甘肅 董耀忠
特殊句式重難點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥
甘肅 董耀忠
高中英語中,特殊句式主要指強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、反義疑問句、感嘆句、祈使句以及插入語和省略等。下面,基于句子基本結(jié)構(gòu),筆者對幾種重要的特殊句式考查的重難點(diǎn)予以歸納。
【考例1】(改編自2015天津卷,3)Only when Lily walked into the off ce_______she realize that she had left the contract at home.
【解析】did。部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),要“主倒從不倒”,即主句倒裝從句不倒裝。句意為:只有當(dāng)Lily走進(jìn)辦公室的時候,她才意識到她把合同忘在家里了。
【考例2】(改編自2015湖南卷,21)It was when we were returning home________I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.
【解析】that。此句為“It is(was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who)……”強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)。句意為:正是在我們回家的時候,我才意識到幫助別人于危難之時的感覺是多么令人愉悅。
【考例3】(2016上海卷,32)I was so impressed by_______self ess she was.
【解析】how?!癶ow self ess she was”作介詞by的賓語,為how修飾形容詞self ess的感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)。
【考例4】(2016全國卷Ⅲ,61)In much of Asia,especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China,Japan,Korea,________Vietnam,food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
【解析】and。列舉了一些亞洲國家,它們之間是并列關(guān)系,and為表示并列關(guān)系的并列連詞。
英語的句子注重形合,而漢語的句子則注重意合,掌握了英語中正常的句式結(jié)構(gòu)才能更好地理解和運(yùn)用特殊句式。
1. 句子按使用目的可分為:陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。例如:
He can hardly speak an English word. 他幾乎連一個英語單詞也講不出來。(陳述句)
Is there anything wrong with your pen? 你的鋼筆有問題嗎?(一般疑問句)
Have a cup of tea,will you?來杯茶,好嗎?(反義疑問句)
How f uently he speaks English!他英語講得多流利?。。ǜ袊@句)
【要點(diǎn)速測】When you’ve f nished with that book,don’t forget to put it back on the shelf,________you?(填will。祈使句的反義疑問句)
2. 句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為:簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。其中:
(1)只有一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)的句子叫簡單句。有主謂、主謂賓、主系表、主謂雙賓語、主謂復(fù)合賓語等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
I gave her a book.我給她一本書。(主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語)
I saw our headmaster walk out.我看見我們的校長出去了。(主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓補(bǔ))
(2)含有兩個或兩個以上的獨(dú)立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或簡單的句子,叫并列句。并列連詞常有:
①表示并列關(guān)系的:and,both...and...,not only...but(also)...和as well as等。 如:He likes not only playing basketball,but also playing football.
②表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的:but,while,however,yet和still等。如:Tom was rich while his brother was very poor.
③表示選擇關(guān)系的:or,or else,otherwise,either... or...,neither...nor和not...but...等。如:Either you come to my place or I go to yours.
④表示因果關(guān)系的:for,so和therefore等。如:He didn’t work hard,therefore he failed in the examination.
【要點(diǎn)速測】In some places women are expected to earn money_______men work at home and raise their children.(填while。while在此處表示“而……”,連接并列句,含有對比的意思)
3.復(fù)合句是由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成。主要為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句三大從句,其中銜接主從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語的選擇是考查的重點(diǎn)。例如:
Don’t promise anything unless you are one hundred percent sure.(狀語從句)
I’ll give you my friend’s home address,which is easy to f nd.(定語從句)
Tomorrow is Tom’s birthday. Have you got any idea where the party is to be held?(同位語從句)
【要點(diǎn)速測】We have some doubt________he can come here this afternoon.(填whether。引導(dǎo)同位語從句)
(一)強(qiáng)調(diào)句
1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的句型:It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(強(qiáng)調(diào)除句子謂語和定語以外的其他完整的句子成分) +that/who(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為人時用who)+其他……。例如:
It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.是在公園里Tom丟了他的表。(強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語)
【要點(diǎn)速測】It is what you do rather than what you say_______matters.(填that?!皐hat you do rather than what you say”為被強(qiáng)調(diào)的句子成分,是“matters”的主語)
2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的疑問句型:一般疑問句只須把is/was提到it前;其特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)中,若被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是特殊疑問詞時,用“特殊疑問詞+is/was+that...?”。例如:
What is it that you want me to do? 你想要我去做什么事?(what提問do的賓語,為被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分)
【要點(diǎn)速測】—________was it that he managed to pass TOEFL?
—Oh,he had studied English in the school for several years.(填How。根據(jù)上下文意,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是方式)
3. 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分為從句:除定語從句外,從句均可被強(qiáng)調(diào),但原因狀語從句若是由as,since等引導(dǎo)時,改為because引導(dǎo)即可。例如:
It was because she got up late that she missed the first bus.是因?yàn)樗疬t了,所以錯過了首趟班車。
4. “not...until...”在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中:應(yīng)否定轉(zhuǎn)移,形成“It is/was not until...that...”句式結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
It was not until I got of f the bus that I realized it.直到我下車才認(rèn)出了它。
【要點(diǎn)速測】It wasn’t until nearly a month later_______I received the manager’s reply.(填that。強(qiáng)調(diào)not until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句)
5. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的主謂一致:若被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語,則that/ who后面的謂語動詞依然與該主語保持一致。例如:
It is I who am to blame.是我該受到責(zé)備。(原句為:I am to blame.)
【要點(diǎn)速測】It is not only I but also Jane who________tired of having one examination after another.(填is。被強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是由“not only...but also...”引導(dǎo)的并列成分,為原句的主語,應(yīng)用“就近原則”)
6. 判斷是否是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的原則:將句中的“it is/was”與“that”去掉,句子仍然完整。例如:
It was at f ve o’clock that the plane landed at the airport.是在五點(diǎn)的時候飛機(jī)在機(jī)場著陸了。(去掉“it was”和“that”,句子仍然完整)
【要點(diǎn)速測】Is it the years_______you worked in the factory________have a great ef fect on your literary works?(填when;that。when引導(dǎo)定語從句,“the years”為被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分)
(二)倒裝句
1. 完全倒裝:謂語動詞完全放到主語之前形成的倒裝。主要表現(xiàn)在:
(1)there be句型。例如:
There are many students in the room.在屋里有許多學(xué)生。
(2) 用 于 here,there,now,then,out,in,up,down,away等副詞開頭的句子中,以表強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如:
Here comes the bus.車來了。(當(dāng)the bus被代詞it替換時,句式應(yīng)為:Here it comes.)
Out went the children.孩子們出去了。(當(dāng)the children被代詞they替換時,句式應(yīng)為:Out they went.)
(3)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語置于句首時,須完全倒裝。例如:
From the valley came a frightening sound.一聲令人驚嚇的聲音從山谷傳來。(原句為:A frightening sound came from the valley.)
(4)表語置于句首,形成“表語+系動詞+主語”的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Present at the meeting were professor White. White教授出席了會議。(形容詞+系動詞+主語)
Written on the blackboard are some new words.一些新單詞被寫在了黑板上。(過去分詞+系動詞+主語)
Among the goods are Christmas trees.圣誕樹在這些貨物之列。(介詞短語+系動詞+主語)
【要點(diǎn)速測】At the foot of the mountain_______(lie)a village.(填lies。完全倒裝,原句為:A village lies at the foot of the mountain.)
2. 部分倒裝:將謂語中的一部分(常為助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)置于主語之前形成的倒裝。主要表現(xiàn)在:
(1)as或though當(dāng)“盡管”講時,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,常用部分倒裝。例如:
Try as she might,Carolina couldn’t get the door open.盡管她嘗試了,但是Carolina難以將門打開。
Clever as he is,he can’t study English very well.盡管他很聰明,但還是沒能學(xué)好英語。
Hero as he is,he still has shortcomings.盡管他是個英雄,但他仍然有短處。
Much as I love you,I can’t speak to you.盡管我愛你,但是沒能跟你說出來。
(2)省略if的虛擬語氣條件句中,were,had或should可提到句首,形成部分倒裝。例如:
Were I not so busy,I should go with you.如果我不那么忙,我就和你一起去了。
(3)在“so+adj./adv. + that...”句型中,若“so+...”部分提到句首,形成部分倒裝(主倒從不倒)。例如:
So loudly did she speak that people in the next room could hear her.她說話的聲音如此大以至于隔壁屋里的人都能聽見。
(4)詞組not...until...,no sooner...than...,hardly... when...等引導(dǎo)連接的句型中,用部分倒裝(主倒從不倒)。例如:
Not until the teacher came did he f nish his task.直到老師進(jìn)來他才完成了任務(wù)。
Hardly had he collected the papers on his desk when the door burst open.他剛收集了桌子上的卷子,門就突然開了。
(5)only + 副詞/介詞短語/狀語從句等置于句首時,用部分倒裝(主倒從不倒)。例如:
Only when he returned did he f nd out the truth.僅僅當(dāng)他到達(dá)的時候他才發(fā)現(xiàn)了真相。
(6)否定或半否定詞never,not,not only,hardly,little,seldom,in no way,by no means等置于句首時,用部分倒裝。例如:
Not a single mistake did he make.他犯了不止一個錯誤。
(7)虛擬語氣中用于某些表祝愿的句子。例如:
May you succeed! 祝你成功!
Long live the world peace! 世界和平萬歲!
(8)用于so,nor,neither開頭的句子中,表示重復(fù)前句的內(nèi)容,說明另一者也一樣或也不一樣。例如:
He has been to Beijing.
—So he has.他確實(shí)去過。(再次重復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)與前句一致的同一個主語的情形,主謂不倒置)
He can’t answer the question.
—Neither/Nor can I.我也不行。(重復(fù)前句的內(nèi)容,但說明另一者也不能,主謂倒置)
(9)如果表示兩種或兩種以上的情況也適合于另一人或物時,用“So it is/was with...”或“It is/was the same with...”結(jié)構(gòu);或者同一個人的事也適合于其他幾個人時,也可用此結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
She doesn’t play the piano,but she likes singing.
—So it is with my sister./It is the same with my sister.(兩種情況也適合于另一人)
I like football.
—So it is with my sister and brother. /It is the same with my sister and brother.(同一件事也適合于其他兩個人)
【要點(diǎn)速測】
(1)If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party,neither_______he.(填will。重述與條件句相同的情況,部分倒裝)
(2)Only after my friend came________(be) the computer repaired.(填was。“only+狀語”提前,部分倒裝;原句為:The computer was repaired only after my friend came.)
(三)反義疑問句
1. 反義疑問句由陳述部分和疑問部分組成,結(jié)構(gòu)為:“肯,否?/否,肯?”。例如:
You are conceited,aren’t you?你自負(fù),不是嗎?
2. 祈使句的反義疑問句:后加問句,不表示反意,而表示一種語氣。常有:
●否定祈使句+...,will you?
●肯定祈使句+...,will/won’t you?
●Let’s+...,shall we?
● Let us+...,will you?
● Let +第三人稱+...,will you? 例如:
Open the door,will/won’t you?開門,好嗎?
3.陳述部分主語為不定代詞nobody,no one,everyone,somebody,anyone等時,疑問部分常用人稱代詞they,有時也可用he。例如:
Nobody knows what it is,does he?沒人知道這是什么,是嗎?
4. 陳述部分含有must的反義疑問句:
(1)must當(dāng)“必須、有必要”講時,如:
You must go now,mustn’t you?你現(xiàn)在必須去,是嗎?(必須)
You must go now,needn’t you? 你有必要現(xiàn)在去,是嗎?(有必要)
(2)must當(dāng)“一定、準(zhǔn)是”講時,表推測,如:
You must be hungry now,aren’t you? 你現(xiàn)在準(zhǔn)是餓了,不是嗎?(對現(xiàn)在的推測)
You must have heard about it,haven’t you? 你準(zhǔn)是聽到了這事,不是嗎?(對過去的推測)
You must have heard about it last night,didn’t you? 你昨晚準(zhǔn)是聽到了這事,不是嗎?(對過去的推測,但有明顯的過去時間狀語)
5. think,believe,suppose等后面跟賓語從句時,有“否定轉(zhuǎn)移”現(xiàn)象,其反義問句部分要視主句而定:若主句的主語為第一人稱時,反義問句部分隨從句,否定要轉(zhuǎn)移;若主句主語為非第一人稱時,反義問句部分隨主句,否定不轉(zhuǎn)移。例如:
_I don’t believe he will succeed,will he? 我認(rèn)為他不會成功,是嗎?(主句主語為第一人稱)
He doesn’t believe he will succeed,does he? 他認(rèn)為他不會成功,是嗎?(主句主語為第三人稱)
【要點(diǎn)速測】
(1)There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture,_______they?(填haven’t。must have gone表示對過去的推測,句中無時間狀語)
(2)Tom,you go and pick up Mary from the station,_______you?(填will。Tom為稱呼語,“you go...”為祈使句)
(四)祈使句、感嘆句、省略和插入語
1. 定語或狀語從句中可省略,形成非謂語動詞作定語或狀語。例如:
The picture (which was/is) drawn by my daughter is so beautiful.我女兒畫的這幅畫是如此的漂亮。
(While I was) walking along the street,I heard my name called.當(dāng)我正沿街行走時,我聽到有人在叫我的名字。
2. 插入語為句子表達(dá)的輔助成分,在句中與其他成分基本沒有語法上的關(guān)系。例如:
When do you think we shall start?你認(rèn)為我們將什么時候開始?(其后為陳述語序)
3. 感嘆句可感嘆名詞也可感嘆形容詞或副詞,結(jié)構(gòu)單一。例如:
What a clever boy he is! 他是多么聰明的一個孩子!How fast he is running! 他跑得多快啊!
4. “祈使句+and/or/then等+陳述句(常用一般將來時)”的句式結(jié)構(gòu)很重要。例如:
Open the door and then you will find what you want to use.
(作者單位:甘肅省漳縣第一中學(xué))