廣東 付仁貴(特級教師)
閱讀理解推理判斷題解題技巧探析
廣東 付仁貴(特級教師)
全國高考英語考試大綱明確要求:考生能讀懂書、報、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等,并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息??忌鷳?yīng)能:1. 理解主旨要義;2. 理解文中具體信息;3. 根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義;4. 做出判斷和推理;5. 理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu);6. 理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。從中不難看出推理判斷題是高考閱讀理解試題中的重要題型之一,它屬于主觀題,是閱讀理解中層次較高的題目,因此也是考生失分率較高的題型。推理判斷題要求考生不僅要讀懂句子的字面含義,還要理解其深層含義,也就是理解作者的言外之意,并能根據(jù)論據(jù)或事實(shí)進(jìn)行推理和判斷,從而得到文章的隱含意思和深層意思,也就是通過文章中的文字信息、上下邏輯關(guān)系及事物的發(fā)展變化等已知的信息,推斷出作者沒有直接表達(dá)的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。
推理判斷題的題干中常有infer,imply,suggest等標(biāo)志性的單詞。常見的題干設(shè)題形式如下:
(1)It can be inferred from the passage that________.或What can be inferred about...in the passage?
(2)The last sentence...implies that_______.
(3)What Mr.Smith said suggests that_______.
(4)We can conclude that_______.
(5)We can learn from the passage that the author_______.
推理判斷題中的正確選項是依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)或論據(jù)推斷出的符合邏輯的結(jié)論或觀點(diǎn),而不是文章中的具體事實(shí)。因此選項中的干擾項通常具有以下特征:
(1)似是而非。通常有兩種情況:第一種情況是這類干擾項是對文章信息的簡單陳述,而不是依據(jù)事實(shí)得出的結(jié)論。這類選項對考生的干擾性極大,表面上看起來很正確,符合原文的意思,極容易迷惑考生;第二種情況是推理部分正確,比如說前半句推理正確,后半句卻錯了。
(2)夸大事實(shí)。對文章中的事實(shí)或論據(jù)進(jìn)行夸大。
(3)推理過度。這類干擾選項往往過于絕對化,有時會出現(xiàn)only,all,always等詞語,所做出的結(jié)論不符合邏輯。
(4)滲入常識。按常識來講是正確的,但不是根據(jù)文章中的事實(shí)或論據(jù)推斷出來的結(jié)論。
1. 推理判斷題一般分為針對原文中的一兩個重點(diǎn)(細(xì)節(jié))進(jìn)行推理判斷和針對主題思想、作者的意圖進(jìn)行推理判斷。針對細(xì)節(jié)的推斷可運(yùn)用略讀的方法,迅速在閱讀材料中確定推理依據(jù)的位置或范圍,然后再進(jìn)行推理判斷??疾辄c(diǎn)通常是原文中“話中有話”的間接表達(dá)句,這些句子往往采用說半句話、打比喻、反著說、對比等方式讓考生有推理的余地。所以,尋找針對細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推理判斷的題的答案時要特別注意原文表示對比、比較或有轉(zhuǎn)折的地方,以及含義深刻、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子。針對主題思想進(jìn)行判斷時,其解題的主要依據(jù)是文章的主題思想,然后再分析句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。
2. 正確答案特征:最近答案原則。選項中與原文意思最接近、推理步驟最少的為正確答案,也就是說正確答案要么將原文某句話換個說法,要么做一步推理,而不會做多步推理。假如四個選項有兩個或兩個以上的選項的推理都成立,那么與原文意思最接近、所用推理步驟最少的選項為正確答案。而且,推理必須以原文為依據(jù),不能運(yùn)用課外的知識。推理判斷題的答案一般是這樣編寫的:
(1)將原文的某句話換個說法,如換成同義詞。
(2)將原文幾句話或一段話歸納一下,就是說以段落主題或句群的論點(diǎn)為答案。
(3)由構(gòu)成對比的一方推斷另一方。如果原文中提到兩個事物,二者形成對比,而且已知其中一個事物的特點(diǎn),那么可以推斷另一事物的特點(diǎn)。
1.根據(jù)題干或選項定位原文
此類推理判斷題通常是針對原文的某個細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推理判斷,可以使用略讀或掃讀的方式,將題干或選項與原文進(jìn)行比較,看是否可以通過題干或選項返回原文。
例如:2015年廣東卷C篇:
One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child’s ability to think and to understand the world. While watching TV,children do not merely absorb words and images (影像). Instead,they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they see. Actually,children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows. Furthermore,as many teachers agree,children understand far more when parents watch TV with them,explaining new words and ideas. Yet,most parents use an educational program as a chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.
37. An educational program is best watched by a child_______.
A. on his own
B. with other kids
C. with his parents
D. with his teachers
【解析】本文主要講述了著名心理學(xué)家Daniel Anderson對孩子看電視的看法,打破了人們以往認(rèn)為看電視對孩子不好的觀念。本題答案為C項,是針對細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行的推理判斷。根據(jù)題干定位法,很容易找到原文中的“Furthermore,as many teachers agree,children understand far more when parents watch TV with them,explaining new words and ideas.”,由此句可推斷教育類節(jié)目最好是父母陪著看,故選C項。
2.利用逆向思維進(jìn)行推理判斷
抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息,即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語去分析、推理、判斷,如果文章從正面論述,我們可以利用逆向思維推斷出這句話所隱含的深層含義。這也是推理判斷題常見的命題點(diǎn)。
例如:2015年全國新課標(biāo)卷ⅡB篇:
Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one,total intake(攝入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short,wide glass than a tall,skinny glass.
27. What are people advised to do at mealtimes? A. Eat quickly.
B. Play fast music.
C. Use smaller spoons. D. Turn down the lights.
【解析】文章主要講減肥的4條建議:房間要明亮;冷色系會減少食欲;就餐時放一些舒緩的輕音樂;小碗小碟用餐。本題答案為C項。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.”可知,大碗大盤容易使我們發(fā)胖,利用逆向思維可推斷出要想減肥就要用小碗小碟用餐,故選C項。
3.綜合文段信息進(jìn)行推理判斷
在理解短文或文段大意、明確主旨的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)行推斷,從而得出符合情理的結(jié)論。
例如:2015年上海卷C篇(文章略)
76. It can be inferred from the passage that________.
A. the Adelmans’ programme proves biased as the roles of characters are maximized.
B. executives feel bored with too many speci f c elements of Shakespeare’s plays.
C. the Adelmans will make more pro f ts if they are professional scholars.
D. Shakespeare has played an important role in the management f eld.
【解析】D。文章主要講述了莎士比亞戲劇在商業(yè)管理方面的應(yīng)用。明確了這一主題就不難推斷出正確答案。
4.根據(jù)上下文因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行推理判斷
此類題主要要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的可能原因,難點(diǎn)在于文章沒有直接給出明顯的因果關(guān)系,這一點(diǎn)有別于細(xì)節(jié)理解題。它需要通讀全文或某個段落,把握文章的內(nèi)涵,在字里行間推斷出題設(shè)的因果關(guān)系,切忌以個人觀點(diǎn)或想象主觀臆斷其中的因果關(guān)系。
例如:2015年全國新課標(biāo)卷ⅠD篇:
The city’s “psychology cafes”,which offer great comfort,are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers,retirees,and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love,anger,and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel. There’s a strong need in Paris for communication,says Maurice Frisch,a cafe La Chope regular who works as religious instructor in a nearby church. “People have few real friends. And they need to open up.” Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. “If people had normal lives,these cafes wouldn’t exist”,she says.“If life weren’t a battle,people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.” But then,it wouldn’t be France.
35. Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?
A. They bring people true friendship.
B. They give people spiritual support.
C. They help people realize their dreams.
D. They offer a platform for business links.
【解析】文章主要論述法國的psychology cafes(精神咖啡館)的社會意義和功能特色,并且在法國越來越受歡迎。答案為B項。本題讓考生推測psychology cafes在巴黎流行的原因,題干和文章最后一段第一句“The city’s psychology cafes,which offer great comfort,are among the most popular places”相吻合,本段應(yīng)該是分析psychology cafes在巴黎流行的原因,但文中并沒有直接指出原因,而干擾項很具迷惑性,文中都有提到,并且符合考生常識,所以需要考生真正讀懂文章,特別是文中最后兩句:“If people had normal lives,these cafes wouldn’t exist”,she says.“If life weren’t a battle,people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.” But then,it wouldn’t be France。由此可知,psychology cafes在巴黎流行的真正原因在于它們帶給人們精神上的支持。
5.推斷作者的態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)
作者態(tài)度、傾向是指作者對陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對還是中立,對記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。在一些文章中,作者并沒有意圖或觀點(diǎn)明確表達(dá)出來,而是要求讀者根據(jù)字面意思,通過全篇邏輯關(guān)系,研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示,推測作者的態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn),作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間,或流露于修飾的詞語之中。因此,在推斷過程中,應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭,尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞。
例如:2015年湖北卷E篇:
On the whole,Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect,his writing is mostly clear and,to be fair,some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed ,for instance,the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters,the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.
69. What is the author’s general attitude towards the book?
A. Contradictory. B. Supportive.
C . Cautious. D. Critical.
【解析】文章列舉了科學(xué)的許多功能,并指出科學(xué)有巨大的誘惑力,許多作家抵擋不住這種誘惑,在文學(xué)作品中運(yùn)用到科學(xué)。并以Brooks的新書The Social Animal為例,批判地分析這本書的優(yōu)勢和不足。最后一段“while”之前的內(nèi)容是這本書的優(yōu)點(diǎn),之后作者指出了這本書的不足。因此可以推斷出作者對這本書持批判的態(tài)度。故選D項。
總之,推理判斷類題目是高考英語閱讀理解試題中頗具難度的題目,在閱讀理解各類題型中所占比重也越來越大,而且題型角度多變,容易失分,但只要用心體會,了解命題特點(diǎn)及解題方法和思路,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這類題還是有規(guī)律可循的。
(作者單位:廣東省湛江市實(shí)驗中學(xué))