張 茜,白 海,王存邦,趙麗萍,陸小亞,潘耀柱,薛 峰
嗜血細(xì)胞綜合征四例分析并文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
張 茜,白 海,王存邦,趙麗萍,陸小亞,潘耀柱,薛 峰
目的 分析嗜血細(xì)胞綜合征(hemophagocytic syndrome, HPS)的臨床特征、診斷及治療,減少誤診誤治。方法 回顧性分析我院收治的4例HPS的臨床資料,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果 本組均以發(fā)熱為主要表現(xiàn),1例收治后即明確診斷;3例病初誤診為上呼吸道感染并白細(xì)胞減少癥。4例均有發(fā)熱、高脂血癥、凝血功能異常、血細(xì)胞減少及血清鐵蛋白異常增高等癥狀,后行骨髓穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查,3例出現(xiàn)組織嗜血細(xì)胞,確診為HPS;1例依據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)及醫(yī)技檢查確診為HPS。予糖皮質(zhì)激素、抗感染、免疫抑制藥物等治療,癥狀未見(jiàn)緩解,均因多臟器功能衰竭死亡。結(jié)論 HPS臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,病情進(jìn)展迅速,若遇及不明原因發(fā)熱超過(guò)1周、抗感染治療效果差的患者,應(yīng)考慮到HPS的可能,盡早行相關(guān)檢查,減少誤診誤治。
嗜血細(xì)胞綜合征;發(fā)熱;誤診;上呼吸道感染;白細(xì)胞減少
噬血細(xì)胞綜合征(hemophagocytic syndrome, HPS)由Risdall等[1]率先報(bào)道,具體發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不清楚,認(rèn)為與機(jī)體免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能異常有關(guān)。近年HPS發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢(shì),考慮與病毒和細(xì)菌感染、腫瘤、免疫功能紊亂等因素有關(guān)。噬血現(xiàn)象是由T淋巴細(xì)胞釋放的細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)吞噬性巨噬細(xì)胞活化所致,其增生活化的T淋巴細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞釋放大量細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子,是導(dǎo)致持續(xù)發(fā)熱、高脂血癥、凝血功能異常、多臟器淋巴及組織細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)等臨床表現(xiàn)的原因。目前臨床對(duì)HPS的診斷和治療有了一定的認(rèn)識(shí),但該病發(fā)展迅速,與檢查結(jié)果不相符時(shí)易延誤診治。我院2015年2月—2015年7月收治4例臨床表現(xiàn)呈暴發(fā)性的HPS,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1.1 一般資料及臨床表現(xiàn) 本組男3例,女1例;年齡19~74歲;病程14 d~2月余;均無(wú)基礎(chǔ)性疾病、吸煙及飲酒史。本組均以發(fā)熱為主要表現(xiàn),體溫最高達(dá)39~40℃,伴頭暈、乏力等癥狀,查體均可觸及脾臟增大。
1.2 醫(yī)技檢查 本組均有全血細(xì)胞減少,查血白細(xì)胞(1.28~3.28)×109/L,血紅蛋白62~111 g/L,血小板(31~111)×109/L;活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間56.0~81.9 s,纖維蛋白原0.37~1.22 g/L;乳酸脫氫酶442~2208 U/L,ɑ-羥丁酸脫氫酶569~769 U/L,天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶81~214 U/L,丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶59~149 U/L,甘油三酯2.78~3.69 mmol/L;鐵蛋白>40000.0 μg/L。乳酸脫氫酶同工酶-1升高(1185 U/L)1例;EB病毒VCA抗體IgG呈弱陽(yáng)性1例,EBV-DNA為5.32×103copy/ml 1例,CD3+T淋巴細(xì)胞占總淋巴細(xì)胞的90.85% 1例;可溶性CD25定量為15460 pg/ml 1例,外周血自然殺傷(natural killer, NK)細(xì)胞占3.87% 1例。均行心電圖檢查,示竇性心動(dòng)過(guò)速1例,正常3例;2例行胸部X線檢查,其中1例雙肺下野見(jiàn)條索狀及片狀模糊影,右側(cè)胸腔少量積液,1例正常;1例行胸部CT示:雙肺滲出影,雙側(cè)胸腔積液,鄰近肺組織不張,前中縱隔軟組織腫塊,疑診為退化的胸腺?4例行腹部CT或B超檢查均示脾明顯增大,脾門(mén)處厚6.2~7.2 cm,肋下1.0~4.4 cm,其中1例伴肝大并腹腔積液。
1.3 誤漏診情況 1例因發(fā)熱、乏力首次就診于某三級(jí)甲等醫(yī)院,根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果診斷為HPS,誘因不詳,經(jīng)治療癥狀好轉(zhuǎn),未進(jìn)一步行病因檢查,減藥過(guò)程中病情復(fù)發(fā),遂轉(zhuǎn)至我院;3例因發(fā)熱首次就診于當(dāng)?shù)囟?jí)甲等醫(yī)院,初步診斷為上呼吸道感染并白細(xì)胞減少癥,予抗感染等治療后癥狀未見(jiàn)緩解,出現(xiàn)進(jìn)行性全血細(xì)胞下降、肝功能損傷、脾大,遂入我院。
1.4 診斷、治療及預(yù)后 本組均行骨髓穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查,1例出現(xiàn)少數(shù)幼稚型細(xì)胞,部分形態(tài)不規(guī)則,棘狀突起占14.4%(疑似嗜血細(xì)胞),IGH基因重排陽(yáng)性57%,診斷為HPS,考慮為淋巴瘤所致;1例組織細(xì)胞比例升高,其中嗜血組織細(xì)胞占1.6%,可見(jiàn)異型組織細(xì)胞,NK細(xì)胞占48.34%,IGH基因重排陽(yáng)性18%,診斷為HPS,考慮為惡性腫瘤(淋巴瘤)所致;1例未見(jiàn)嗜血細(xì)胞,結(jié)合相關(guān)醫(yī)技檢查診斷為HPS,考慮嚴(yán)重感染所致;1例有核細(xì)胞增生活躍,噬血細(xì)胞占2.4%,可見(jiàn)少量組織細(xì)胞,流式細(xì)胞儀檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)成熟淋巴細(xì)胞占15.59%,CD3+T淋巴細(xì)胞占總淋巴細(xì)胞的90.85%,診斷為HPS,病因不明。
本組1例考慮嗜血原因?yàn)榱馨土鏊?,予糖皮質(zhì)激素、抗感染、免疫抑制等治療,癥狀未改善,2周后死亡;1例考慮嗜血原因?yàn)閻盒阅[瘤(淋巴瘤)所致,因未找到確切證據(jù),予相關(guān)治療后病情進(jìn)展迅速,發(fā)病1個(gè)月內(nèi)死亡;1例考慮嗜血原因?yàn)楦腥舅?,予?duì)癥治療后病情無(wú)改善,家屬放棄治療,要求出院,次日死亡;1例予依托泊苷、甲基潑尼松龍、環(huán)孢素A及沙利度胺治療,同時(shí)予抗感染治療,患者仍持續(xù)高熱,伴全身關(guān)節(jié)酸痛,全血細(xì)胞進(jìn)一步降低,血培養(yǎng)陰性,因噬血原因不明,不除外脾臟原發(fā)淋巴瘤,遂在全身麻醉下行全脾切除術(shù)。術(shù)后病理報(bào)告:B系淋巴瘤白血病,彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤可能性大,嗜紅細(xì)胞組織增生癥;免疫組織化學(xué)染色示:PAX-5(+)、Ki67>40%(+),CD20(++),Cyclin D1部分(+),MUM1少量(+),病變形態(tài)學(xué)改變及免疫表型均不典型。術(shù)后予R-CHOP方案(美羅華、環(huán)磷酰胺、阿霉素、長(zhǎng)春新堿、潑尼松)化療,治療過(guò)程中體溫下降,化療結(jié)束后仍發(fā)熱,多次血培養(yǎng)檢出腸球菌,痰培養(yǎng)及咽拭子檢出不動(dòng)桿菌、銅綠假單胞菌及噬麥芽假單胞菌生長(zhǎng),先后予多種廣譜抗菌藥物治療,體溫間斷正常,但患者仍呈極度衰竭狀態(tài),家屬拒絕進(jìn)一步檢查及治療,發(fā)病7個(gè)月死亡。
2.1 疾病概述 HPS是一種多器官、多系統(tǒng)受累,且進(jìn)行性加重伴免疫功能紊亂的巨噬細(xì)胞增生性疾病,是由T淋巴細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的組織細(xì)胞異常增生并具有吞噬血細(xì)胞現(xiàn)象的組織細(xì)胞增生性疾病,是在遺傳性或獲得性免疫缺陷基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生的難以控制的危及生命的過(guò)度炎癥反應(yīng)。該病分為原發(fā)性和獲得性?xún)煞N類(lèi)型,其中原發(fā)性HPS(如家族性)是一種少見(jiàn)病,主要見(jiàn)于嬰幼兒,認(rèn)為是與細(xì)胞體液免疫缺陷有關(guān)的常染色體隱性遺傳病,90%的患兒于2歲以?xún)?nèi)發(fā)病,病死率高[2];獲得性HPS又分感染性(如病毒、細(xì)菌、真菌和寄生蟲(chóng)等感染)、腫瘤相關(guān)性(如T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤,特別是NK/T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤、皮下脂膜炎性T細(xì)胞淋巴瘤及兒童系統(tǒng)性EB病毒陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞淋巴增殖性疾病)和風(fēng)濕性HPS,是由多種因素啟動(dòng)免疫系統(tǒng),使T淋巴細(xì)胞和活化的巨噬細(xì)胞分泌大量細(xì)胞因子,加速了疾病的進(jìn)展[3-5]。本組2例考慮與腫瘤有關(guān),1例考慮與感染有關(guān),1例原因不明。
2.2 臨床特點(diǎn) HPS臨床主要表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)發(fā)熱、肝脾增大、全血細(xì)胞減少、凝血功能障礙、淋巴結(jié)增大、皮疹和黃疸等癥狀,多數(shù)患者病情呈暴發(fā)性,常數(shù)周至數(shù)月內(nèi)死亡,少數(shù)患者呈亞急性發(fā)展。該病臨床表現(xiàn)由γ-干擾素(IFN-γ)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6、IL-10和M-CSF等促炎性細(xì)胞因子的過(guò)度分泌引起過(guò)度炎性反應(yīng)所致,而炎性細(xì)胞因子是由活化的T淋巴細(xì)胞和組織細(xì)胞分泌并滲透到組織中,造成組織壞死和多器官衰竭。HPS臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,病情進(jìn)展迅速,病死率極高[6],診斷困難,確診時(shí)多已發(fā)生多臟器功能衰竭。本組均以不同程度的發(fā)熱就診,查體均有脾大,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查提示多器官功能損傷。
2.3 診斷 根據(jù)2004年國(guó)際組織細(xì)胞協(xié)會(huì)修訂的HPS診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7],滿(mǎn)足以下任意1條,診斷即可成立:①符合噬血細(xì)胞淋巴組織細(xì)胞增生癥(hemophagocytic ymphohistiocytosis, HLH)的分子生物學(xué)診斷,如PRF1、UNC13D、Munc18-2、Rab27a、STX11、SH2D1A或BIRC4等基因突變。②滿(mǎn)足以下5條診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):a.發(fā)熱;b.脾大;c.血細(xì)胞減少且為非骨髓造血功能減低所致,即血紅蛋白<90 g/L(新生兒血紅蛋白<100 g/L),血小板<100×109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)<1.0×109/L;d.高甘油三酰血癥和(或)低纖維蛋白原血癥,即空腹甘油三酯≥3.0 mmol/L,纖維蛋白原≤1.5 g/L;e.骨髓、脾或淋巴結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)噬血細(xì)胞現(xiàn)象而非惡變證據(jù);f.NK細(xì)胞活性減低或缺乏;g.鐵蛋白≥500 μg/L;h.可溶性CD25(sIL-2R)≥2400 U/ml或乳酸脫氫酶升高。結(jié)合上述實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果,同時(shí)行PET-CT、骨髓穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)等檢查。 本組均以發(fā)熱就診,有不同程度的全血細(xì)胞減少,鐵蛋白及甘油三脂升高,且出現(xiàn)凝血酶原時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)、電解質(zhì)紊亂、腎功能異常,僅1例首次骨髓穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查即找到噬血細(xì)胞,明確診斷;1例雖無(wú)噬血現(xiàn)象,但符合其他診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),遂診斷為HPS;2例多次骨髓穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查穿找到噬血細(xì)胞,明確診斷。sCD25是人體重要的免疫抑制因子。有研究證明,sCD25增加常伴NK細(xì)胞活性降低[8],在繼發(fā)性HLH中,sCD25活性升高主要由激活的巨噬細(xì)胞所引起。本組1例發(fā)現(xiàn)sCD25水平明顯升高。HPS患者血清鐵蛋白水平明顯升高,主要分布于肝臟、脾臟和骨髓等網(wǎng)狀內(nèi)皮系統(tǒng),其升高的原因可能與炎性因子誘導(dǎo)、吞噬細(xì)胞異常釋放、組織損傷、炎癥反應(yīng)等因素有關(guān)[9]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,鐵蛋白>10000 μg/L時(shí)診斷HPS的敏感性為90%,特異性為96%,具有重要臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值[10]。本組4例血清鐵蛋白均異常升高。
2.4 治療 由于HPS病因尚未明確,故治療困難,預(yù)后較差。依托泊苷(VP-16)可非特異性選擇作用于單核細(xì)胞系統(tǒng),抑制EB病毒核心抗原決定簇的合成,具有抗EB病毒的作用。有研究表明HPS早期使用VP-16和地塞米松可降低急性期病死率[11]。與淋巴瘤相關(guān)的HPS是淋巴瘤患者的危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài),來(lái)勢(shì)兇險(xiǎn),其淋巴瘤的骨髓浸潤(rùn)及細(xì)胞因子的直接作用可抑制造血功能[12],而細(xì)胞因子可激活巨噬細(xì)胞,產(chǎn)生噬血現(xiàn)象,使血細(xì)胞進(jìn)一步減少,加重病情。細(xì)菌或真菌引發(fā)嚴(yán)重感染時(shí),出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱、血白細(xì)胞增多、心率和呼吸加快等癥狀,臨床多診斷為膿毒癥,如治療無(wú)效,則血白細(xì)胞迅速降低,出現(xiàn)多臟器功能障礙,進(jìn)一步加速HPS的發(fā)展。隨著時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),病情會(huì)出現(xiàn)怎樣的轉(zhuǎn)歸及是否需要進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化治療或可否行造血干細(xì)胞移植是臨床值得思考的問(wèn)題[13]。
2.5 誤診原因分析及防范措施 由于HPS臨床表現(xiàn)及醫(yī)技檢查缺乏特異性,且病因?qū)ふ逸^為困難,加之臨床對(duì)該病認(rèn)識(shí)不足,致誤診誤治。本組3例病程早期誤診為呼吸道感染、白細(xì)胞減少癥。因此,遇及不明原因發(fā)熱超過(guò)1周、抗感染治療效果差的患者,應(yīng)考慮到HPS的可能,盡早行相關(guān)檢查,尤其是病原學(xué)檢查、骨髓穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查等,及早診斷和干預(yù)[14],降低病死率,減少誤診誤治。
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A Report of 4 Cases and Literatures Review of Hemophagocytic Syndrome
ZHANG Qian, BAI Hai, WANG Cun-bang, ZHAO Li-ping, LU Xiao-ya, PAN Yao-zhu, XUE Feng
(Department of Hematology, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command, Lanzhou 730050, China)
Objective To analyze clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) in order to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment. Methods Clinical data of 4 patients with HPS was retrospectively analyzed, and related literature was also reviewed. Results The main manifestation of the 4 patients was fever. Among them, one was confirmed the diagnosis immediately after hospitalization; other three patients were misdiagnosed as having upper respiratory tract infection combined with leucopenia, and symptoms such as fever, hyperlipidemia, coagulation disorders, thrombocytopenia and abnormally elevated serum ferroprotein were all found in four patients. Bone marrow aspiration of cytological examination showed that three patients had hemophagocytic cells, and HPS was confirmed; one was confirmed as having HPS by clinical manifestations and laboratory examinations. Symptomatic treatments such as glucocorticoid, anti-infection and immunosuppressive therapy were given, but the symptoms were not relieved, and then all patients died of multiorgan failure. Conclusion Clinical manifestations of HSP is diversified with rapid development. Clinicians should consider the possibility of HSP for patients having fever of undetermined origin for more than 1 week and poor effect of anti-infection therapy, and give related examinations as early as possible to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment.
Hemophagocytic syndrome; Fever; Misdiagnosis; Upper respiratory tract infections; Leukopenia
甘肅省自然科學(xué)基金(145RJZA212);蘭州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012-1-43)
730050 蘭州,蘭州軍區(qū)蘭州總醫(yī)院血液科
白海,E-mail:baihai98@tomcom
R551.12
A
1002-3429(2017)06-0038-04
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.06.015
2017-03-21 修回時(shí)間:2017-04-21)