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甲狀腺激素在體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)圍術(shù)期的應(yīng)用

2017-02-22 15:58王亞欣薛玉良
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2016年34期
關(guān)鍵詞:心臟手術(shù)甲狀腺激素體外循環(huán)

王亞欣++薛玉良

摘要: 眾所周知,體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)圍術(shù)期會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同程度的正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征(Euthyriod sick syndrome , ESS),而對(duì)于是否應(yīng)補(bǔ)充甲狀腺激素仍存在爭(zhēng)議。了解體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)圍術(shù)期甲狀腺激素補(bǔ)充療法的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀,為臨床工作提供依據(jù)和選擇。明確體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)對(duì)甲狀腺激素代謝的影響,分析甲狀腺激素補(bǔ)充療法的安全性、有效性以及爭(zhēng)議和前景。體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)圍術(shù)期甲狀腺激素補(bǔ)充療法無明顯的副作用,且可以有效改善ESS,成為令人期待的臨床選擇。

關(guān)鍵詞:甲狀腺激素;正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征;體外循環(huán);心臟手術(shù)

The Application of Thyroid Hormone in Perioperation of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery

WANG Ya-xin, XUE Yu-liang

(Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300060,China)

Abstract:

Ccontext As we all know, the patients undergoing cardiac pulmonary bypass surgery could develop euthyriod sick syndrome perioperation. However, the thyroid hormone supplement remains controversial. Objective To understand the status of thyroid hormone supplement, to provide evidence for clinical work. Content To make clear the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on thyroid hormone metabolism, and analysis the safety, the effectiveness and the controversy of the thyroid hormone supplement. Trend There is no evidence side effect of thyroid hormone supplement in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, and it can improve ESS effectively. The thyroid hormone supplement will be a desirable clinical choice.

Key words:Thyroid hormone; Euthyroid Sick Syndrome; Cardiac pulmonary bypass; Cardiac surgery

甲狀腺激素具有多種重要的生理作用,不僅參與機(jī)體代謝、促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,并且可影響心血管系統(tǒng)的功能,對(duì)體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)圍手術(shù)期患者的病情和預(yù)后有重要影響。隨著研究的深入,甲狀腺激素在體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)圍手術(shù)期的變化及其臨床應(yīng)用越發(fā)受到重視。

1 甲狀腺激素的生理作用

甲狀腺激素的生理作用主要表現(xiàn)為促進(jìn)新陳代謝,使機(jī)體耗氧量和產(chǎn)熱量增加,基礎(chǔ)代謝率增高;維持機(jī)體正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育;提高神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的興奮性。而對(duì)于心血管系統(tǒng),甲狀腺激素也承擔(dān)著重要作用[1],表現(xiàn)為心率增加、心肌收縮力增強(qiáng)、擴(kuò)張外周血管,降低心臟后負(fù)荷,從而增加心輸出量。甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)的臨床征象表現(xiàn)為心動(dòng)過速,心排量、心肌收縮力、收縮壓以及基礎(chǔ)代謝率升高[2-3]。甲狀腺功能低下可表現(xiàn)為心動(dòng)過緩,基礎(chǔ)代謝率和心排量降低,細(xì)胞內(nèi)兒茶酚胺產(chǎn)物減少[4-5]。

2 體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)對(duì)甲狀腺激素代謝的影響

大多經(jīng)歷體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)患者都會(huì)出現(xiàn)甲狀腺激素水平降低,而這些表現(xiàn)又被稱為非甲狀腺疾病綜合征、正常甲狀腺病態(tài)綜合征(Euthyriod sick syndrome , ESS)或低T3綜合征[6-7]。王懷斌[8]等人發(fā)現(xiàn),不管有無體外循環(huán),心臟手術(shù)后都會(huì)出現(xiàn)顯著而持續(xù)的甲狀腺激素水平的抑制,T3和T4在術(shù)后第1 d降至最低,在術(shù)后第7 d才逐漸恢復(fù)至術(shù)前水平。這一點(diǎn)在小兒中尤為重要,很多患兒出現(xiàn)低T3和T4的ESS,ESS的嚴(yán)重程度與患者年齡,體外循環(huán)時(shí)間,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥密切相關(guān)[9]。低T3水平是預(yù)測(cè)死亡中最高的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素,尤其是心臟病患者[10]。有研究顯示,經(jīng)歷體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)的患兒自體外循環(huán)后直至術(shù)后第2 d血清T3和T4濃度均低于術(shù)前[11]。造成T3和T4濃度降低的原因可能與細(xì)胞因子和代謝產(chǎn)物的釋放以及缺氧導(dǎo)致的改變有關(guān)[12-13]:①體外循環(huán)期間組織缺氧[14],甲狀腺血流灌注不足,甲狀腺攝碘能力下降,使得甲狀腺激素的合成不足。肝臟血流量和代謝發(fā)生變化,肝臟釋放T4減少;②心臟手術(shù)本身以及體外循環(huán)過程使得機(jī)體處于應(yīng)激狀態(tài),甲狀腺球蛋白減少,甲狀腺激素合成減少而利用增加[15];③缺氧、皮質(zhì)醇增多及炎性介質(zhì)激活等因素導(dǎo)致外周器官中甲狀腺5'-脫碘酶數(shù)量減少和活性降低,T4向T3轉(zhuǎn)化減少,使生成有活性的T3減少,生成無活性的反T3增加[16];④非搏動(dòng)性血流和血液破壞等體外循環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)流期間的非生理狀態(tài)使下丘腦-垂體-甲狀腺軸調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制失調(diào),影響促甲狀腺激素釋放激素及促甲狀腺激素的分泌和功能[17]。Klemperer等人[18]對(duì)142例冠脈搭橋患者進(jìn)行了研究,分為補(bǔ)充T3組和安慰劑對(duì)照組,兩組相比,補(bǔ)充T3組的術(shù)后心律失常的發(fā)生率和安慰劑組沒有區(qū)別,而心指數(shù)和外周血管阻力分別為2.97 L/min·m2和1073 dyn·sec/cm5,與對(duì)照組的2.67 L/min·m2和1235 dyn·sec/cm5有顯著差異。

3 甲狀腺激素在體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)圍手術(shù)期的應(yīng)用

3.1甲狀腺激素補(bǔ)充療法的安全性 Magalh?觔es 等人[19]對(duì)80例成人心臟手術(shù)患者進(jìn)行了口服T3的研究,結(jié)果顯示口服T3(術(shù)前1 d口服25 mg,3次/d,直至術(shù)后48 h)可以預(yù)防圍手術(shù)期甲狀腺激素的下降,并且48 h內(nèi),沒有異常的激素升高。其它一些研究表明血漿T3水平的正?;梢源蟠鬁p少正性肌力藥的需求,容易轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)竇律,臨床進(jìn)展逐步趨于好轉(zhuǎn)而無明顯的臨床副作用[20]。對(duì)小兒心臟手術(shù)甲狀腺激素補(bǔ)充療法的研究中, Valerio等人[21]對(duì)胎齡小于28 w的早產(chǎn)兒生后22~26 h,采用單次靜脈注射T3(0.5 μg/kg)的方式補(bǔ)充甲狀腺激素,僅可使T3濃度水平升高2 d,并且沒有發(fā)生不良反應(yīng)。由此可見,預(yù)防性補(bǔ)充甲狀腺激素對(duì)體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)患者有良好的安全性和耐受性,可以取得良好的效果。

3.2甲狀腺激素補(bǔ)充療法的有效性 有研究顯示血漿低T3濃度與房顫的發(fā)生有相關(guān)性[22]。Sirlak等[23]在患者實(shí)施CABG前7 d開始使用T3,術(shù)后兒茶酚胺需求減少而心輸出量改善。臨床小兒心臟手術(shù)后使用甲狀腺激素治療基于心臟手術(shù)后的現(xiàn)象和甲狀腺激素的藥理學(xué)特點(diǎn),有人假設(shè)在嬰兒中使用甲狀腺激素替代治療可能會(huì)降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥和死亡率[20]。Portman等[24]等在一項(xiàng)小規(guī)模研究發(fā)現(xiàn)用T3替代治療可以防止循環(huán)T3的缺乏,心率提高而體循環(huán)血壓不下降,因而心輸出量增加。Plumpton等人[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡小于3個(gè)月、體外循環(huán)時(shí)間超過120 min,則其體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)后T3水平明顯較低,機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間明顯延長(zhǎng),結(jié)果顯示進(jìn)入ICU后48 h仍需機(jī)械通氣的患兒FT3水平較已拔管患兒低0.9 pmol/L。有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明術(shù)前服用甲狀腺激素一定時(shí)間會(huì)表現(xiàn)出心肌保護(hù)作用[26],甲狀腺激素對(duì)缺血再灌注損傷的作用也已經(jīng)在動(dòng)物和人體試驗(yàn)中得以證實(shí)[27]。其機(jī)制可能與蛋白激酶C、促分裂原活化蛋白激酶、細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路以及熱休克蛋白等途徑相關(guān)。

3.3甲狀腺激素補(bǔ)充療法的爭(zhēng)議和前景 甲狀腺激素具有上述多種利于體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)患者病情恢復(fù)和預(yù)后的因素,同時(shí)亦有相關(guān)報(bào)導(dǎo)和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果予以佐證,但圍手術(shù)期常規(guī)補(bǔ)充甲狀腺激素仍存在爭(zhēng)議:有研究認(rèn)為認(rèn)為,體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)圍術(shù)期甲狀腺激素的下降對(duì)心功能的影響較微弱,對(duì)預(yù)后影響并不明顯[28],但是甲狀腺激素可減少正性肌力藥物的用量以及其呈現(xiàn)的心肌保護(hù)作用己有諸多研究證實(shí),對(duì)危重患者的預(yù)后后也起到了顯著的作用??傊?,心臟手術(shù)后患者特別容易在圍術(shù)期出現(xiàn)有重要臨床意義的ESS,就目前所有的研究使得預(yù)防性補(bǔ)充甲狀腺激素成為令人期待的臨床選擇。

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[27]Ranasinghe AM, Quinn DW, Pagano D, et al. Glucose-insulin-potassium and tri-iodothyronine individually improve hemodynamic performance and are associated with reduced troponin I release after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting[J].Circulation, 2006,114 (Suppl.1) :1245-1250.

[28]Spratt DI, Frohnauer M, Cyr-Alves H. Physiological effects of nonthyroidal illness syndrome in patients after cardiac surgery[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2007, 293(1):E310-315.

編輯/蔡睿琳

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