賈戶亮 欽倫秀
肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是我國最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,發(fā)病率在男性惡性腫瘤中排第5位,女性排第9位;腫瘤死亡原因在男性中排第2位,女性中排第6位,每年中國肝癌新發(fā)病例數(shù)和死亡人數(shù)均超過全球的一半[1]。經(jīng)過數(shù)十年的努力,HCC臨床治療取得明顯進(jìn)展,根治術(shù)后5年生存率可達(dá)40%~60%,但HCC術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)率較高,已成為進(jìn)一步提高生存、改善預(yù)后的主要障礙(5年復(fù)發(fā)率達(dá)60%,即使小肝癌也達(dá)40%)[2]。HCC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的高峰時(shí)間在術(shù)后1~2年,以肝內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)最常見。根據(jù)復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間,HCC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)可分為早期復(fù)發(fā)(術(shù)后2年內(nèi))和遠(yuǎn)期復(fù)發(fā)(術(shù)后2年后)[3],兩者的復(fù)發(fā)原因和危險(xiǎn)因素有所不同[4]。早期復(fù)發(fā)的來源多為肝內(nèi)播散,是伴血管侵犯的進(jìn)展期HCC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的主要原因,多為多發(fā)病灶;遠(yuǎn)期復(fù)發(fā)多為非同期多中心癌變,即在肝硬化的基礎(chǔ)上出現(xiàn)新的癌灶。對HCC術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行精準(zhǔn)評估、建立預(yù)測預(yù)防體系,對轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)高危人群進(jìn)行個(gè)體化術(shù)后防治,進(jìn)而改善預(yù)后,已成為目前肝癌防治工作的關(guān)鍵。
影響HCC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)和預(yù)后的因素很多,主要包括腫瘤臨床病理特征、分子生物學(xué)特性、肝病背景以及腫瘤微環(huán)境和宿主免疫狀態(tài)等。
腫瘤臨床病理特征,如腫瘤大小、數(shù)目、分化程度、血管侵犯以及臨床分期等均是腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)的重要影響因素[5],而腫瘤臨床病理特征一定程度上是腫瘤生物學(xué)特性的反映。肝癌臨床病理特征主要影響肝癌術(shù)后的早期復(fù)發(fā)。腫瘤生物學(xué)特性包括DNA倍體、增殖指數(shù)、癌基因和抑癌基因表達(dá)、特別是侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)等,其對肝癌復(fù)發(fā)及預(yù)后的影響已有許多文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道證實(shí)。
與其他腫瘤不同,肝癌的治療和預(yù)后除了腫瘤本身的情況外,肝臟基礎(chǔ)疾病和肝功能狀況也是重要的影響因素,包括肝炎感染狀態(tài)、病毒載量、血清HBeAg狀態(tài)、肝硬化程度和肝功能儲(chǔ)備等都已被證實(shí)為肝癌復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[3-4]。抗病毒治療可降低慢性乙型肝炎患者肝癌發(fā)生率[6],高病毒載量是影響患者術(shù)后生存時(shí)間的獨(dú)立因素,是肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[7]。
腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展是癌細(xì)胞與局部微環(huán)境及宿主間相互作用的復(fù)雜過程。研究表明,腫瘤微環(huán)境在機(jī)體內(nèi)在或外在因素的影響下呈現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)改變,在腫瘤增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移以及治療抵抗中都發(fā)揮重要的作用,各種成分之間的相互作用會(huì)對腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生復(fù)雜的影響。目前關(guān)注較多的是炎癥免疫反應(yīng)狀態(tài)[8]。
根據(jù)HCC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的影響因素對其復(fù)發(fā)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測是實(shí)施精準(zhǔn)干預(yù)的前提和基礎(chǔ)。
不同分期HCC患者復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及預(yù)后顯著不同。目前有多種肝癌臨床分期系統(tǒng)。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道在3 182例HCC患者中比較11種分期系統(tǒng)的分層準(zhǔn)確性和預(yù)后評估的準(zhǔn)確性,發(fā)現(xiàn)CLIP分期系統(tǒng)具有最佳分期效果,且不受肝病背景(HBV或HCV相關(guān))、是否接受根治性治療的影響[9]。其主要原因?yàn)镃LIP分期系統(tǒng)除了對腫瘤因素進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確分層和評估外,對合并的肝病背景也進(jìn)行了準(zhǔn)確評估。
過去20年我們進(jìn)行了一系列研究,有以下一些新的發(fā)現(xiàn):⑴染色體8p缺失:通過比較基因組雜交(CGH)發(fā)現(xiàn)染色體8p缺失與HCC轉(zhuǎn)移密切相關(guān)[10]。并進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)8p11.2和8p23.3兩個(gè)區(qū)段的缺失更重要[11]。檢測外周血染色體8p缺失(液體活檢)可預(yù)測HCC轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)及預(yù)后[12]。即使在早期HCC患者(TNM I期),染色體8p缺失也是影響其預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[13]。⑵骨橋蛋白(osteopontin,OPN):OPN 是一種重要的分泌型糖蛋白,參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞黏附、運(yùn)動(dòng)、增殖和凋亡等多種生理活動(dòng)或病理過程。已有多項(xiàng)研究提示該蛋白與腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。我們研究證實(shí)OPN是重要的促進(jìn)HCC轉(zhuǎn)移基因[14]。HCC患者外周血OPN水平是影響患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,血漿OPN水平高者術(shù)后無瘤生存率顯著降低[15-16]。此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)在OPN高表達(dá)的HCC組織中,如果同時(shí)伴有腫瘤組織凝血酶水平高表達(dá),則術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率顯著增高,且只有在OPN高表達(dá)的HCC患者,其腫瘤組織凝血酶表達(dá)水平與患者總生存期和無瘤生存期顯著相關(guān)[17]。(3)多基因分子預(yù)測模型:我們比較伴或不伴轉(zhuǎn)移的HCC組織基因表達(dá)譜的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者基因表達(dá)差異明顯(153個(gè)差異基因,P<0.001),提示高轉(zhuǎn)移傾向HCC與低轉(zhuǎn)移傾向HCC具有完全不同的基因表達(dá)譜,為HCC轉(zhuǎn)移早期預(yù)測、診斷和防治奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)[13]。基于這些差異基因,在國際上首次建立了肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移預(yù)測模型,并進(jìn)一步對其進(jìn)行小樣本驗(yàn)證,證實(shí)其預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確率可達(dá)90%[13]。隨后進(jìn)一步在分別來自兩個(gè)獨(dú)立臨床中心的隊(duì)列進(jìn)行大樣本驗(yàn)證,證實(shí)HCC轉(zhuǎn)移預(yù)測的準(zhǔn)確率可達(dá)76%,這是經(jīng)過臨床大樣本驗(yàn)證的全世界第二個(gè)癌轉(zhuǎn)移預(yù)測模型[18]。基于這一模型,我們進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化出“六基因預(yù)測試劑盒”,目前已獲得轉(zhuǎn)化生產(chǎn)。
我們比較有無轉(zhuǎn)移HCC患者癌周肝組織基因表達(dá)譜,發(fā)現(xiàn)合并轉(zhuǎn)移的HCC癌周肝組織中存在促炎細(xì)胞因子(Th1)明顯下調(diào),而抗炎細(xì)胞因子(Th2)明顯上調(diào)。這種獨(dú)特的Th1/Th2表達(dá)改變與失衡提示癌周微環(huán)境的炎癥免疫狀態(tài)在HCC轉(zhuǎn)移中起重要作用。我們建立了“17個(gè)免疫因子標(biāo)簽”,預(yù)測轉(zhuǎn)移和生存的準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)92%[8,19],并從蛋白水平進(jìn)一步證實(shí)癌周肝組織IL-2和IL-15水平與HCC轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)及預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[20]。
1974年Sorrells首次提出“液體活檢”(liquid biopsy)的概念,是對體液中細(xì)胞、遺傳物質(zhì)或分子標(biāo)志物異常進(jìn)行捕獲檢測分析。液體活檢具有創(chuàng)傷小、可多次動(dòng)態(tài)實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測腫瘤病情變化、便利和相對安全等優(yōu)勢。液體活檢包括所有體液(如血液、尿液、唾液、消化道液體等),但血液的液體活檢進(jìn)展最為迅速。其主要包括循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)、循環(huán)腫瘤 DNA(ctDNA)和外泌體(exosome)檢測等三大領(lǐng)域,成為腫瘤研究的熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域[21]。
循環(huán)腫瘤DNA(ctDNA)是由腫瘤細(xì)胞釋放入血,讀取分析ctDNA攜帶的信息(突變、表觀遺傳修飾及完整性),用于篩查、預(yù)后和進(jìn)展判斷,尋找并制定干預(yù)策略[22]。通過檢測HCC患者血漿甲胎蛋白RNA,早期預(yù)測和診斷HCC患者術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)是液體活檢在肝癌領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的最早報(bào)道[23]。2006年我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在HCC外周血DNA中檢測染色體8p雜合性缺失可預(yù)測HCC轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及預(yù)后[12]。
CTCs在腫瘤極早期即可被發(fā)現(xiàn),原發(fā)性腫瘤在常規(guī)影像學(xué)檢出之前,外周血中就可能檢測到CTCs[24-25]。腫瘤患者CTC計(jì)數(shù)可作為評估其病情及預(yù)后的重要指標(biāo),是影響腫瘤患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。除CTC計(jì)數(shù)外,近年更多關(guān)注CTC表型的重要意義,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)具有干細(xì)胞表型或間質(zhì)表型CTCs是術(shù)后近期復(fù)發(fā)及預(yù)后差的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[26-27]。
外泌體是由多種活細(xì)胞分泌的具有磷脂雙分子膜結(jié)構(gòu)的納米級囊泡小體,廣泛分布于血清、唾液、尿液、腹水、羊水等體液中,外泌體與CTCs和循環(huán)游離核酸相比,在體液中具有很高的穩(wěn)定性,可長期保存。其內(nèi)含有蛋白質(zhì)、核酸甚至病毒等多種組成成分。不同組織來源的外泌體在組成和功能方面存在差異,這種差異受到細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)和微環(huán)境的動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)控。外泌體能夠參與細(xì)胞間的物質(zhì)交換和信息交流,在多種生理和病理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。腫瘤來源或腫瘤相關(guān)的外泌體是調(diào)控腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要機(jī)制,對腫瘤外泌體進(jìn)行分析和檢測可輔助腫瘤早期診斷、療效評價(jià)和預(yù)后分析[28-30]。外泌體及其修飾加工產(chǎn)物還可作為基因或藥物的有效載體用于腫瘤治療,為腫瘤臨床診斷和治療帶來新的契機(jī)。
針對HCC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),臨床嘗試應(yīng)用多種輔助治療干預(yù)措施,包括肝動(dòng)脈化療栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)、靶向治療、抗病毒治療、全身化療、放療、免疫與生物治療等,然而目前只有少數(shù)輔助治療方法經(jīng)臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)(RCT)證明有效[31]。
術(shù)前TACE輔助治療經(jīng)臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)證實(shí)并不能減少HCC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)[32-33],反而可能對肝功能造成損害,增加腫瘤肝外轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
對于術(shù)后TACE輔助治療價(jià)值目前尚爭議。有臨床RCT研究證實(shí)肝癌根治術(shù)后行131ⅠTACE輔助治療可顯著降低術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),改善預(yù)后[34],并延長患者術(shù)后5年無瘤生存期和總生存期[35]。然而也有RCT發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后TACE輔助治療不僅無法降低術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)[36],反而可能增加肝內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)和肝外轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[37]。由于HCC患者多數(shù)合并肝臟基礎(chǔ)疾病,反復(fù)多次TACE輔助治療可引起肝損傷,影響患者預(yù)后[38]。對于術(shù)后TACE輔助治療作用的臨床試驗(yàn)出現(xiàn)不同的結(jié)果,其可能的原因之一在于入組病例的選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同。在不同的研究中對于“肝癌根治性切除”的定義有所差別,手術(shù)適應(yīng)證也有所差別。對于復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的低危患者,TACE起不到輔助治療作用,反而可能帶來肝功能損傷的副作用。而對于高?;颊?,預(yù)防性TACE治療的意義可能在于對肝內(nèi)存在的微小腫瘤病灶發(fā)揮作用,進(jìn)一步清除肝內(nèi)可能殘存的肝癌細(xì)胞,降低復(fù)發(fā)高峰期的復(fù)發(fā)率[39-40]。目前臨床對于合并高復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(腫瘤大或多發(fā)、伴血管侵犯、可能合并肝內(nèi)播散等)因素的HCC患者推薦術(shù)后接受 TACE 輔助治療[3,41-42]。
此外,分子標(biāo)志物可幫助篩選可能受益的患者。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道RPB5介導(dǎo)蛋白(RMP)在HCC腫瘤組織高表達(dá)的患者可從術(shù)后TACE輔助治療中獲益[43]。另外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)谷氨酰胺合成酶也可作為HCC術(shù)后輔助TACE 效果預(yù)測標(biāo)志物[44]。
目前索拉非尼仍是唯一具有HCC適應(yīng)證的一線靶向治療藥物[45-46]。索拉非尼可用于進(jìn)展期HCC,延長患者總生存期。而對于HCC根治術(shù)后索拉非尼輔助治療的作用仍需進(jìn)一步研究。雖有小樣本初步臨床試驗(yàn)報(bào)道術(shù)后索拉非尼輔助治療可以降低復(fù)發(fā)率,顯著延長無瘤生存期[47]。然而有大樣本臨床隨機(jī)對照研究(STORM)發(fā)現(xiàn)HCC根治術(shù)后索拉非尼輔助治療與對照組在無瘤生存期、總生存期和至復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間方面均無顯著差別[48]。該臨床試驗(yàn)陰性結(jié)果的可能原因?yàn)槿虢M病例選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn),應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)選擇高復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)HCC患者進(jìn)行靶向輔助治療。
已有多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)乙型肝炎相關(guān)HCC患者高病毒載量及HBeAg陽性是術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的高危因素[49-50]。多項(xiàng)RCT證實(shí)術(shù)后抗病毒治療可為HCC患者帶來顯著的生存獲益,降低復(fù)發(fā)[51-52]。在隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)中,抗病毒治療顯著降低肝癌復(fù)發(fā)和HCC相關(guān)死亡,多因素Cox回歸分析中危險(xiǎn)比(HR)分別為0.48(95%CI:0.32~0.70)和 0.26(95%CI:0.14~0.50)[53]。此外,回顧性隊(duì)列研究和薈萃分析也均顯示對術(shù)后輔助應(yīng)用核苷類抗病毒藥物治療可以提高生存,降低復(fù)發(fā)率[53-55]。
基于已有研究結(jié)果,大多數(shù)HCC患者術(shù)后全身化療輔助治療的效果不佳。目前尚無大規(guī)模隨機(jī)對照臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)HCC根治術(shù)后輔助化療的作用。大多數(shù)肝癌對化療不敏感,而且長期化療可使肝硬化患者肝功能進(jìn)一步惡化,導(dǎo)致肝功能不全和免疫抑制等副作用,影響患者長期生存[56]。
干擾素術(shù)后輔助治療的作用已有較多研究結(jié)果證實(shí)。干擾素是一種具有廣泛生物學(xué)活性的免疫細(xì)胞因子,可通過免疫調(diào)節(jié)、抗病毒、抑制腫瘤血管形成、增殖和誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡等機(jī)制發(fā)揮其治療作用[57]。已有多項(xiàng)RCT結(jié)果證實(shí),術(shù)后干擾素輔助治療可降低乙型肝炎相關(guān) HCC[58-60]和丙型肝炎相關(guān) HCC[61-62]的術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),改善患者預(yù)后和生存。有研究報(bào)道TACE聯(lián)合干擾素治療乙型肝炎相關(guān)HCC,患者的總生存率和復(fù)發(fā)率均明顯優(yōu)于單獨(dú)TACE治療[63]。進(jìn)一步研究干擾素作用機(jī)制,發(fā)現(xiàn)肝癌組織miR-26a低表達(dá)者預(yù)后差,但這些患者對干擾素治療較敏感,術(shù)后干擾素輔助治療可顯著改善預(yù)后。miR-26a可預(yù)測干擾素治療效果和篩選患者[64]。
免疫治療包括非特異免疫治療、特異免疫治療及免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑藥物治療等,以程序性死亡分子-1(programmeddeath-1,PD-1)/程序性死亡受體-配體 1(PD-L1)單克隆抗體、抗細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞抗原4(CTLA-4)單克隆抗體等為代表的免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑免疫治療和CAR-T(chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell immunotherapy)為代表的細(xì)胞免疫治療已成為HCC的研究熱點(diǎn)[65-66]。PD-1抑制劑Nivolumab治療進(jìn)展期HCC的Ⅰ~Ⅱ期臨床研究(CheckMate 040)結(jié)果已發(fā)表,262例進(jìn)展期HCC患者治療后總體客觀緩解率約為20%,而且某些緩解具有持久性。此外,大量患者治療后疾病保持長期穩(wěn)定,1年總生存率為60%~70%,且其療效與腫瘤是否表達(dá)PD-L1無關(guān),與是否使用過索拉非尼無關(guān)。結(jié)果表明Nivolumab治療進(jìn)展期HCC安全有效,有望成為進(jìn)展期HCC的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療之一,更有可能進(jìn)入一線治療[67]。但在術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)防治方面的研究尚無報(bào)道。
過繼性非特異免疫治療在肝癌術(shù)后輔助治療中的作用已有較多臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道肝癌切除術(shù)后6個(gè)月內(nèi)通過細(xì)胞因子體外激活自體淋巴細(xì)胞輸注治療,可降低術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),顯著改善無瘤生存,但對總生存率無影響[68]。一項(xiàng)針對HCC術(shù)后輔助過繼免疫治療的薈萃分析顯示,過繼免疫治療可以顯著降低術(shù)后1年和3年復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但對3年生存率無顯著影響[69]。輔助性細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)殺傷細(xì)胞(CIK)治療在降低HCC復(fù)發(fā)率和延長生存期方面也具有應(yīng)用前景。290例接受根治性治療的HCC患者,其中145例接受術(shù)后CIK細(xì)胞輸注,另外145例設(shè)為對照組。結(jié)果顯示CIK 治療組總生存期(HR=0.55,95%CI:0.33~0.92)和無病生存率(HR=0.59,95%CI:0.42~0.83)顯著優(yōu)于對照組。治療組中單因素分析顯示腫瘤組織高表達(dá)PD-L1和伴有大量PD-1陽性腫瘤浸潤淋巴細(xì)胞者(PD-1+TILs)可從治療中獲益。多因素分析顯示PD-1+TILs數(shù)量高是唯一的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子。相比之下,在單純手術(shù)組,PD-1/PD-L1和患者生存率無顯著相關(guān)性。大量的PD-1+TILs可作為HCC術(shù)后CIK細(xì)胞輔助治療的潛在生物標(biāo)志物(ASCO2017 Abstract e15680)。
特異性個(gè)體化腫瘤疫苗術(shù)后輔助治療具有光明的前景。應(yīng)用自體福爾馬林固定的腫瘤疫苗(AFTV)進(jìn)行術(shù)后特異性免疫輔助治療Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn),共納入41例接受根治性手術(shù)治療的HCC患者,隨機(jī)分為治療組(19例)和對照組(22例),術(shù)后4~6周治療組開始進(jìn)行3次皮內(nèi)注射接種疫苗,每次間隔2周。結(jié)果治療組復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低81%(P=0.003)。免疫接種可顯著延長初次復(fù)發(fā)時(shí)間(P=0.003),改善無復(fù)發(fā)生存率(P=0.003)和總生存率(P=0.01)[70-71]。研究表明 AFTV治療安全可行,且對預(yù)防HCC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)有效。最近美國和德國兩個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)在Nature發(fā)表論文[72-73],針對患者腫瘤突變定制的個(gè)性化疫苗,在惡性黑色素瘤患者治療中獲得巨大成功,雖然目前樣本量較小,但通過篩查個(gè)體化的腫瘤特異性抗原,通過基因工程體外對其抗原性進(jìn)行放大,激活T淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生主動(dòng)免疫,從而達(dá)到治療作用。其治療原理與CAR-T類似,但技術(shù)流程更簡單易行。免疫治療是最有希望幫助人類攻克癌癥的治療方法。
HCC術(shù)后高復(fù)發(fā)率已成為進(jìn)一步提高患者生存的主要障礙。HCC復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)制及預(yù)測和干預(yù)是近年來的研究熱點(diǎn)。通過不斷努力,對HCC術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行精確評估和識別,對高危患者進(jìn)行早期、綜合、有效地輔助干預(yù)治療可降低復(fù)發(fā),改善患者預(yù)后。術(shù)后抗病毒治療和干擾素輔助治療可降低HCC患者復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對經(jīng)過選擇的患者行輔助放療可改善預(yù)后。輔助性TACE和索拉非尼靶向治療的作用尚需進(jìn)一步評估。近年來免疫治療技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展,必將為轉(zhuǎn)移復(fù)發(fā)的預(yù)測和防治帶來無限光明的前景。
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