廣東 楊華新

巧用paraphrasing 化解長(zhǎng)難句

廣東 楊華新

閱讀理解經(jīng)常會(huì)涉及學(xué)生不懂的“新”詞或長(zhǎng)難句。筆者偶爾觀摩同事或同行在講評(píng)閱讀理解的時(shí)候，唯恐學(xué)生不理解，教師往往會(huì)把其中的生詞、長(zhǎng)句或?qū)W生覺(jué)得費(fèi)解的地方，直截了當(dāng)?shù)赜弥形慕忉尳o學(xué)生聽(tīng)。譬如，請(qǐng)看下面的例句（畫(huà)線部分為關(guān)鍵詞）。

1.She fellviolentlyin love with him.

2.His commentssparked offa heated quarrel between them.

3.The escaped criminal is stillat large.

4.Regrettably, the experiment ended in failure.

5.She heard the news of his death withapparent unconcern.

為了幫助學(xué)生理解，有些教師在課堂上直接把以上的句子口頭翻譯成中文：

1.她狂熱地愛(ài)上了他。

2.他的評(píng)論在他們當(dāng)中激發(fā)了一場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)吵。

3.逃脫的罪犯仍然逍遙法外。

4.遺憾的是，實(shí)驗(yàn)以失敗告終。

5.聽(tīng)到他的死訊，很明顯她無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。

對(duì)于以上簡(jiǎn)單粗暴的機(jī)械式英譯漢處理手法，筆者不太茍同。無(wú)可否認(rèn)，有了教師的中文解釋?zhuān)瑢W(xué)生對(duì)篇章句意的理解是深入了，可是，除了一瞬間的茅塞頓開(kāi)外，收益又有多少呢？對(duì)此筆者表示質(zhì)疑。在英語(yǔ)課堂上，筆者堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，教師應(yīng)該盡可能多地用英語(yǔ)來(lái)沖擊和刺激學(xué)生的聽(tīng)覺(jué)和視覺(jué)，以確保他們有足夠的語(yǔ)言輸入量。下面談?wù)劰P者對(duì)以上例句的粗淺做法，僅供參考。

例1：首先筆者會(huì)提問(wèn)學(xué)生，“Can you think of a word or phrase close in meaning with ‘violently’?” 倘若學(xué)生想不出，筆者就會(huì)提供以下兩個(gè)句子讓他們填空：

She fell ____________ (crazy) in love with him.

= She is __________ ___________ him.

于是學(xué)生就想到了crazily是副詞修飾動(dòng)詞fell, 以及be crazy about, be keen on等詞組。

例2：筆者先讓學(xué)生猜測(cè)spark off的詞義，并鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生開(kāi)動(dòng)腦筋，用學(xué)過(guò)的單詞或詞組來(lái)取代其意思。結(jié)果學(xué)生想到以下的句子：

1.His commentscaused / led to / resulted ina violent quarrel between them.

2.Their violent quarrelresulted fromhis comments.

例3：提示學(xué)生根據(jù)句中的escaped及still猜測(cè)at large的中文意思，接著要求學(xué)生explain in their own words。結(jié)果，學(xué)生提供了自己的答案：

1.The criminal manages to escape being caught by the police.

2.The police are in search of the criminal but fail to catch him.

例4：筆者讓學(xué)生按照原句的意思來(lái)填寫(xiě)以下的句子：

1.It is a __________ that the experiment failed at last.

2.______ ______ ______ (令大家感到遺憾的是), the experiment failed in the end.

如此一來(lái)，學(xué)生就會(huì)聯(lián)想到 It’s a regret / pity / shame that...“……真遺憾”和to one’s regret“令某人感到遺憾的是”這個(gè)詞組。

例5：類(lèi)似地，可以采用例4的方法，進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換，要求學(xué)生填空：

1.When she heard of his death, obviously she was not________ _________ it.

2.Hearing the news _________ _________ ________________(用同位語(yǔ)從句 ), it was clear that she didn’t care about it.

3.She was _________ _________ (對(duì)……冷漠/無(wú)動(dòng)于衷) his death.

于是，學(xué)生紛紛想到1. concerned about 2. that he was dead 3. indifferent to

長(zhǎng)難句經(jīng)常在閱讀中出現(xiàn)，給學(xué)生的理解帶來(lái)障礙，對(duì)他們的思路造成干擾。筆者強(qiáng)烈建議把閱讀中那些典型的長(zhǎng)難句挑選出來(lái)，讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行paraphrasing。訓(xùn)練他們用所學(xué)過(guò)的高頻詞(組)，根據(jù)近義或同義來(lái)替換閱讀難句中的生僻詞，這樣不僅可以喚醒和激活他們現(xiàn)有的詞匯，更能讓他們舉一反三，提升運(yùn)用能力，讓他們的表達(dá)更趨于靈活。

同理，用paraphrasing來(lái)對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句進(jìn)行分解，有助于學(xué)生對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句意思和結(jié)構(gòu)的把握，從而加深理解。以下面兩道閱讀理解中的長(zhǎng)難句為例，筆者并沒(méi)有一一為學(xué)生譯成中文，而是要求他們結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法，用英語(yǔ)來(lái)解釋 (explain the following sentences in their own words)。

例 6：Dr. Larks thought theriskof an operation wasjustified.

筆者鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)justify的意思。just意為“正義的”，由terrify, qualify, beautify等后綴可推知，justify很明顯是動(dòng)詞，表示“令……合理化”，于是學(xué)生有了以下的解釋?zhuān)?/p>

學(xué)生甲： The operation would be a greatrisk, but Dr. Larks thought he hadgood reasonsto take the risk and perform the operation.

學(xué)生乙：Dr. Larks held the belief that although performing the operation would berisky, it wasreasonableand worthwhile to do that.

例 7：As the sunrose higher, thirst began to take a central place in Peter’sconsciousness.

學(xué)生丙：As itgot hotter, Peter became more and moreconscious ofhow thirsty he was.

學(xué)生?。篧ith thetemperaturebecoming higher, Peter became more and moreawarethat he was very thirsty.

用paraphrasing來(lái)分解長(zhǎng)難句，層層分析，層層剝離，從繁到簡(jiǎn)，由難變易。但凡遇到新詞(詞組)，學(xué)生再也不會(huì)條件反射般為其貼上中文標(biāo)簽，而是用近義詞或同義詞作為注腳，逐漸養(yǎng)成用英語(yǔ)來(lái)解釋英語(yǔ)的好習(xí)慣。如此一來(lái)，日積月累，學(xué)生的詞匯量擴(kuò)大了，思路開(kāi)闊了，表達(dá)多樣了，處理生僻詞和化解長(zhǎng)難句的能力也進(jìn)一步得到了錘煉，更重要的是學(xué)會(huì)了用英語(yǔ)來(lái)思考(think in English)。

【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】為了進(jìn)一步鞏固學(xué)生paraphrasing的能力，筆者特意設(shè)置了以下相關(guān)的習(xí)題來(lái)檢測(cè)學(xué)生。

一、單項(xiàng)選擇 在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)與畫(huà)線單詞意義最接近的選項(xiàng)。

1. It is difficult tomeasurethe quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime.（NMET2003，E篇）

A. make up B. figure out

C. look for D. take on

2. The numbers of Galapagos tortoises are said to have begun theirdeclinewhen it was realized that they could supply excellent fresh meat for passenger ships, because they were known to be able to survive for six months without food and water.

A.change B. increase

C. decrease D. double

3. For example, adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any other group, so it makes sense to make computer game ads thatappeal tothis group.

A. delight B. bore

C. disgust D. attract

4. She found that kids praised for “trying hard” did better on testes and were more likely totake ondifficult assignments than those praised for being “smart”. (2013 高考閱讀強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練)

A. receive B. shoulder

C. suffer D. complain

5. Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10 and they’re very interactive and creativein thatthey build a sense of drama based on a subject. (NMET2002, E篇)

A. because B. although

C. once D. when

6. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and Internet usepushes updemand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. (NMET2003，E篇)

A. satisfies B. weakens

C. varies D. promotes

二、補(bǔ)全句子 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境把句子補(bǔ)充完整，使得原句和改寫(xiě)后的句子句意相同。

1.When you set out to do something different, there’s no end in sight, so to find myself in a position where I now have my own name on a contract of the publisher—to be a published writer—is unbelievably rewarding.

→ When you ______ doing something different, it’s hard to _________ the result. So when I become a published writer now, I know my efforts have _________ although it sounds_________.

2. A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative consequences of a decision.

(1) A new review is _____________________________.

(2) It is shown in the review that ____________________.

(3) The result is that ____________________________.

3. But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake. (2015 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ閱讀七選五)

(1) A relationship is lacking in _____________________.

(2) The lack of trust in a relationship is because ____________________.

(3) In that case, you are unlikely to __________________.

4. The 21-year-old Best hopes his message—that this is a new time in agriculture—will motivate the next generation to turn around the statistics. (2012 · 江蘇卷 )

(1) _______ is 21 years old.

(2) He hopes that his message will encourage __________________ to turn around the statistics.

(3) The message is that____________________________

三、句型轉(zhuǎn)換 用另一種方式改寫(xiě)句子，保持句意不變。

1. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began. (NMET2003，C篇)

2.He suggests that we should change this situation by looking into ten thousand species that could be made use of,which will be a way to reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals to enlarge farming areas.

3. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures, called moat, for which the island is most famous. (NMET2003，A篇)

4.The magazine is male-targeting because young guys generally won’t pick up a magazine that appears to be directed at females, whereas girls usually will.

5.Mobile phone SIM cards which are put in the collars(項(xiàng)圈) of elephants automatically send a text message when they get too close to farms, allowing wildlife workers to drive them off rather than shoot them.

6. Behind every human trapping(衣裝，穿扮) though lie unforeseen characteristics,talents, desires, hurts, pains and dreams. (2016 · 廣東肇慶一模 )

【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】答案

一、單項(xiàng)選擇 在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)與畫(huà)線單詞意義最接近的選項(xiàng)。

1.B 在句中measure意為“計(jì)算”，和它意義最接近的是 figure out。

2.C 由于象龜能夠提供優(yōu)質(zhì)鮮肉，可推知它們的數(shù)量在“下滑”，decline與decrease同意。

3.D 既然青少年喜歡電腦游戲，自然要把廣告制作得更加“有吸引力”才能獲得他們的青睞，故選D。

4.B 被表?yè)P(yáng)“努力”的孩子比表?yè)P(yáng)“聰明”的孩子更能去“承擔(dān)”艱巨的任務(wù)。

5.A 句子前后存在因果邏輯關(guān)系，故because最佳。in that 意為 because。

6.D 電腦和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的應(yīng)用“促進(jìn)”了紙的需求量，在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中promote意為“提升，促進(jìn)”，和push up的意思最貼近。

二、補(bǔ)全句子 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境把句子補(bǔ)充完整，使得原句和改寫(xiě)后的句子句意相同。

1. set about “著手（做）”；guess / imagine / expect /foresee / predict 等表“預(yù)測(cè)，想象”等意思；paid off“（努力）得到回報(bào)”；unbelievable / incredible“令人難以置信的”

2. (1) based on a research

(2)acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages

(3) the brain focuses on pleasure and ignore the possible negative consequences of a decision 3. (1) trust / confidence

(2) the wrongdoer doesn’t carry out his duty to fix /mend / correct the mistake

(3) succeed / be successful 4. (1) Best

(2) young people

(3) this is a new time in agriculture

三、句型轉(zhuǎn)換 用另一種方式改寫(xiě)句子，保持句意不變。

1. Newton had a gift for science. On the other hand, he had human weaknesses. He lived in the times when magic came to an end and science came into existence.

2. He advises us to look into the available ten thousand species to change this situation. In this way, we can reduce the clearing of the natural homes of plants and animals in order to make farming areas larger.

3. They lost touch with the outside world for over a thousand years. This gave them much time to build more than 1 000 huge stone figures called moat. The island is best-known for moat.

4. The magazine is aimed at males because if the magazine seems to be designed for females, young men usually won’t read it, but girls usually will.

5. Mobile phone SIM cards are put in the collars(項(xiàng)圈)of elephants. They can send a text message when elephants approach farms. This allows wildlife workers to drive them off instead of shooting them.

6. Every human is dressed in different clothes. However,behind their clothes there are characteristics, talents, desires,hurts, pains and dreams which are hard to foresee.

廣東省開(kāi)平市第一中學(xué)）