動(dòng)脈期碘圖參數(shù)與灌注參數(shù),如肝動(dòng)脈灌注量(arterial liver perfusion,ALP)等具有一定相關(guān)性,提示其有望成為灌注替代參數(shù)。本研究采用第3代雙源CT對(duì)肝臟占位患者行雙能與灌注成像,探討了雙能成像動(dòng)脈期、門脈期碘圖參數(shù)與肝臟灌注CT成像所得灌注參數(shù)的相關(guān)性。
對(duì)象2015年11月至2016年8月在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院經(jīng)臨床診斷為肝臟非囊性占位并行肝臟灌注及雙能CT成像檢查的患者33例,其中,男18例,女15例,平均年齡(49±12)歲 (27~76歲),平均體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)(23.7±3.4) kg/m2(15.8~28.6) kg/m2;血管瘤18例,肝細(xì)胞肝癌9例,膽管細(xì)胞癌2例,神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤肝轉(zhuǎn)移2例,結(jié)直腸癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移2例;其中,血管瘤為影像學(xué)診斷,肝細(xì)胞肝癌、膽管細(xì)胞癌、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤、肝轉(zhuǎn)移癌為手術(shù)病理診斷。本研究經(jīng)北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審查通過,所有患者均簽署知情同意書。
檢查方法采用第3代雙源 CT (SOMATOM Definition Force;Siemens Healthcare,F(xiàn)orchheim,Germany),患者取仰臥位,綁腹帶,掃描前在肘前靜脈埋置18G套管針。先行常規(guī)平掃,然后進(jìn)行肝臟灌注掃描。采用雙筒高壓注射器以5.0 ml/s的流率注入45 ml高濃度非離子對(duì)比劑碘普羅胺370 mgI/ml(優(yōu)維顯370,拜耳公司)和45 ml生理鹽水。掃描管電壓70 kV,對(duì)于BMI大于18 kg/m2的患者,管電流采用190 mA;對(duì)于BMI小于18 kg/m2的患者,管電流采用170 mA。掃描范圍自肝上緣1~2 cm起向下20 cm,掃描共18期,單期掃描時(shí)長1.5 s,掃描總時(shí)長72 s,掃描期間患者配合屏氣,囑無法屏氣時(shí)盡量小幅度呼吸。所得灌注圖像重建層厚1.5 mm,重建層間距1.5 mm,kernal值為Br36。于肝臟灌注成像后15 min進(jìn)行多期增強(qiáng)掃描:對(duì)比劑用量75 ml,生理鹽水用量50 ml,注射流率5.0 ml/s。自監(jiān)測到主動(dòng)脈CT值大于100 HU后10 s開始動(dòng)脈期雙能掃描,管電流調(diào)節(jié)技術(shù)開啟,管球A管電壓80 kV,參考管電流180 mA;管球B管電壓Sn150 kV,參考管電流90 mA;于動(dòng)脈期掃描結(jié)束后20 s行門脈期雙能掃描,參數(shù)同動(dòng)脈期。延遲成像間隔90 s后進(jìn)行。所得動(dòng)脈及門脈期雙能圖像重建層厚1.5 mm,重建層間距1.5 mm,kernal值為Br40。掃描結(jié)束后用設(shè)備自動(dòng)計(jì)算生成劑量長度乘積(dose-length product,DLP),進(jìn)一步計(jì)算有效劑量(effective dose,ED),計(jì)算公式ED(mSv)=DLP×C,C為換算因子,采用腹部平均值0.015 mSv/(mGy·cm)。
圖像分析采用西門子后處理工作站Siemens Dual Energy軟件對(duì)雙能CT圖像進(jìn)行處理分析,獲得動(dòng)脈期、門脈期碘圖,分別于肝臟占位相對(duì)高密度區(qū)、中密度區(qū)、低密度區(qū)及正常肝右葉實(shí)質(zhì)、肝左葉實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)繪制感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI),繪制時(shí)避開肝內(nèi)主要血管,計(jì)算獲得碘圖CT值。運(yùn)用Siemens Body Perfusion軟件中肝臟雙血供模型獲得肝臟灌注圖像,在與碘圖相同的位置繪制ROI,獲得ALP、門靜脈灌注量(portal venous liver perfusion,PVP)、肝動(dòng)脈灌注指數(shù)(hepatic perfusion index,HPI)。在繪制ROI時(shí),通過確定同樣的層面,參考相關(guān)位置關(guān)系使同一個(gè)病例動(dòng)脈期、門脈期、灌注圖像上ROI的位置和大小盡可能保持一致;針對(duì)不同病例,由于在繪制相對(duì)高、中、低強(qiáng)化區(qū)域時(shí)盡可能選取密度相對(duì)均勻的區(qū)域,故繪制ROI大小不盡相同,控制在一個(gè)范圍內(nèi)(0.3~1 cm2)。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理采用SPSS 21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson相關(guān)分析法,灌注成像與雙能CT成像DLP、ED比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
碘圖CT值與灌注參數(shù)的相關(guān)性比較肝內(nèi)繪制的所有ROI區(qū)域(包括病灶相對(duì)高、中、低密度區(qū)及正常肝右葉、肝左葉實(shí)質(zhì))碘圖CT值與灌注參數(shù)的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示動(dòng)脈期碘圖CT值與ALP(r=0.812,95%CI=0.728~0.885,P<0.001)和PVP(r=-0.209,95%CI=-0.323~-0.073,P=0.007)顯著相關(guān),與HPI未見顯著相關(guān)性(r=0.058,95%CI=0.046~0.498,P=0.461)。門脈期碘圖CT值與PVP顯著相關(guān)(r=0.214,95%CI=0.072 ~0.361,P=0.005),與HPI無顯著相關(guān)(r=0.036,95%CI=-0.002~0.242,P=0.649)(圖1)。
單獨(dú)比較病灶灌注參數(shù)與碘圖CT值,結(jié)果顯示動(dòng)脈期碘圖CT值與ALP顯著相關(guān)(r=0.798,95%CI=0.709~0.876,P<0.001),與HPI(r=0.020,95%CI=-0.003~0.379,P=0.847)及PVP(r=0.086,95%CI=-0.106~0.287,P=0.412)無顯著相關(guān)。門脈期碘圖CT值與PVP顯著相關(guān)(r=0.367,95%CI=0.186~0.529,P<0.001),與HPI無顯著相關(guān)(r=0.033,95%CI=-0.007~0.270,P= 0.752)。
單獨(dú)比較正常肝實(shí)質(zhì)灌注參數(shù)與碘圖CT值,結(jié)果顯示動(dòng)脈期碘圖CT值與ALP顯著相關(guān)(r=0.538,95%CI=0.287~0.707,P<0.001),與HPI(r=0.207,95%CI=-0.028~0.461,P=0.088)及PVP(r=0.143,95%CI=-0.135~0.400,P=0.241)無顯著相關(guān)。門脈期碘圖CT值與PVP顯著相關(guān)(r=0.547,95%CI=0.330~0.696,P<0.001),與HPI無顯著相關(guān)(r=-0.016,95%CI=-0.195~0.212,P=0.894)。圖2、3各示1例肝細(xì)胞肝癌患者肝臟灌注圖像及雙能CT碘圖,圖示ROI域的繪制。
ALP: 肝動(dòng)脈灌注量;PVP:門靜脈灌注量
ALP: arterial liver perfusion;PVP:portal venous liver perfusion
圖1 散點(diǎn)圖示動(dòng)脈期碘圖CT值與ALP具有強(qiáng)相關(guān)性(r=0.812,P<0.001)(A),門脈期碘圖CT值與PVP具有弱相關(guān)性(r=0.214,P=0.005)(B)
Fig 1 Scatter plots show a strong correlation(r=0.812,P<0.001) between iodine attenuation at dual-energy CT (arterial phase) and ALP at perfusion CT (A)and a weak correlation (r=0.214,P=0.005)between iodine attenuation at dual-energy CT (portal venous phase) and PVP at perfusion CT (B)
輻射劑量動(dòng)脈期和門脈期雙能CT的總平均DLP值為(235.36±78.10)mGy·cm,明顯低于肝臟灌注CT的(969.26±30.91)mGy·cm (t=25.212,P<0.001);動(dòng)脈期和門脈期雙能CT的總平均ED值為(3.53±1.17)mSv,明顯低于肝臟灌注CT的(14.53±0.45)mSv (t=25.212,P<0.001)。
肝臟灌注參數(shù)對(duì)于病灶的檢出、治療療效評(píng)價(jià)及預(yù)測預(yù)后具有一定價(jià)值[3]。有隱匿轉(zhuǎn)移灶存在時(shí),肝實(shí)質(zhì)可表現(xiàn)出ALP、HPI升高,PVP降低[6];ALP升高可預(yù)示肝轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生,PVP降低可預(yù)示轉(zhuǎn)移的進(jìn)展[7]。但是,灌注CT輻射劑量較高,限制了其臨床應(yīng)用。而雙能成像劑量較低,所得碘圖也可反映碘在組織中的分布情況。近年來,探索用碘圖參數(shù)替代灌注參數(shù)的研究正成為人們關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)[5]。Fuld等[8]在對(duì)豬模型的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),雙能CT獲得的肺局部血容量與灌注CT獲得的血容量具有良好相關(guān)性。Zhang等[9]對(duì)兔VX2肝臟腫瘤模型的研究顯示,動(dòng)脈期碘圖CT值與肝臟血容量、血流量、毛細(xì)血管通透性具有顯著相關(guān)性。Thaiss等[10]研究了肝細(xì)胞肝癌患者及淋巴瘤患者雙能CT動(dòng)脈期碘圖參數(shù)與灌注參數(shù)的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示病灶的灌注參數(shù)如血流量、ALP與動(dòng)脈期碘濃度具有顯著相關(guān)性。Gordic等[5]探討了肝細(xì)胞肝癌患者灌注參數(shù)ALP、PVP與動(dòng)脈期碘含量和碘比例的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示碘圖參數(shù)與ALP顯著相關(guān),但未發(fā)現(xiàn)
MIP:最大密度投影;HPI:肝動(dòng)脈灌注指數(shù);ROI:感興趣區(qū)
MIP: maximum intensity projection;HPI: hepatic perfusion index;ROI: region of interest
A. 軸位MIP圖像;B. 肝臟灌注偽彩圖示ALP;C. 肝臟灌注偽彩圖示PVP;D. 肝臟灌注偽彩圖示HPI;E. 雙能CT動(dòng)脈期碘圖;F. 雙能CT門脈期碘圖
A.transverse temporal MIP;B.transverse parametric map of ALP;C. transverse parametric map of PVP;D.transverse parametric map of HPI;E.transverse image of iodine attenuation from dual-energy CT at arterial phase;F.transverse image of iodine attenuation from dual-energy CT at portal venous phase
圖2 女,33歲,病理診斷為肝細(xì)胞癌,圖中示于病灶相對(duì)高、中、低強(qiáng)化區(qū)及正常肝右葉、肝左葉實(shí)質(zhì)繪制的ROI(圓圈)
Fig 2 Images in a 33-year-old woman with hepatic cell cancer in right liver lobe, five ROIs drawn at the relative high-,medium-,and low-density area of the lesion,right liver parenchyma,and left liver parenchyma were shown (circle)
A. 軸位MIP圖像;B. 肝臟灌注偽彩圖示ALP;C. 肝臟灌注偽彩圖示PVP;D. 肝臟灌注偽彩圖示HPI;E. 雙能CT動(dòng)脈期碘圖;F. 雙能CT門脈期碘圖
A.transverse temporal MIP;B.transverse parametric map of ALP;C. transverse parametric map of PVP;D.transverse parametric map of HPI;E.transverse image of iodine attenuation from dual-energy CT at arterial phase;F.transverse image of iodine attenuation from dual-energy CT at portal venous phase
圖3 男,76歲,病理診斷肝細(xì)胞癌
Fig 3 Images in a 76-year-old man with hepatic cell cancer in right liver lobe
碘圖參數(shù)與PVP的相關(guān)性。上述兩項(xiàng)研究均未對(duì)門脈期兩者的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行探討。本研究同時(shí)評(píng)估了雙能CT動(dòng)脈期、門脈期碘圖CT值與灌注參數(shù)的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示,病灶及正常肝實(shí)質(zhì)的動(dòng)脈期碘圖CT值與灌注參數(shù)ALP顯著相關(guān),與HPI無顯著相關(guān)。推測其原因可能是,動(dòng)脈期肝臟的血供主要來自肝動(dòng)脈(此時(shí)門脈未強(qiáng)化),肝內(nèi)ROI的CT值能夠較好反映肝臟動(dòng)脈血灌注量,故動(dòng)脈期的碘圖CT值與ALP顯著相關(guān)。而HPI是比值參數(shù),在動(dòng)脈、門脈灌注量皆較低的區(qū)域也可表現(xiàn)為HPI較高,因此其與動(dòng)脈期碘圖CT值沒有顯著相關(guān)性。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),門脈期碘圖CT值與PVP也顯著相關(guān),但相關(guān)程度為輕度,推測其原因可能是門脈期肝臟及病變的血供為動(dòng)脈及門脈血供的混合,故該時(shí)期碘圖CT值可部分反映門脈灌注量。此外,以正常肝實(shí)質(zhì)為研究對(duì)象時(shí),門脈期碘圖CT值與PVP具有中度相關(guān)性,而同時(shí)比較正常肝實(shí)質(zhì)及病灶時(shí),兩種參數(shù)相關(guān)程度為輕度,動(dòng)脈期高血供的病例在圖像上可表現(xiàn)為病灶的門脈灌注量低于正常肝實(shí)質(zhì),而碘圖CT值則高于正常肝實(shí)質(zhì)。這種現(xiàn)象也是因?yàn)?,病灶與肝實(shí)質(zhì)的灌注特點(diǎn)不同,所受動(dòng)脈灌注影響程度不同。
在輻射劑量方面,雙能掃描動(dòng)脈期和門脈期總平均ED值為(3.53±1.17)mSv,明顯低于肝臟灌注CT的(14.53±0.45)mSv。此外,與以往文獻(xiàn)中報(bào)道的腹部雙能掃描輻射劑量相比(單獨(dú)一期的輻射劑量約為4~5 mSv[11- 12]),本研究使用第3代雙源CT進(jìn)行的雙能成像輻射劑量較前為低。另外,對(duì)于肝臟灌注成像,以往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道輻射劑量為7.3~30.6 mSv[3,13- 14],多數(shù)在18~20 mSv范圍內(nèi),且并未實(shí)現(xiàn)全肝臟灌注。而本研究使用第3代雙源CT進(jìn)行的肝臟灌注掃描采用的管電壓為70 kV,掃描范圍較前增大,實(shí)現(xiàn)了全肝臟灌注,且最終平均ED約為14 mSv。
本研究具有以下局限性:(1)樣本量較小,僅33例,且納入病種較為多樣,增加了混雜因素,故本研究僅評(píng)價(jià)了灌注參數(shù)與雙能參數(shù)的相關(guān)性,未能涉及特定疾病的灌注特點(diǎn),未來可針對(duì)不同病種進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步分析比較。(2)雙能CT動(dòng)脈期及門脈期掃描時(shí)間點(diǎn)根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)值分別選在了打藥觸發(fā)后10 s及動(dòng)脈期掃描后20 s,而該時(shí)間點(diǎn)不一定是反映動(dòng)脈期或門脈期血流灌注特征最佳的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。Gordic等[5]通過對(duì)肝臟灌注圖像進(jìn)行回顧性分析,選擇了病灶與肝實(shí)質(zhì)信號(hào)差值最大的時(shí)間點(diǎn)作為雙能掃描動(dòng)脈期的掃描時(shí)間點(diǎn)(監(jiān)測到主動(dòng)脈CT值大于150 HU后9 s),本研究動(dòng)脈期掃描選擇時(shí)間與其近似,而門脈期則依據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)采用了動(dòng)脈掃描后20 s,通過對(duì)灌注信號(hào)強(qiáng)度—時(shí)間曲線觀察,該時(shí)間點(diǎn)門脈信號(hào)強(qiáng)度位于峰值,而動(dòng)脈信號(hào)強(qiáng)度則明顯下降,即該時(shí)間點(diǎn)位于門脈、動(dòng)脈信號(hào)強(qiáng)度相差最大的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi),從而盡可能減少動(dòng)脈血供的干擾。(3)灌注掃描與雙能掃描時(shí)間間隔為15 min,相隔較近,灌注掃描后對(duì)比劑殘留可對(duì)后續(xù)的測量、兩種成像方法參數(shù)的比較產(chǎn)生影響,但由于掃描機(jī)時(shí)所限,同類型研究大多具有同樣的情況,本研究采用了與同類型研究類似的時(shí)間間隔[5]。
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Correlation Between Dual-energy and Perfusion CT in Patients with Focal Liver Lesions Using Third-generation Dual-source CT Scanner
XU Jia1,ZHENG Yongchang2,WANG Xuan1,XUE Huadan1,WANG Shitian1,LIANG Jixiang1,JIN Zhengyu1
1Department of Radiology,2Department of Liver Surgery,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China
WANG Xuan Tel: 010- 69155509,E-mail:wxpumc@163.com
Objective To compare measurements of dual-energy CT iodine map parameters and liver perfusion CT parameters in patients with focal liver lesions using a third-generation dual-source CT scanner. Methods Between November 2015 and August 2016,33 patients with non-cystic focal lesions of liver were enrolled in this study. CT examinations were performed with a third-generation dual-source CT. The study CT protocol included a perfusion CT and dual-energy arterial and portal venous scans,with a time interval of 15 minutes. Iodine attenuation was measured at five region of interests including areas of high,medium,and low density within the lesion,as well as right and left liver parenchyma from the iodine map,while arterial liver perfusion (ALP),portal venous liver perfusion (PVP),and hepatic perfusion index (HPI) at the same location were measured from perfusion CT. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between iodine attenuation and perfusion parameters. Results The iodine attenuation at arterial phase showed significant intra-individual correlation with ALP (r=0.812,95%CI=0.728-0.885,P<0.001)and PVP (r=-0.209,95%CI=-0.323--0.073,P=0.007),but not significantly correlated with HPI (r=0.058,95%CI=0.046-0.498,P=0.461). The iodine attenuation at portal venous phase showed significant correlation with PVP (r=0.214,95%CI=0.072- 0.361,P=0.005) but not with HPI(r=0.036,95%CI=-0.002- 0.242,P=0.649). The mean effective dose of arterial phase and portal venous phase of dual-energy CT together [(3.53±1.17)mSv] was significantly lower than that of the perfusion CT [(14.53±0.45)mSv](t=25.212,P<0.001). Conclusion Iodine attenuation from arterial phase of dual energy CT demonstrates significant correlation with ALP and PVP,and iodine attenuation from portal venous phase demonstrates significant correlation with PVP.
third-generation dual-source CT;iodine map;liver perfusion;liver focal lesion
國家臨床重點(diǎn)??平ㄔO(shè)項(xiàng)目(2014)和衛(wèi)生公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(201402019)Supported by the National Key Clinical Specialist Construction Programs of China(2014) and the Health Industry Special Scientific Research Project (201402019)
王 萱 電話:010- 69155509,電子郵件:wxpumc@163.com
R814.4;R816.5
A
1000- 503X(2017)01- 0074- 06
10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2017.01.013
2016- 07- 15)