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昂丹司瓊防治剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻后低血壓的研究進(jìn)展

2017-02-27 16:07向思曲鄒學(xué)軍簡道林
海南醫(yī)學(xué) 2017年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:昂丹司瓊腰麻

向思曲,鄒學(xué)軍,簡道林

(1.三峽大學(xué)第二臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,湖北 宜昌443000;2.三峽大學(xué)仁和醫(yī)院麻醉科,湖北 宜昌443000)

昂丹司瓊防治剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻后低血壓的研究進(jìn)展

向思曲1,鄒學(xué)軍1,簡道林2

(1.三峽大學(xué)第二臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,湖北 宜昌443000;2.三峽大學(xué)仁和醫(yī)院麻醉科,湖北 宜昌443000)

隨著現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)已經(jīng)成為婦科常用術(shù)式。剖宮產(chǎn)的麻醉方式主要以腰麻為主。但腰麻術(shù)后常并發(fā)低血壓、心動過緩、頭痛、惡心嘔吐、寒戰(zhàn)等并發(fā)癥。昂丹司瓊作為一種五羥色胺受體拮抗劑,常用于圍術(shù)期惡心、嘔吐的預(yù)防和治療。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),其在治療產(chǎn)婦剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后低血壓等并發(fā)癥具有一定的作用。

剖宮產(chǎn);并發(fā)癥;低血壓;昂丹司瓊

隨著現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展與進(jìn)步,剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)已經(jīng)從最初用于處理女性生產(chǎn)危急情況的術(shù)式轉(zhuǎn)化為一種普遍運用的生產(chǎn)術(shù)式。我國于2016年開放二胎政策,且現(xiàn)代女性越來越能接受剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù),剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)已經(jīng)十分普遍。剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)關(guān)系到母體及胎兒兩部分,選擇安全有效的麻醉方式顯得尤為重要。腰麻因其操作簡便、用藥劑量小、麻醉作用迅速、鎮(zhèn)痛肌松作用較滿意等優(yōu)點,目前已作為國內(nèi)外剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)首選的麻醉方式之一[1]。但腰麻后常見的并發(fā)癥有低血壓、心動過緩、頭痛、惡心嘔吐、寒戰(zhàn)等,其中以低血壓尤為常見,其發(fā)生率高達(dá)50%~80%[2]。母體嚴(yán)重低血壓可能會引起產(chǎn)婦惡心嘔吐,甚至意識喪失、循環(huán)驟停等臨床癥狀危及產(chǎn)婦生命安全[3]。目前防止產(chǎn)婦腰麻后出現(xiàn)低血壓的方法包括預(yù)擴容、體位及一些血管活性藥物(麻黃素、甲氧明)的應(yīng)用。研究證實,這些處理方法并不能安全有效的防治剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻后低血壓的發(fā)生[4-8]。近期有研究表明昂丹司瓊能夠預(yù)防產(chǎn)婦腰麻后低血壓發(fā)生的幾率并能有效降低低血壓發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重程度[6]。本文就昂丹司瓊用于防治剖宮產(chǎn)腰后低血壓的研究做一簡要綜述。

1 腰麻后低血壓的發(fā)生機制

剖宮產(chǎn)患者由于手術(shù)及生理的特殊性,在腰麻后低血壓的發(fā)生率明顯高于非妊娠者。產(chǎn)婦易于在腰麻后出現(xiàn)低血壓的原因如下:剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)要求達(dá)到T4平面的感覺阻滯以滿足手術(shù)要求;妊娠患者生理上的改變,如增大的妊娠子宮壓迫硬膜囊及硬膜外靜脈叢擴張,此外患者對手術(shù)要求的給定劑量局麻藥的敏感性增加。同時,妊娠時交感神經(jīng)活動相對增加,使其阻滯效應(yīng)更加明顯[9]。

腰麻后低血壓發(fā)生的主要機制是交感神經(jīng)阻滯,阻滯平面以下的動靜脈擴張,回心血量下降。目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前預(yù)防性使用血管活性藥物(麻黃堿、甲氧明等)雖然能糾正腰麻后低血壓,但由于麻黃堿能通過胎盤屏障并可能引起胎兒酸血癥[10],甲氧明能放射性引起心率減慢,造成產(chǎn)婦心輸出量降低。

此外,腰麻后低血壓的發(fā)生還與副交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)有關(guān),具體表現(xiàn)為反射激活(Bezold-Jarisch reflex,BJR)和壓力感受器活性的增加可能導(dǎo)致心動過緩和一定程度的低血壓[11]。早在1867年Bezold和Hirt在動物實驗時,在其靜脈注射藜蘆生物堿引起的一系列反應(yīng)(呼吸暫停、心動過緩、低血壓),他們將這一系列反應(yīng)命名為BJR反射。上述三種反應(yīng)均依賴于完整的迷走神經(jīng),并且通過顱神經(jīng)髓質(zhì)中心控制呼吸、心率和血管張力,其呼吸由肺迷走神經(jīng)傳入纖維介導(dǎo),心動過緩和低血壓由心臟迷走傳入纖維介導(dǎo)[12]。其中控制心率和血壓的BJR反射是心臟抑制反射,能夠被位于心室壁機械感受器激活,參與全身對血容量(高或低血容量)變化的調(diào)控,同時也對化學(xué)感受器5-羥色胺(5-羥色胺3)受體敏感[12-15]。研究表明,BJR反射通過5-羥色胺降低血壓是腰麻后引起低血壓的另一機制[14,16-18]。回心血量的降低刺激位于心臟的心臟化學(xué)感受器增強了副交感神經(jīng)的活性,同時也降低了交感活性,從而進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致血管舒張和心動過緩[19]。藥理和動物研究均表明5-羥色胺可能是介導(dǎo)BJR反射的重要因素,這一反射可以被5-羥色胺受體拮抗劑所阻滯[20-23]。

2 昂丹司瓊預(yù)防低血壓

Owczuk等[24]最早發(fā)現(xiàn)靜脈給予昂丹司瓊減弱了腰麻后收縮壓及平均動脈壓的下降,但對舒張壓及心率的無明顯影響。隨后,Sahoo等[23]通過對臨床52例擇期行剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)患者隨機對照實驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),腰麻前5 min靜脈給予昂丹司瓊4 mg降低了腰麻后收縮壓及平均動脈壓的下降,但由于其樣本量的局限,兩組間心動過緩無明顯統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。這些研究表明昂丹司瓊不僅可以減少剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻術(shù)后嘔心嘔吐的發(fā)生率,更能改善腰麻后的低血壓,減少圍術(shù)期升壓藥的用量[25]。Wang等[26]對150例擇期行剖宮產(chǎn)的患者進(jìn)行了昂丹司瓊(2 mg、4 mg、6 mg、8 mg)防治腰麻后低血壓最佳有效劑量的研究,其結(jié)果顯示靜脈注射4 mg或6 mg昂丹司瓊聯(lián)合應(yīng)用快速輸注晶體液能顯著降低產(chǎn)婦低血壓和惡心的發(fā)生率,減少臍靜脈血二氧化碳分壓(PCO2),穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)婦血流動力學(xué)。然而,較低的(2 mg)和較高的(8 mg)昂丹司瓊的使用量并不能有效減少產(chǎn)婦低血壓和惡心的發(fā)生率。在這里,筆者還發(fā)現(xiàn)8 mg昂丹司瓊對血流動力學(xué)的影響較小,這與Owczuk等[24]的研究結(jié)果相悖,這可能與兩者間手術(shù)、麻醉、昂丹司瓊應(yīng)用的方法不同而導(dǎo)致。Rashad等[27]在比較昂丹司瓊和格拉司瓊對剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻后血流動力血及感覺和運動阻滯效果的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),4 mg昂丹司瓊能顯著降低低血壓的發(fā)生率和減少升壓藥的用量。以上臨床研究均表明,產(chǎn)婦在行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)時在麻醉前5 min靜脈給予4 mg昂丹司瓊能夠有效降低剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻后低血壓的發(fā)生的幾率并降低低血壓發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重程度,還能夠降低血管活性藥物的用量。

妊娠期間使用昂丹司瓊的患者沒有增加自然流產(chǎn)、死胎、出生缺陷、早產(chǎn)、出生時低體重及低孕齡的風(fēng)險。雖然這項研究不能明確排除應(yīng)用昂丹司瓊的不利影響,但其結(jié)果明顯說明了妊娠期間應(yīng)用昂丹司瓊治療惡心嘔吐的安全性。同時,研究表明,短期內(nèi)應(yīng)用昂丹司瓊預(yù)防和治療妊娠婦女的惡心、嘔吐不僅對母體是安全的同時對胎兒也是安全的[28-30]。另外Wang等[26]在一項關(guān)于昂丹司瓊預(yù)防剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻后低血壓的劑量性研究中表明,4mg昂丹司瓊組較對照組能明顯增加臍靜脈血中的pH值,并降低PCO2值;而在6 mg和8 mg昂丹司瓊治療的受試者中,其PCO2、碳酸氫鹽(HCO3-)值顯著降低,但pH變化不大。此外,根據(jù)堿剩余的減少,6 mg和8 mg組可能引起胎兒乳酸性酸中毒。綜合考慮到低血壓、惡心,去氧腎上腺素的消耗及新生兒預(yù)后的影響,Wang等[26]認(rèn)為4 mg昂丹司瓊是預(yù)防產(chǎn)婦低血壓、惡心及其他不良影響的最佳劑量。這一結(jié)果與Wang等[31]的研究結(jié)果一致。

3 昂丹司瓊的優(yōu)越性

3.1 降低腰麻后寒戰(zhàn)發(fā)生率 寒戰(zhàn)是椎管內(nèi)麻醉后常見的并發(fā)癥,其中以腰麻后剖宮產(chǎn)更為常見。寒戰(zhàn)使機體耗氧量和CO2生成增加,有可能導(dǎo)致低氧血癥、乳酸酸中毒等,不利于產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后恢復(fù)。同時,寒戰(zhàn)也影響手術(shù)操作和麻醉監(jiān)測。研究已證實,5-羥色胺(5-HT)、阿片受體、去甲腎上腺素等多種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)參與寒戰(zhàn)過程[32]。昂丹司瓊作為特異性5-HT3型受體拮抗劑,可以抑制下丘腦前部區(qū)域五羥色胺的吸收,從而抑制寒戰(zhàn)的發(fā)生[11]。Safavi等[33]證實靜脈給予昂丹司瓊(6 mg、12 mg)能夠較對照組降低腰麻術(shù)后寒戰(zhàn)的發(fā)生率。另外曾振平和劉德昭等[34-35]也表明麻醉前預(yù)先靜脈給予昂丹司瓊8 mg有助于降低產(chǎn)婦寒戰(zhàn)的發(fā)生率。

3.2 降低腰麻后頭痛的發(fā)生率 腰麻后最常見的另一種并發(fā)癥是腰穿后頭痛,一般發(fā)生在48 h內(nèi)。其主要表現(xiàn)為前額、枕部疼痛或彌散性頭痛,疼痛性質(zhì)為鈍痛或搏動性疼痛,常伴有惡心、頸強直、視力模糊、眼前陰影、畏光、耳鳴、眩暈和聽力下降等。孕婦因腹內(nèi)壓增加及產(chǎn)后脫水狀態(tài),更易發(fā)生腰麻后頭痛,據(jù)報道其發(fā)生率高達(dá)40%。其確切機制尚不明確,傳統(tǒng)理論基于腦脊液漏,目前一種新的理論認(rèn)為腦脊液露和腦脊液容量的降低引起一種代償機制—大腦內(nèi)靜脈舒張造成腰麻后頭痛[36-37]。研究表明,麻醉前5 min靜脈給予昂丹司瓊(0.15 mg/kg)降低產(chǎn)婦腰麻術(shù)后頭痛的發(fā)生率[38]。其機制是昂丹司瓊通過阻斷5-HT3受體,直接抑制大腦靜脈擴張或通過維持平均動脈壓,間接通過腦循環(huán)自身調(diào)節(jié)防止腦血管代償性的擴張,從而防止腦脊液漏并有效地避免了產(chǎn)婦腰麻后頭痛[38]。

4 小結(jié)

綜上所述,昂丹司瓊在降低剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻后低血壓的發(fā)生及嚴(yán)重程度上的作用是明確的。由于剖宮產(chǎn)患者生理上的特殊性及現(xiàn)有防治腰麻后低血壓措施(液體預(yù)擴容、體位及血管活性藥物)在效果及安全上爭議性的存在,昂丹司瓊應(yīng)用于防治剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻后低血壓這一舉措是刻不容緩的。此外,有研究報道昂丹司瓊在防治腰麻后寒戰(zhàn)及頭痛上也有所幫助。為此,我們提出對于剖宮產(chǎn)患者,常規(guī)麻醉前靜脈給予昂丹司瓊來改善剖宮產(chǎn)患者圍術(shù)期血流動力血穩(wěn)定和預(yù)后。目前,我們?nèi)孕枰罅颗R床研究來比較不同劑量的昂丹司瓊對剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻后低血壓、惡心嘔吐、寒戰(zhàn)、頭痛的影響;比較各5-羥色胺拮抗劑對剖宮產(chǎn)腰麻后低血壓的療效;并進(jìn)一步驗證昂丹司瓊應(yīng)用于剖宮產(chǎn)對母體及胎兒安全性的影響。

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Progress of ondansetron prevent hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section.X

IANG Si-qu1,ZOU Xue-jun1, JIAN Dao-lin2.1.The Second College of Clinical Medical Sciences,China Three Gorges University,Yichang 443000,Hubei, CHINA;2.Department of Anaesthesiology,Renhe Hospital,Three Gorges University,Yichang 443000,Hubei,CHINA

With the continuous development of modern medical technology,cesarean section has become a common surgical procedure,and spinal anesthesia is the main anesthesia method of cesarean section.But spinal anesthesia is often complicated with postoperative hypotension,bradycardia,nausea and vomiting,headache,chills.Ondansetron,a serotonin hydroxytamine receptor antagonist,is commonly used in the prevention and treatment of perioperative nausea and vomiting.The latest study found that cesarean section has a certain role in the treatment of the postoperative hypotension and other complications.

Cesarean section;Complications;Hypotension;Ondansetron

R719.8

A

1003—6350(2017)02—0281—03

10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.02.036

2016-07-06)

簡道林。E-mail:976760430@qq.com

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