云南 陳培良
高考英語中的一致性問題例析
云南 陳培良
在高考英語中,各類題型都涉及一致性問題,閱讀理解、短文改錯題考到代詞的指代;完形填空、語法填空、短文改錯題考到行文邏輯一致;語法填空、短文改錯題考查主謂一致、時態(tài)一致、詞性一致;在書面表達題中考生在一致性問題上也常常出錯,本文結合高考試題進行例析,希望能給考生一些啟發(fā)。
在英語句子里,謂語動詞必須和主語在人稱和數上保持一致,大致可歸納為三個原則,即語法一致、邏輯一致和就近一致原則。
短文改錯例1:(2014? 遼寧卷)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.
【解析】have改為has , 本句的主語是動名詞barking,作主語時,謂語動詞要使用單數形式。
短文改錯例2:(2014? 四川卷)I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.
【解析】go改為goes, 本句的主語a fire alarm為單數,謂語動詞應使用第三人稱單數形式goes。
語法填空例1:( 2016?全國新課標卷Ⅱ)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 43(be) often acceptable.
【解析】動名詞作主語,謂語用單數is。
語法填空例2:( 2015?全國新課標卷Ⅰ ) Yangshuo 67(be) really beautiful.
【解析】主語單數,謂語用單數is。
時態(tài)一致主要是指并列謂語時態(tài)一致,主從復合句時態(tài)一致,上下文時態(tài)一致和時間狀語與句子時態(tài)一致。
短文改錯例1:( 2016?全國新課標卷I ) Some people even had to wait outside.
【解析】前后句都是現在時,故had改成have。
短文改錯例2:(2015?四川卷) As I tell you last time,I made three new friends here.
【解析】根據上下文及時間狀語last time可知應用一般過去時,故tell改為told。
語法填空例1:(2015?全國新課標卷I): It was raining lightly when I 61(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.
【解析】根據前后句時態(tài)可知用一般過去時,故填arrived。
語法填空例2:(2014?全國新課標卷Ⅱ) A boy on a bike 65(catch) my attention.He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.
【解析】根據前后句時態(tài)可知用一般過去時,故填caught。
代詞指代一致是指代詞與所指代的名詞在性、數、格上的一致,代詞的作用是用來指代上下文所出現的名詞以及名詞詞組等。短文改錯題中代詞的考查是難點,考生不易找到,解題時要考慮上下文中代詞的使用是否一致。
短文改錯例1:(2015?全國新課標卷I)We must find ways to protect your environment.
【解析】代詞用法錯誤, 應該變your為our,意思是保護我們的環(huán)境。
短文改錯例2:(2015?四川卷) If you were me , would you talk to him?
【解析】應該變him為them,根據上文可知,作者交了三個朋友,故用them而非him。
語 法 填 空例1:(2016?全國新課標卷I) I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by 68(it)mother.
【解析】修飾名詞用形容詞性物主代詞,故填its。
語法填空例2:(2015?全國新課標卷I) I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with 63(it) choking smog.
【解析】句意:帶著窒息的煙霧, 后面為名詞,故用its。
在英語中,當非謂語作狀語時,邏輯主語應與句子主語保持一致,如Given more time, we could have done the work better.本文的邏輯一致性指的是文章中上下文之間,句際之間,各種關系之間的一致,即行文邏輯一致。
短文改錯例1:(2016?全國新課標卷Ⅱ) If we stay at home, it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.
【解析】前后句是并列關系,故but改成and。
短文改錯例2:(2015?全國新課標卷I)There the air is clean or the mountains are green.
【解析】句意:那里空氣新鮮并且山很綠, 前后句為并列關系,故用連詞and。
語法填空例1:(2014?全國新課標卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 62 some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
【解析】前后兩句為并列關系,故用and。句意:有很多人在公交車站等車,其中一些人看起來很焦慮和失望。
語法填空例2:(2008?廣東卷)He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, 37 he felt very happy...
【解析】根據句意可知,very happy與前面very tired是轉折關系,故用but。
完形填空例1:( 2016?全國新課標卷I) They told her to stay still ... 53 she thought the car was going to explode.
A.for B.so
C.and D.but
【解析】根據上下文,此處為轉折關系,故用but。
完形填空例2:(2015?全國新課標卷Ⅱ) As a parent, I hated seeing my daughter playing her best, 50 still defeated.
A.if B.or
C.but D.as
【解析】根據上文可知,自己的孩子盡力了卻要輸,這是作為家長所不愿意看到的??疾檫B詞以及對語境的理解,用but。
英語單詞在句子中的功用是不同的,在使用時應該考慮一致性,如形容詞修飾名詞,副詞修飾形容詞、動詞等。
短文改錯例1:( 2016?全國新課標卷I ) Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady.
【解析】應該用副詞steadily修飾動詞grow。
短文改錯例2:(2015?全國新課標卷Ⅱ) “How nice to see you again! Dad and I were terrible worried.”
【解析】修飾形容詞worried要用副詞,故 terrible改為terribly。
語法填空例1:(2015? 全國新課標卷Ⅰ)Abercrombie& Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it 69(regular)arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
【解析】應用副詞regularly 修飾動詞arranges,作狀語。
語法填空例2:(2014?全國新課標卷Ⅱ)...the crowd of strangers 70(sudden) became friendly to one another.
【解析】修飾動詞,應該用副詞,故填suddenly。
云南省大理州實驗中學)