重慶 應(yīng) 斌
以教材為根本,發(fā)展多元技能
——高考英語第一輪備考方式例談
重慶 應(yīng) 斌
眾所周知,高考英語第一輪備考主要以教材內(nèi)容為依托,需要深入挖掘教材中的語言知識,夯實語言基礎(chǔ),完善已有的知識架構(gòu)。但筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)在第一輪備考中純粹的知識點二次講解和單一的習(xí)題鞏固收效甚微。結(jié)合多年教學(xué)實踐和研究,筆者認(rèn)為在第一輪備考中,應(yīng)該立足于教材語篇,建構(gòu)教材知識點與高考各題型之間的關(guān)系,強調(diào)知識點的運用,培養(yǎng)考生的多元技能。筆者以外研版高中英語教材選修六模塊五Cloning(以下簡稱“Cloning”)的一輪備考為例,探討如何以教材為根本,發(fā)展多元技能。
該板塊主要針對高考中的語法填空和短文改錯,提升學(xué)生靈活變換詞形的能力。需要進行詞性變換的單詞源自于本單元的單詞表,教師對這些單詞還需進一步篩選。非考綱要求的單詞和出現(xiàn)頻率較低的單詞都不應(yīng)納入該板塊。該板塊供學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)完成。
【例】
(1)___________n.感情;情緒→___________adj.情感的;有感染力的;情緒激動的
(2)____________adj.有益的→_______________n.益處 v.對……有益
(3)____________adj.有爭議的→________________n.爭議
(4)_____________adj.可選擇的→___________n.選擇;選項
該板塊主要用于復(fù)習(xí)教材中出現(xiàn)的重點短語,針對語法填空、短文改錯和書面表達三個題型,促進學(xué)生短語積累。以教材語篇為依托的短語不僅有助于學(xué)生識記理解,更為學(xué)生提供了該短語使用的語境。該板塊供學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)完成。學(xué)生通過閱讀教材查找短語,既復(fù)習(xí)了短語,又回顧了教材內(nèi)容。
【例】
(1)對……有好處___________________
(2)換言之__________________________
(3)相反____________________________
(4)把……和……比較________________
(5)與……相同______________________
(6)處于……的壓力__________________
該板塊主要用于復(fù)習(xí)教材中出現(xiàn)的主要知識點,針對高考中的所有題型。一輪備考中的知識點復(fù)習(xí)并不是簡單地重復(fù)以往所學(xué)。教師需要根據(jù)知識點在歷年真題和模擬題中的出現(xiàn)頻率以及它的“實用”程度進行二次梳理和篩選。值得注意的是,教師需針對每個知識點編寫例句并進行有效挖空,讓學(xué)生根據(jù)中文釋義填寫,切勿全部照搬詞典或教輔書上的原句。編寫的例句要盡可能為某個話題的書面表達所用,或者能夠體現(xiàn)一定的價值觀,以啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考。在復(fù)習(xí)時,教師務(wù)必提醒學(xué)生在何種話題下套用該例句。該板塊在師生課堂互動中完成。以Cloning中contrast和bene ficial這兩個詞為例。
【例】
(1)But these thingscontrastedhorriblywithhis yellow eyes, his wrinkled yellow skin and black lips.
contrast
1)v.____________
①His actions___________________________________(與……形成鮮明對比) his promises.
② It’s interesting tocontrastwinter in Chongqingwiththat in Harbin.( )
2)n.___________
make a strong/sharp/striking contrast with ..._______________________________________________________
①A family are having a Christmas feast in the warm house, ________________________________(和……形成鮮明對比) the girl selling candles on the snowy day.
②According to the recent _________________________(對……的研究) learning approaches of students, those who score high are able to set priorities, but, __________________(相比之下), those who score low fail to arrange their time properly.
③_______________________(和……相比) other students, he ___________________________________________________(對學(xué)習(xí)持一種積極的態(tài)度).
(2)Cloning will bebeneficialto humans.
bene ficial adj.____________= be___________________
Exercise__________________, ____________________.( 鍛煉對健康極為有益,因為它有助于你的睡眠,讓你從白天的憂慮中解脫出來。)
該板塊將教材短語查找和主要知識點回顧中的短語進行總結(jié)和復(fù)習(xí),進一步鞏固學(xué)生積累的短語。教師可以提供中文釋義,讓學(xué)生寫出相應(yīng)短語,也可以提供英文短語,讓學(xué)生寫出對應(yīng)的中文釋義。供學(xué)生課下復(fù)習(xí)之用。
【例】
(1)contrast...with...
(2)be bene ficial to=be of great bene fit to...
(3)on the contrary
(4)in other words
(5)be identical to...
(6)under...pressure
(7)be contradictory to...
(8)as far as we know
(9)compare...with...
(10)chase after one’s dream
(11)make a strong/sharp/striking contrast with...
(12)be absorbed in=absorb oneself in...
(13)arise from.../out of...= result from...
脫離語境的單詞、短語以及知識點不利于學(xué)生理解。單純的背誦也無助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言運用能力。此外,現(xiàn)行高考試題中的每一個題型都有語境的支持。因此,教師務(wù)必在一定的語境下來夯實學(xué)生已復(fù)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)知識點。教師可以根據(jù)知識點學(xué)案中的已復(fù)習(xí)的內(nèi)容編寫基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)題。題型包含單句填空和單句改錯。單句填空和單句改錯的考點盡量不重復(fù)?;A(chǔ)練習(xí)題著重考查本單元的知識點,也可以適當(dāng)涉及其他單元的知識點以及常見的語法考點。該部分供學(xué)生鞏固之用。
【例】
(1)A good diet, together with some physical exercises,______(be) very __________(bene fit) to your health.
(2)He _________(breath) with difficulty after a longtime running.
(3)The little girl stood there, not knowing what to do,_________(terrify) by what she had seen.
(4)It wasn’t a good thing; ___________ the contrary,it was a huge mistake.
(5)He lowered his head, completely __________(absorb) in mobile games.
(6)A clone is an organism _________ is genetically identical _________ another one.
(7)Ann suffered from _____________(depress) and a number of other __________(emotion) problems.
(8)When _________(contrast) with their new system,ours seems very old-fashioned.
(9)Our school has provided us with a variety of______________(option) courses which cover a wide range of topics.
(10)All of a sudden, Jack _____________(arise) from his seat as if ____________(say) something.
【例】
(1)It was on a cold November night when I saw my creation for the first time.
(2)A tropical storm hit the island, knocked out the power supply.
(3)The little boy lay on the ground, shaking in fear.
(4)Cloning is dangerous because scientists may create monsters by mistakes.
(5)If I were the head of the government, I would allow the cloning of human beings.
(6)What is widely agreed that regular exercise contributes to good health.
(7)Though lacked money, his parents managed to send him to university.
(8)It is sure that time and tide wait for no man, so cherish every minute you have.
英語教學(xué)的最終目標(biāo)是提升學(xué)生的英語綜合運用能力。在完成基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)之后,教師可以編寫漢譯英翻譯練習(xí),提高學(xué)生的寫作微技能。值得注意的是,教師應(yīng)圍繞某個話題編寫漢語句子,同時盡可能地將本單元復(fù)習(xí)的知識點糅合進去。這樣,學(xué)生不僅在語境中運用了已復(fù)習(xí)的知識點,而且積累了某一話題下的寫作素材。教師在分析時,應(yīng)該提示學(xué)生在何種話題下可以使用這些句子。同時規(guī)定對部分句子進行背誦默寫。該部分針對高考中的書面表達題。
【例】
1.你想要被當(dāng)作別人的朋友對待,反之亦然。
2.人們普遍認(rèn)為記單詞對外語學(xué)習(xí)很有好處。
3.我抵制克隆的原因陳述如下。
4.他沉迷于打手游,與正在努力解數(shù)學(xué)題的同桌形成鮮明對比。
5.這位作者的書引發(fā)了關(guān)于人權(quán)的公眾爭議,她試圖打破人們對女性的偏見(prejudices)。
基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)題和漢譯英翻譯屬于控制性或半控制性練習(xí)。在這兩個板塊中學(xué)生對于語言的運用是受到一定限制的。教材的每一個單元都是圍繞某一個話題展開的,因此,筆者在每個單元復(fù)習(xí)結(jié)束之后會根據(jù)單元話題,編寫書面表達題。學(xué)生根據(jù)題目要求,運用已復(fù)習(xí)的詞匯、短語和知識點進行寫作。以Cloning為例,筆者編寫了以下書面表達題。該板塊包含原題呈現(xiàn)、構(gòu)思細化和模板提供三個部分。其中,寫作模板在學(xué)生寫作評講時才提供。同時,要求學(xué)生進行積累背誦。
【例】
在一次英語課上,你班同學(xué)討論了克隆的利與弊。請你根據(jù)以下信息寫一篇短文,介紹討論情況。內(nèi)容如下:
(1)35%的同學(xué)贊同,贊同的原因……
(2) 65%的同學(xué)反對,反對的原因……
(3)你的看法……
注意:
(1)可以適當(dāng)增加細節(jié),以使行文連貫;
(2)詞數(shù)100左右;書寫美觀,卷面整潔;
(3)使用高級詞匯短語;在恰當(dāng)?shù)亩温?,使用恰?dāng)?shù)恼Z法結(jié)構(gòu)合并要點。建議使用以下句型:
復(fù)合句:定語從句、賓語從句等;
非謂語動詞和with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu);
特殊句型:強調(diào)句、倒裝句、“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”。
(1)審題
題材:_____________ 體裁:____________
時態(tài):_____________ 人稱:_____________
(2)要點:共_______個要點(請在題目中用數(shù)字標(biāo)出)
(3)謀篇:采用三段式
開頭:____________________________________
主體:____________________________________
贊成的原因___________________________________________________________________________________
反對的原因___________________________________________________________________________________
結(jié)尾:________________________________________
(4)初稿:提煉要點,連詞成句,連句成篇;注意過渡詞和長短句結(jié)合。
開頭:
(1)Recently, our class has had a heated/lively discussion about whether...Opinions are divided on the issue./Opinions on this issue vary from person to person./Students hold different attitudes towards the idea.
(2)There is a widespread concern over the issue whether...But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.
主體:
(1)About 60% of us approve of..., stating that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.To start with, 原因一.Additionally/In addition, 原因二.However, the rest take a quite different stand, arguing /claiming/reckoning that its negative influences should not be neglected/overlooked/ignored.For one thing, 原因一.For another, 原因二.
(2)The majority of people are in favor of...with their own reasons.Above all, 原因一 .Moreover/Furthermore, 原因二.However, others object to it, perceiving(意識到) /asserting(聲稱) /deeming(認(rèn)為)that its disadvantages far outweigh its advantages.First of all, 原因一.Besides, 原因二.
結(jié)尾:
(1)As far as I am concerned/From my perspective,everything has its strengths and weaknesses.But I am firmly convinced that its disadvantages far outweigh its advantages.
(2)From my point of view/From where I stand,every coin has two sides.It is...but not...that matters/counts.Only if we can make wise use of...will...serve us well and bring us a lot of benefits.
筆者以外研版高中英語教材選修六模塊五Cloning的一輪備考為例,詳細地闡釋了整個單元的復(fù)習(xí)流程和內(nèi)容。每一個板塊的設(shè)計都將教材知識與高考題型構(gòu)建關(guān)系,強調(diào)在語境中運用已復(fù)習(xí)的單詞、短語和知識點。知識點學(xué)案中的例句、漢譯英練習(xí)以及話題作文都強調(diào)“話題”,幫助學(xué)生積累相應(yīng)的語言素材,真正地做到立足教材,提升學(xué)生的多元技能。
重慶市西南大學(xué)附屬中學(xué))