河南 馬國民
語法填空高分秘籍“三字訣”
河南 馬國民
有的純空格題涉及的是短語,即空格處與空前或空后構(gòu)成了短語,因此答題時(shí)需要留意空格處是否在句中構(gòu)成了固定短語,并結(jié)合好短文語境,這樣就能敲定答案。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes backmy days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.
2.(2014·湖南卷)If neighbors want to get along well with each other,they have to show their tolerance. In this way,everyone will livepeace.
3.(2015·廣東卷)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearbyother food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.
【解析】
1. to?!癵o back to”為動詞短語,意為“追溯到,返回”。
2. in?!癷n peace”為介詞短語,意為“平安地,和平地,和睦地”。
3. for?!癳xchange...for...”為動詞短語,意為“把……換成……,用……交換……”。
有的小題涉及的是常用句式的考查,如“no sooner+ had+主語+過去分詞+其他+than+其他”“主語+be+doing sth.+ when...”等。分析題干時(shí),把常用句式與題干結(jié)合起來,即可確定答案。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2015·廣東卷)When harvest came around,he was already selling herbs,vegetables and cotton in the market. Now it occurred tothat his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.
2.(2016·上海卷)Up to a certain point,the more stress you are under,the (35)_______(good) your performance will be.
3.(2014·上海卷)Apparently,I had diff culty (31)_______(adapt) myself to life in the city,let alone f nding a job to my delight.
4. (2015·廣東卷)One day,the cow was eating grass__2_0_it began to rain heavily.
【解析】
1. him。“It occurred to sb. that...”為常用句式,意為“某人突然想到……”。
2. better。此處為句式“the+比較級+其他,the+比較級+其他”,故填better。
3. adapting。根據(jù)句式“have trouble/ diff culty (in)doing sth.”可知,空格處應(yīng)填adapting。
4. when?!爸髡Z+be doing sth.+when+其他”為常用句式,意為“正在做某事,正在那時(shí)……”。
有的小題在分析題干時(shí),一方面需要判斷好空格處所涉及的考點(diǎn),另一方面還需要結(jié)合好空格處所在的具體語境,這樣才能確定正確答案。
【考例鏈接】
2.(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and(be) too violent for use at the table.
【解析】
1. When/If。逗號前為狀語從句,結(jié)合語境可知,逗號前表示時(shí)間或條件,故填When/If。
2. were。根據(jù)語境可知,空格處表示過去的狀態(tài),故用一般過去時(shí)。
3. before/earlier。根據(jù)語境“早在幾小時(shí)前”和空后的時(shí)態(tài)可知,空格處應(yīng)填before/earlier。
句子成分是答題使用頻率非常高的知識之一,要學(xué)會利用這一知識推敲題干,進(jìn)一步明確考點(diǎn),鎖定答案。例如,當(dāng)提示詞是形容詞,且空格處作狀語時(shí),那么答案往往是副詞。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top(attract).
2.(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit,I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by(it) mother.
3.(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks(regular).
4.(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people(live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
【解析】
1. attraction??崭裉幾鞅碚Z,結(jié)合空前的定語可知,空格處應(yīng)填attraction。
2. its??崭裉幾鞫ㄕZ,指代空前的“a lively threemonth-old twin”,故填its。
3. regularly??崭裉幾鳡钫Z,修飾動詞,故填regularly。
4. living??崭裉幾骱笾枚ㄕZ,且表示主動進(jìn)行,故填living。
有的小題,在分析題干時(shí),問號、逗號、感嘆號、破折號等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號也有助于準(zhǔn)確快速答題,因此不可忽視標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號在答題中的重要作用。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.,inf uenced the development of chopsticks.
2.(2014·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)Then the driver stood up and asked,“anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”
3.(2013· 江 西 卷)________a terrible experience! Anyway,you’re safe now—that’s the main thing.
【解析】
1. who。第一個逗號后是非限制性定語從句,先行詞指人,且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語,故應(yīng)填who,而that不可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。
2. Did。引號內(nèi)是一個疑問句,且是過去發(fā)生的動作,故填助動詞Did。
3. What。根據(jù)感嘆號可知,第一句是一個感嘆句,結(jié)合感嘆句的結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空格處應(yīng)填What。
有的題干是省略句,而有的題干是倒裝句,在推敲題干時(shí),需要把省略的內(nèi)容補(bǔ)充完整,把倒裝的句子還原成正常語序,這樣才能準(zhǔn)確答題。
【考例鏈接】
2.(2013·上海卷)Among the crises that face humans(be) the lack of natural resources.
【解析】
1. accepted。根據(jù)狀語從句的省略條件和省略特點(diǎn)可知,If之后省略了“you are”,還原后為“If you are________(accept)...”,提示詞與主語之間是被動關(guān)系,故填過去分詞。
2. is。題干為倒裝句,正常語序?yàn)椤癟he lack of natural resources________(be)among the crises that face humans.”,主語為“l(fā)ack”,且該句描述的是客觀事實(shí),故空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
有的小題不需要逐詞細(xì)致推敲,甚至翻譯成漢語,而是僅僅通過題眼就可鎖定答案,也就是說,題眼是決定答案的關(guān)鍵。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed,the other is with mum—she never suspects.
2.(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by evenmost modern of architects and engineers.
3.(2014·上海卷)In recent years,the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)________(force)village shops across the country to close.
【解析】
1. days?!癴ew”就是題眼,該詞修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,故填days。
2. the。題眼是空后的形容詞最高級,故填定冠詞。
3. has forced?!癐n recent years”是題眼,由此結(jié)合語境可知,空格處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
有的小題考查的是常識性知識,例如,介詞之后接名詞、代詞或動名詞,有些動詞后接動名詞作賓語,有些動詞后接不定式作賓語等,在做這類型的題時(shí),利用好常識性知識即可敲定答案。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2014·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)Still,the boy kept(ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.
2.(2015·全國卷Ⅱ)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without(use) electric equipment.
3.(2014·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver,but he refused(stop) until we reached the next stop.
【解析】
1. riding。根據(jù)常識可知,keep后應(yīng)接動名詞作賓語。
2. using。介詞without后應(yīng)接動名詞using作賓語。
3. to stop。refuse后應(yīng)接動詞不定式to stop作賓語。
有的題干比較長,例如,在2016年全國卷Ⅰ的語法填空題中,最長的句子是40個詞,這就需要分析好句子結(jié)構(gòu),把握好主干,確定空格處在句中的具體作用,這樣才能使考點(diǎn)原形畢露。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2016·四川卷)It was time for her to have a new baby,it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
2.(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,I was the f rst Western TV reporter permitted to f lm a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
3.(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)It could be anything—gardening,cooking,music,sports—but whatever it is,(make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.
【解析】
1. and。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,逗號前后是兩個并列的句子,結(jié)合語境可知,and符合題意。
2. when。分析題干可知,逗號前是主句,逗號之后為非限制性定語從句,先行詞指時(shí)間,且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語,故填when。
3. make?!皐hatever it is”為讓步狀語從句,之后為主句,空格處是主句的謂語動詞,此處為祈使句,故填動詞原形。
有的空格處與空前或空后之間是并列關(guān)系,對于類似的小題,只要找準(zhǔn)處于并列關(guān)系的詞或短語,并結(jié)合好其特點(diǎn),便可確定答案。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work,you should take a step back and identify (識別) those of(great) and less importance.
2.(2014·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,and some of them looked very anxious and(disappoint).
3.(2015·廣東卷)While making great ef forts to run away,she(fall) over the hill and died.
【解析】
1. greater??崭裉幣c“l(fā)ess”之間是并列關(guān)系,故greater與題意相符。
2. disappointed??崭裉幣c“anxious”之間是并列表語,用于描述人,故填disappointed。
3. fell??崭裉幣c“died”之間是并列關(guān)系,為過去發(fā)生的動作,故用一般過去時(shí)。
有的小題在答題時(shí)需要結(jié)合好題干的邏輯關(guān)系,判斷好空格處在句中表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系,還是選擇關(guān)系等。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2014·廣東卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
2.(2014·湖南卷)Neighbors should do all they can to avoid disturbing other people,there are times when some level of disturbance is unavoidable.
【解析】
1. and??崭裉幱糜谶B接兩個并列分句,根據(jù)空格處前后的邏輯關(guān)系可知,and符合題意。
2. but。逗號前后是兩個并列的句子,結(jié)合邏輯關(guān)系可知,空格處表示轉(zhuǎn)折,故填but。
有的小題的答案實(shí)際上在上下文中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過,因此答題時(shí),有時(shí)需要結(jié)合好空格處的特點(diǎn),注意某個詞在文中是否重復(fù)出現(xiàn)過。
【考例鏈接】
(2012·廣東卷)“Do you need those glasses for medical reasons ?” the teacher asked. The new boy shook his head. Then I’d appreciate it if you didn’t wear them in class. Then he tookoff,gave a big smile and said “That is cool.”
【解析】them??崭裉幾髻e語,指代上文提到的眼鏡,結(jié)合wear之后的“them”可確定答案。
有的小題涉及的是慣用法,對這方面的掌握情況是能否準(zhǔn)確答題的關(guān)鍵。例如,what與do with搭配,how與deal with搭配;doubt后接從句時(shí),主句是肯定句時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞使用if或whether等。
【考例鏈接】
1.(廣東省汕頭市金平區(qū)2016屆高三調(diào)研)Suppose you broke a cup or a bowl by accident,________would you deal with the broken pieces?
2.(福建省莆田市第二十五中學(xué)2016屆高三期中)He has almost 600 of them but I doubtthey are worth any money.
【解析】
1. how。根據(jù)慣用法可知,deal with常與how搭配使用,故空格處填how。
2. if/whether。doubt后接從句,主句是肯定句時(shí),從句使用if/whether作為引導(dǎo)詞。
優(yōu)先法指的是對于復(fù)雜的小題可暫時(shí)放到一邊,先從簡單的小題開始,由易到難,掃除障礙,逐個擊破。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day;the same time, they warm up again for the night.
2.(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)For those who f y to Guilin,it’s only an hour awaycar and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
3.(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)I’d skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese(painting).
【解析】
1. at。at the same time為介詞短語,意為“同時(shí)”。
2. by。by car為常用短語,故填by。
3. paintings。根據(jù)空前的“many”可知,空格處應(yīng)填復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
有的小題可采用定勢法,例如,提示詞是沒有比較級和最高級的形容詞,且空格處作狀語,那么答案是提示詞的副詞形式;再如,介詞之后接名詞、代詞或動名詞作賓語。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2016·四川卷)Chinese scientists(recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.
2.(2014·江西卷)When it comes to(speak) in public,no one can match him.
3.(2014·陜西卷) It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like(go) for a swim?
【解析】
1. recently。recent沒有比較級和最高級形式,空格處作狀語,故填recently。
2. speaking。to是介詞,后應(yīng)接動名詞。
3. going。feel like后接動名詞going作賓語。
詞性法指的是根據(jù)提示詞的詞性來確定答案的范圍,例如,提示詞是名詞時(shí),答案涉及名詞復(fù)數(shù)、名詞的形容詞形式等;提示詞是形容詞時(shí),答案涉及副詞、比較級或最高級、名詞等。
【考例鏈接】
【解析】
1. natural。提示詞是名詞,考點(diǎn)涉及名詞的形容詞形式和名詞復(fù)數(shù)等,而空格處作定語,修飾名詞“architects”,故填形容詞。
2. goes。提示詞是動詞,考點(diǎn)涉及時(shí)態(tài)、非謂語動詞、形容詞、名詞等,而空格處作謂語,結(jié)合語境可知,空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
3. Luckily。提示詞是形容詞,涉及的考點(diǎn)包括比較級或最高級、副詞、名詞等,而空格處作狀語,修飾整個句子,故填副詞。
刪除法,即化繁為簡,刪除題干中起干擾作用的短語、插入語(如I think/ suppose/ believe,you know,of course等)、從句等,進(jìn)一步簡化題干,這樣就容易快速判斷出正確答案。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2012·安徽卷)Walmart,which is one of the lar gest American supermarket chains,(keep) some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.
2.(2012·陜西卷)The basketball coach,as well as his team,(be) interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.
【解析】
1. keeps。分析題干時(shí),可刪除兩個逗號之間的非限制性定語從句,主語是“Walmart”,結(jié)合語境可知,空格處用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2. was??上葎h除干擾內(nèi)容“as well as his team”,主語是“coach”,結(jié)合“shortly after...”可知,空格處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí),故填was。
表面來看,有的小題的答案是不唯一的,這樣就需要全面分析題干,辨析好備用答案之間的區(qū)別,然后才能下結(jié)論。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2015·上海卷)When I ask him to please put down the phone and stop(ignore) me,he says,“In a minute,” but still checks to see if somebody has posted something new on the Internet.
2.(2015·陜西卷)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress,Anne Benedict went on(thank) all the people who had helped in her career.
【解析】
1. ignoring。stop to do sth.意為“停下來去做某事”,stop doing sth.意為“停止做某事”,故ignoring與語境相符。
2. to thank。go on to do sth.意為“接著去做另一件事”;go on doing sth.意為“繼續(xù)做同一件事”?!敖邮軍W斯卡最佳女配角獎”和“感謝所有的人”是兩件不同的事,故應(yīng)填不定式。
3. to lock。remember to do sth.意為“記得要做某事”,remember doing sth.意為“記得做過某事”。根據(jù)語境“我離開辦公室之前記得關(guān)門卻忘記關(guān)燈了”可知,空格處應(yīng)填不定式。
常用于選擇題的排除法,對語法填空試題也適用,例如,純空格題的考點(diǎn)涉及介詞、冠詞、復(fù)合句、并列連詞等,答題時(shí),可根據(jù)題干特點(diǎn),并結(jié)合??伎键c(diǎn)逐個排除,縮小范圍,最后鎖定答案。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2015·廣東卷)Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children;he ownedfarm,which looked almost abandoned.
2. (2015·廣東卷)While making great ef forts to run away,she fell over the hill and died;then the Johnsons had to make a livingthe cow.
【解析】
1. a。語法填空題對冠詞的考查一般只有一個小題,可結(jié)合其他小題的考點(diǎn)覆蓋情況來排除、推測可能考查的考點(diǎn)。在題干中,名詞“farm”表泛指,故填a。
2. without。介詞是全國卷三年來的必考點(diǎn),但是只占一個小題,答題時(shí)注意10個小題的考點(diǎn)分配。根據(jù)語境“約翰遜一家不得不在沒有牛的情況下謀生”可知,空格處應(yīng)填介詞without。
有的小題涉及了多方面的知識,在分析題干時(shí),需要綜合分析,全面考慮,不可顧此失彼,這樣才能確定正確答案。
【考例鏈接】
1.(2015·江蘇卷)It might have saved me some troubleI known the schedule.
2.(2014·上海卷)Not until I returned (32)________I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.
3. (2015·廣東卷)When harvest came around,he was already selling herbs,vegetables and cotton in the marketpeople from the towns met regularly.
【解析】
1. had。題干是與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣,空前是主句,trouble之后的從句謂語應(yīng)用“had done”,而題干省略了if,把had提到主語前,形成了半倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. did。not until位于句首時(shí),句子應(yīng)用半倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),結(jié)合空后的時(shí)態(tài)可知,空格處應(yīng)填助動詞did。
3. where。第一個逗號前是when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,market之后為限制性定語從句,關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語,故用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。
【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】
1. I didn’t want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didn’t like leaving him________his own either.
2. I’d skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
3. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat________(slow) during cool nights,thus warming the house.
4. As natural architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly________thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
5. One morning,I was waiting at the bus stop,worried about________(be) late for school.
6. The________(hard) you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit;he controls you!
7.________he been told that the meeting would be put off till Friday,he wouldn’t have gone to the meeting room yesterday.
8. In much of Asia,especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China,Japan,Korea,________Vietnam,food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
9.________she could react,I gave her a big hug and told her she didn’t need to keep it a secret from me.
10. A study of travellers________(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
【參考答案】1. on 2. that/which 3. slowly 4. how 5. being 6. harder 7. Had 8. and 9. Before 10. conducted