王琳琳 師云波 焦淑潔 賈延劼
復(fù)發(fā)性抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體腦炎研究進(jìn)展
王琳琳 師云波 焦淑潔 賈延劼
復(fù)發(fā)性抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體(NMDAR)腦炎是近年來(lái)報(bào)道越來(lái)越多的一種自身免疫性腦炎,其影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)和臨床表現(xiàn)多種多樣,并伴腦脊液中抗NMDAR抗體再次升高,伴或不伴有抗NMDAR腦炎特征性的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)。研究表明,不適當(dāng)?shù)闹委熆蓪?dǎo)致復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的再次發(fā)生或多次復(fù)發(fā),免疫抑制劑的應(yīng)用可降低該病的復(fù)發(fā)率。本文對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的病因、臨床表現(xiàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查、治療等研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。
受體, N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸;自身免疫性;復(fù)發(fā)
抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受體(NMDAR)腦炎是由機(jī)體產(chǎn)生針對(duì)NMDAR NR1亞單元的特異性IgG抗體所導(dǎo)致的一種最常見的自身免疫性腦炎。復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎作為抗NMDAR腦炎的一種常見類型,可被定義為“抗NMDAR腦炎[1]經(jīng)治療好轉(zhuǎn)后新出現(xiàn)的不能用其他原因解釋的神經(jīng)、精神癥狀[2],更嚴(yán)格的定義為“抗NMDAR腦炎治療好轉(zhuǎn)2個(gè)月后出現(xiàn)的不能用其他原因解釋的新發(fā)癥狀或原有癥狀加重[3]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎占抗NMDAR腦炎的25%,可發(fā)生于抗NMDAR腦炎治療好轉(zhuǎn)后的數(shù)年,部分患者可多次復(fù)發(fā)[4]。近年來(lái),復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎雖然在國(guó)內(nèi)外均有報(bào)道,但報(bào)道例數(shù)相對(duì)較少。本文就復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的病因、臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷及治療等方面進(jìn)行總結(jié),期望為臨床診療提供依據(jù),減少其漏診、誤診。
復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的發(fā)生與抗NMDAR腦炎的未徹底治療有關(guān),包括首次發(fā)病未應(yīng)用免疫治療[5]、未應(yīng)用足夠的免疫治療[3]、未發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤或未切除腫瘤的患者[6]。此外,有些復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎可能與感染相關(guān)[7]。
部分復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者,初期未能及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤,導(dǎo)致其反復(fù)甚至是多次復(fù)發(fā)。據(jù)相關(guān)報(bào)道,抗NMDAR腦炎大部分與畸胎瘤有關(guān)[1],且是復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎發(fā)生的一個(gè)重要原因。最新研究報(bào)道[8],腰穿腦脊液中檢測(cè)到抗NMDAR抗體IgA對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)潛在畸胎瘤有一定價(jià)值,有助于及早發(fā)現(xiàn)畸胎瘤,有望降低復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的發(fā)生率。值得注意的是,由于畸胎瘤可存在于除盆腔外的其他部位如頭、頸、甲狀腺[9]、縱膈[10]等,對(duì)于多次復(fù)發(fā)者,有必要行相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查以排除畸胎瘤的存在。此外,一些對(duì)激素敏感的腫瘤引起的抗NMDAR腦炎,如未能及早發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的發(fā)生;其他類型腫瘤如神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤[11]、肺癌[12]、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、睪丸腫瘤、胸腺癌[2]、胰腺癌[13]等也是復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎發(fā)生的原因。Gabilondo等[2]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),未應(yīng)用免疫治療的復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者占所有復(fù)發(fā)者的50%,表明未應(yīng)用免疫治療的患者再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增高。另外,未應(yīng)用足夠免疫治療的抗NMDAR腦炎患者也會(huì)增加其復(fù)發(fā)的可能[14]。
抗NMDAR腦炎典型癥狀包括精神行為異常/認(rèn)知障礙、記憶力減退、癲癇發(fā)作、運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙、言語(yǔ)障礙/緘默、意識(shí)水平下降、自主神經(jīng)功能障礙和中樞性低通氣[15],復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎表現(xiàn)為典型癥狀者僅占31%[2],且復(fù)發(fā)者臨床癥狀相對(duì)較輕。除典型癥狀外,部分患者還可表現(xiàn)為共濟(jì)失調(diào)、復(fù)視、面部麻木、吞咽困難等腦干小腦的癥狀[16];部分患者表現(xiàn)為反復(fù)發(fā)作的單一精神癥狀[5],此時(shí)需要與原發(fā)性精神病相鑒別[17]。關(guān)鴻志等[4]報(bào)道的16例復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者中,單一癥狀表現(xiàn)者占1/3,可能為復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎易漏診的原因之一。
3.1 腦脊液及血清抗NMDAR抗體檢測(cè) 抗NMDAR腦炎的診斷主要依賴于血清及腦脊液抗NMDAR抗體IgG陽(yáng)性,并伴有相關(guān)臨床癥狀。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,抗NMDAR腦炎患者在治療過(guò)程中或恢復(fù)期出現(xiàn)抗NMDAR抗體IgG滴度再次升高,有助于提示復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎,但抗體滴度的高低與病情嚴(yán)重程度可能不相關(guān)[18]。關(guān)鴻志等[4]報(bào)道的16例復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者中,腦脊液抗NMDAR抗體陽(yáng)性率達(dá)100%,而血清抗體陽(yáng)性率僅為53.1%,提示腦脊液陽(yáng)性對(duì)于該病診斷的價(jià)值可能更高[19]。這與目前一些學(xué)者提出的抗NMDAR抗體IgG鞘內(nèi)合成這一假說(shuō)相一致[20]。
3.2 腫瘤篩查及腦電圖檢查 部分復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者是由于未能及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤而引起[9]。有報(bào)道顯示腫瘤可能出現(xiàn)在多次復(fù)發(fā)后,因此建議每次復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)均行腫瘤篩查,以防止腫瘤被遺漏,導(dǎo)致病情反復(fù)。腦電圖檢查時(shí)一些特征性的腦電波如“δ刷”在抗NMDAR腦炎有多次報(bào)道[21-22],但在復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者中目前報(bào)道較少[23]。
3.3 頭顱MRI 復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者顱內(nèi)病變無(wú)明顯特異性,部分患者可完全正常或僅表現(xiàn)為皮質(zhì)T2高信號(hào)[6]。值得注意的是,有些復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者頭顱MRI表現(xiàn)為反復(fù)多發(fā)性硬化樣脫髓鞘[24-25],易被誤診為多發(fā)性硬化等中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎性脫髓鞘疾病[26]。有些復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者也可同時(shí)合并多發(fā)性硬化[27]、視神經(jīng)脊髓炎[28]等中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎性脫髓鞘疾病,但合并多發(fā)性硬化的發(fā)生率僅有1%[26]。
3.4 PET檢查 有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道抗NMDAR腦炎患者在病情不同階段,PET-CT檢查結(jié)果可呈動(dòng)態(tài)變化[29],但此現(xiàn)象在復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者中未見報(bào)道。令人興奮的是,國(guó)外有報(bào)道在復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者[30]頭顱MRI檢查結(jié)果未見明顯異常,但PET-CT檢查結(jié)果提示腦代謝降低,提示PET-CT檢查較MRI檢查更敏感;我國(guó)也有類似報(bào)道[18],并追蹤患者病情好轉(zhuǎn)后腦代謝可恢復(fù)正常。
3.5 腦組織活檢 隨著目前檢測(cè)技術(shù)及影像學(xué)的不斷進(jìn)步,腦組織活檢的病例相對(duì)減少。如果通過(guò)影像檢查等仍不能明確顱內(nèi)病灶是否為腫瘤病變,經(jīng)多學(xué)科會(huì)診后可行腦組織活檢。有文獻(xiàn)顯示非腫瘤性病變經(jīng)活檢后提示非特異性炎癥病變[31]。
Dalmau等[1]于2007年報(bào)道了抗NMDAR腦炎的免疫治療分為一線免疫治療和二線免疫治療。一線免疫治療包括糖皮質(zhì)激素、丙種球蛋白及血漿置換,伴有腫瘤患者同時(shí)給予腫瘤切除;二線免疫治療包括利妥昔單抗、硫唑嘌呤、嗎替麥考酚、環(huán)磷酰胺等。復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎均需加用二線免疫治療,目前亦有一些新的免疫抑制劑如阿侖單抗[32]用于治療抗NMDA受體腦炎的報(bào)道。此外,對(duì)于一些精神癥狀及自主神經(jīng)功能受損較嚴(yán)重的抗NMDAR腦炎患者,電休克治療對(duì)于患者意識(shí)狀態(tài)及精神狀態(tài)的恢復(fù)有效[33-34],但對(duì)于是否會(huì)減少?gòu)?fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的發(fā)生,目前尚不清楚。由于復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者癥狀一般較輕,電休克治療目前應(yīng)用較少。
4.1 一線免疫治療聯(lián)合二線免疫治療 對(duì)于復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的急性期階段,國(guó)內(nèi)外以一線免疫治療方案為主,同時(shí)根據(jù)病情及經(jīng)濟(jì)條件加用適當(dāng)?shù)亩€治療藥物。國(guó)外有將利妥昔單抗、環(huán)磷酰胺或二者聯(lián)用的方案應(yīng)用于復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的報(bào)道,且能夠降低再次復(fù)發(fā)率[2]。對(duì)于復(fù)發(fā)患者緩解期及維持期長(zhǎng)期免疫治療的持續(xù)時(shí)間,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一方案。2011年Dalmau等[6]推薦的二線治療藥物中,霉酚酸酯或硫唑嘌呤治療推薦至少1年;多數(shù)復(fù)發(fā)患者經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期免疫治療,甚至可恢復(fù)至復(fù)發(fā)前的水平[15]。由于環(huán)磷酰胺存在骨髓抑制、出血性膀胱炎、生殖毒性等不良反應(yīng),故年輕女性患者應(yīng)慎用,可應(yīng)用促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH)激動(dòng)劑來(lái)對(duì)抗這種生物毒性[35]。
4.2 新的免疫抑制劑的應(yīng)用 (1)利妥昔單抗:作為一種新型的免疫抑制劑可用于復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的治療[4, 36]。利妥昔單抗是一種針對(duì)血液中CD19+/CD20+B細(xì)胞的單克隆抗體,副作用小,相對(duì)比較安全。利妥昔單抗除了作為急性期的二線藥物,還可能減少或者延緩再次復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。有研究表明,在血-腦脊液屏障完整的情況下,患者腦脊液中利妥昔單抗血藥濃度約為血液濃度的1/700,尚不能完全有效清除中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的CD20+B細(xì)胞[37]。盡管如此,多數(shù)患者應(yīng)用利妥昔單抗后癥狀可改善,根據(jù)血液及腦脊液抗體檢測(cè)[19],提示可能存在血-腦脊液屏障破壞的情況。由于我國(guó)復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎應(yīng)用利妥昔單抗的病例尚少,其具體療效尚需大樣本的臨床研究提供循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。(2)阿侖單抗:針對(duì)抗CD52+記憶B細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞的阿侖單抗,國(guó)外有將其應(yīng)用于重癥抗NMDAR腦炎的報(bào)道[32]?;颊呓?jīng)激素、血漿置換等一線治療及二線治療藥物利妥昔單抗等治療無(wú)效后,改用阿侖單抗可明顯改善患者癥狀,提示抗NMDAR腦炎可能同時(shí)有體液免疫和細(xì)胞免疫的參與,治療應(yīng)兼顧體液免疫和細(xì)胞免疫。目前國(guó)內(nèi)外尚無(wú)阿侖單抗應(yīng)用于復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的報(bào)道,關(guān)于復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的免疫學(xué)機(jī)制尚不清楚,阿侖單抗的有效性有待進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,近年來(lái)隨著檢測(cè)技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步提高,我國(guó)復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎患者將被更多地報(bào)道,但仍面臨一些問(wèn)題需要解決,以提高對(duì)該病的診斷治療水平。對(duì)于未發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤的患者,仍需定期復(fù)查相關(guān)影像學(xué)檢查,防止該病的再次發(fā)生。復(fù)發(fā)性抗NMDAR腦炎的長(zhǎng)期免疫治療對(duì)多數(shù)患者有效,但長(zhǎng)期免疫維持治療目前尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的方案,制定出更規(guī)范的個(gè)體化長(zhǎng)期免疫治療具有重要意義。
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(本文編輯:鄒晨雙)
10.3969/j.issn.1006-2963.2017.03.013
450002鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)二科
賈延劼,Email:jiayanjie1971@aliyun.com
R749.1
A
1006-2963(2017)03-0206-04
2016-11-07)