盧昕 綜述 金浩生,侯寶華,簡志祥 校審
(廣東省人民醫(yī)院 普通外科/廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院,廣東 廣州 510080)
胰腺手術(shù)特別是胰十二指腸切除術(shù)(pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD)是治療胰腺疾病的主要手段,由于胰腺解剖位置的特殊性及組織生理學(xué)特性,PD術(shù)后患者內(nèi)環(huán)境受到較大擾動(dòng),出現(xiàn)水鈉潴留、術(shù)后應(yīng)激狀態(tài)、糖代謝紊亂、負(fù)氮代謝平衡等,圍術(shù)期病死率及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率仍然較高。隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,近40年內(nèi)PD的病死率得到顯著的改善,1970年代PD的圍術(shù)期病死率高達(dá)25%,而目前在高流量的胰腺中心病死率通常<2%[1]。但總體并發(fā)癥率仍超過40%,主要以胰瘺、胃排空障礙為主,延長患者的康復(fù)時(shí)間,增加住院費(fèi)用,甚至危及生命[1]。如何減少PD術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,加快患者術(shù)后康復(fù)成為胰腺外科領(lǐng)域亟待解決的關(guān)鍵問題。
加速康復(fù)外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念是在多學(xué)科合作的基礎(chǔ)上,基于循證醫(yī)學(xué)依據(jù)提出的有關(guān)圍手術(shù)期處理的一系列優(yōu)化干預(yù)措施,降低患者的創(chuàng)傷應(yīng)激反應(yīng),最大程度地減輕患者機(jī)能損傷和促進(jìn)其恢復(fù),達(dá)到快速康復(fù)的目的[2]。自其理念提出后,在結(jié)直腸外科、骨科、婦產(chǎn)科等領(lǐng)域得到快速發(fā)展及廣泛接受[3-4]。國際上已發(fā)布多個(gè)腹部外科方向的ERAS指南或?qū)<夜沧R,覆蓋擇期結(jié)直腸手術(shù)、直腸或盆腔手術(shù)、胃切除術(shù)、減重手術(shù)、膀胱切除術(shù)等[5-9],然而胰腺手術(shù)圍術(shù)期ERAS項(xiàng)目的制定比較滯后,大部分現(xiàn)存的研究使用基于自己中心的加速康復(fù)方案,并不是所有研究均分享詳細(xì)的項(xiàng)目組成。為此,歐洲臨床營養(yǎng)與代謝學(xué)會(huì)(European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,ESPEN)及國際外科營養(yǎng)與代謝協(xié)會(huì)(International Association for Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition,IASMEN)于2012年通過對已發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié),以循證醫(yī)學(xué)為依據(jù)發(fā)表針對PD圍術(shù)期處理的指南,以期促進(jìn)手術(shù)患者術(shù)后康復(fù)[10]。但是,指南并沒有結(jié)合我國人群的臨床證據(jù)報(bào)道,作為綱要性的指南也沒有具體的臨床應(yīng)對措施。而國內(nèi)現(xiàn)存的指南共識也未針對PD術(shù)式進(jìn)行專門地論述[11]。本文總結(jié)現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)中關(guān)于ERAS應(yīng)用于PD圍術(shù)期的現(xiàn)狀,并著重對爭議較大的幾點(diǎn)問題做詳細(xì)闡釋。
傳統(tǒng)圍術(shù)期處理方案提倡術(shù)前禁食12 h、禁水6 h,認(rèn)為可降低術(shù)后吸入性肺炎的發(fā)生率,但缺乏相應(yīng)證據(jù)。國內(nèi)爭議的焦點(diǎn)主要集中在術(shù)前禁食禁飲時(shí)間上,較多醫(yī)院仍采取相對保守的禁食禁水策略,使ERAS在胰腺外科的推廣遭遇困難。
有研究[12]表明,禁食過夜可能導(dǎo)致胰島素抵抗和術(shù)后不適。美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)最新的指南建議麻醉誘導(dǎo)前6 h禁食、2 h禁飲。麻醉前2 h內(nèi)飲用適量的富含碳水化合物的飲料已經(jīng)被證實(shí)具有減輕饑餓、焦慮和口渴的感覺、減弱術(shù)后胰島素抵抗、減少術(shù)后氮和蛋白質(zhì)損失的效果[13-15]。一項(xiàng)包含部分PD患者的隨機(jī)對照研究結(jié)果顯示術(shù)前進(jìn)食高碳水化合物的飲料有助于維持肌力,加速患者康復(fù)[16]。ERAS協(xié)會(huì)對于PD圍術(shù)期處理的指南推薦在術(shù)前2 h飲用清液并不會(huì)增加殘余胃容量,對于禁食固體食物仍推薦術(shù)前6 h起。
筆者中心對于將行PD的患者如無胃腸動(dòng)力障礙,常規(guī)囑咐在術(shù)前1 d睡覺前飲用高碳水化合物飲料2次,每次不超過200 mL;對于首臺手術(shù)的患者手術(shù)當(dāng)天早上6點(diǎn)前予高碳水化合物飲料200 mL,對于接臺手術(shù)患者則根據(jù)大致手術(shù)開始時(shí)間前2 h飲用,對于禁食固體食物仍推薦術(shù)前6 h起。術(shù)前已明確存在十二指腸梗阻的患者則予禁食禁水、胃腸減壓處理,并于術(shù)前3 d起高滲鹽水洗胃以減輕腸道水腫。在ERAS實(shí)施過程中,并無誤吸、吸入性肺炎等相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,有效避免了患者等待手術(shù)時(shí)口渴、饑餓和焦慮的感覺。
生長抑素及它的合成類似物(如奧曲肽、帕瑞肽)有減少內(nèi)臟血流量和減少胰液分泌的作用[17]。應(yīng)用于胰腺術(shù)后的基本原理是能通過減少胰腺外分泌的量來降低胰腺吻合口瘺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。然而PD術(shù)后應(yīng)用生長抑素來降低術(shù)后胰瘺(postoperative pancreatic fistula,POPF)的發(fā)生率還存在爭議。國際上先前發(fā)表的隨機(jī)對照研究結(jié)果有認(rèn)為有效的[17-18],也有認(rèn)為無效的[19-20]。2010年發(fā)表的1篇Meta分析[21]包含17個(gè)研究共2 143例患者,其中1 457例患者行PD,686例患者行胰體尾切除或其他的胰腺切除術(shù)式。文章結(jié)論提示使用生長抑素可以降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥率以及總體的POPF率,然而并沒能降低術(shù)后住院時(shí)間、圍術(shù)期病死率及嚴(yán)重的POPF發(fā)生率(ISGPF定義中的B級、C級)。對于PD患者的亞組分析也提示生長抑素對于并發(fā)癥無顯著性的效果。不同的是,2014年,Allen等[22]報(bào)道其單中心的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲對照研究的結(jié)果,共納入220例PD患者及80例胰腺遠(yuǎn)端切除患者,研究顯示術(shù)前及術(shù)后持續(xù)應(yīng)用帕瑞肽能顯著降低胰腺術(shù)后胰瘺及腹腔膿腫的發(fā)生率(9% vs. 21%,P=0.006)。
筆者中心對于無合并胰瘺高危因素、吻合滿意、一般狀況較好的患者不常規(guī)應(yīng)用生長抑素,而具有胰瘺高危因素(胰腺質(zhì)地軟、胰管細(xì)?。┑腜D患者使用生長抑素至拔除第1根腹腔引流管,若證實(shí)出現(xiàn)術(shù)后胰瘺的患者則應(yīng)用至臨床癥狀改善為止。
通常鼻胃管被認(rèn)為有阻止肺部并發(fā)癥發(fā)生、降低腸梗阻的程度、減少吻合口裂開及瘺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等功能,但有研究[23-24]結(jié)果顯示,長期留置胃管患者發(fā)熱、肺不張、肺炎、胃食管反流等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,而不留置胃管患者胃腸功能恢復(fù)較快。盡管探討胰腺手術(shù)后放置鼻胃管作用的文章較少,在其它腹部外科領(lǐng)域尤其是胃腸外科具有豐富的高質(zhì)量循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)存在。2008年,一項(xiàng)挪威的針對上消化道及肝膽胰手術(shù)患者術(shù)后不常規(guī)放置鼻胃管的大型RCT研究[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后早期經(jīng)口禁食安全、可行,并不增加并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間。2010年,Nelson等[26]發(fā)表的1篇Meta分析共納入37項(xiàng)臨床研究共5 711例患者,其中2 866例常規(guī)使用鼻胃管,2 845例患者選擇性使用或不使用鼻胃管,結(jié)果顯示,不常規(guī)放置鼻胃管的病人胃腸道功能恢復(fù)快(P<0.00001),而吻合口瘺發(fā)生率無明顯變化(P=0.70)。2011年,Choi等[27]收集了41例行PD患者的臨床資料,其中18例放置鼻胃管,23例未放置鼻胃管,比較兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,結(jié)論提示常規(guī)放置鼻胃管并未減少吻合口瘺、切口裂開等并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),相反增加患者的嚴(yán)重不適感。
基于PD術(shù)后仍有約10%~25%的患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)胃排空障礙的情況[28-29],筆者中心常規(guī)將鼻胃管放置于胃腸吻合后的輸入袢內(nèi),起到術(shù)后為胰腸、膽腸吻合口減壓的作用。若行PPPD術(shù)式,術(shù)后第1天查看患者胃腸減壓情況,排除引流不暢的情況下若24 h胃液<200 mL,則拔除鼻胃管;若行PD術(shù)式,則常規(guī)在術(shù)后第3天拔除鼻胃管。
腹腔引流管對PD的預(yù)后發(fā)揮著重要的作用,可引流出手術(shù)中殘余的液體、壞死組織及術(shù)后手術(shù)創(chuàng)面滲液,對判斷吻合口瘺及腹腔內(nèi)出血也有重要意義[30]。國內(nèi)多數(shù)醫(yī)院采取較為保守的拔管策略:術(shù)后7 d左右待患者進(jìn)食并排除嚴(yán)重胰瘺后依次拔除腹腔引流管。ERAS推行過程中爭議的焦點(diǎn)主要集中在是否所有患者均需常規(guī)放置腹腔引流管,及早期拔除腹腔引流管的時(shí)機(jī)上面。2001年,美國一項(xiàng)單中心的隨機(jī)對照研究結(jié)果提示PD術(shù)后放置腹腔引流管并不能降低病死率及并發(fā)癥率,相反,患者出現(xiàn)腹腔膿腫及胰瘺、膽瘺等并發(fā)癥的概率會(huì)增加[31]。國際上隨后發(fā)表的一些隨機(jī)對照研究甚至是Meta分析均提示胰腺手術(shù)后放置腹腔引流管益處不大卻有增加并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[32-34]。然而2014年美國一項(xiàng)多中心隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)研究[35]顯示,術(shù)后不放置引流管會(huì)導(dǎo)致90 d病死率由3%增加至12%,這導(dǎo)致該研究中途叫停。筆者認(rèn)為,即使在影像學(xué)及介入技術(shù)高度發(fā)展的今天,仍應(yīng)重視腹腔引流管的作用:早期可引流術(shù)區(qū)殘留的液體及壞死組織,避免吻合口周圍積聚大量液體影響吻合口的愈合。為探討早期拔管優(yōu)劣及時(shí)機(jī)的問題,2006年Kawai等[36]將104例胰頭切除患者分為早期拔管組(術(shù)后第4天)及常規(guī)拔管組(術(shù)后第8天),結(jié)果顯示早期拔管組胰瘺的發(fā)生率顯著低于常規(guī)拔管組(3.6% vs. 23.0%,P=0.0038)。2010年Bassi等[37]報(bào)道的隨機(jī)對照研究結(jié)果也提示術(shù)后早期拔管具有降低術(shù)后胰瘺、腹部并發(fā)癥、肺部并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及減少術(shù)后住院時(shí)間等優(yōu)勢。
筆者中心對于PD常規(guī)放置腹腔引流管,術(shù)后第1天起每日復(fù)查引流液淀粉酶濃度,對于胰瘺低危患者(胰腺質(zhì)地硬,胰管擴(kuò)張),若3次引流液淀粉酶值呈下降趨勢且第3天腹腔引流液淀粉酶濃度均<3倍正常值時(shí)可考慮術(shù)后第4天起依次拔管;對于胰瘺高危(胰腺質(zhì)地軟,胰管細(xì)小)、手術(shù)時(shí)間長、術(shù)中出血多、擴(kuò)大根治性切除患者,若連續(xù)3次引流液淀粉酶值呈下降趨勢且第5天腹腔引流液淀粉酶濃度均<3倍正常值時(shí)可考慮術(shù)后第6天起依次拔管;若連續(xù)3次引流液淀粉酶值呈上升趨勢,拔管時(shí)間則應(yīng)綜合感染指標(biāo)、術(shù)區(qū)影像學(xué)等綜合考慮。
ERAS在胰腺外科的推廣較為緩慢,究其原因可能與胰腺手術(shù)較困難、胰腺相關(guān)ERAS共識指南較缺乏、胰腺手術(shù)ERAS措施循證級別不高、各單位ERAS方案及評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一等有關(guān)。這些問題需要圍繞“以患者為中心”并通過多學(xué)科綜合治療協(xié)作組的共同努力,在循證醫(yī)學(xué)指導(dǎo)下積極開展多中心臨床研究,獲取我國人群的臨床證據(jù)報(bào)道,將所謂的爭議與關(guān)鍵問題消除,才能更好的推廣并造福于患者。
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