徐媛 袁斯明
脈管異常相關(guān)綜合征的診斷與治療
徐媛 袁斯明
脈管異常(Vascular anomalies)是全部血管和淋巴管異常疾病的統(tǒng)稱。脈管異常的臨床癥狀繁雜、涵蓋病種廣泛,很多類型的脈管異常會(huì)合并其他異常而表現(xiàn)出典型的臨床癥狀,形成各種脈管異常相關(guān)的臨床綜合征(Syndrome associated with vascular anomalies)。本文對(duì)幾種典型的脈管異常相關(guān)綜合征的診斷與治療進(jìn)行綜述。
脈管異常 血管腫瘤 脈管畸形 脈管異常相關(guān)綜合征
脈管異常(Vascular anomalies)是全部血管和淋巴管異常疾病的統(tǒng)稱。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)由于臨床癥狀繁雜、涵蓋病種廣泛,對(duì)于脈管異常的診斷、分類和治療一直存在爭(zhēng)議。多種脈管性疾病會(huì)合并其他異常而表現(xiàn)出典型的臨床癥狀,形成各種脈管異常相關(guān)的臨床綜合征 (Syndrome associated with vascular anomalies)。這些脈管異常相關(guān)綜合征并不常見(jiàn),但相比于孤立的脈管性疾病,這些綜合征涉及的脈管損傷在治療上更加困難且需要較長(zhǎng)的治療周期,因而其及時(shí)而準(zhǔn)確的診斷和合理的治療尤為重要。本文旨就最新相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展,對(duì)幾種典型的脈管異常相關(guān)綜合征的診斷與治療進(jìn)行概括和總結(jié)。
1863年,Virchow首次提出了“血管瘤”的概念,其分類包括單純性血管瘤、海綿狀血管瘤和蔓狀血管瘤。1982年,Mulliken等根據(jù)這類疾病的臨床表現(xiàn)、組織病理學(xué)和細(xì)胞生物學(xué)特征將脈管性疾病分為血管腫瘤和脈管畸形兩大類。1992年,國(guó)際脈管性疾病研究協(xié)會(huì)(ISSVA)成立,Mulliken等提出的這一分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)逐漸被接受,并不斷完善。ISSVA于2014年提出最新的脈管分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及相關(guān)的脈管異常綜合征。
血管腫瘤包括良性腫瘤(嬰幼兒血管瘤、先天性血管瘤、叢狀血管瘤、梭狀細(xì)胞血管瘤、上皮樣血管瘤和化膿性肉芽瘤等)、局部浸潤(rùn)性腫瘤(卡波氏肉瘤、網(wǎng)狀血管內(nèi)皮瘤、血管內(nèi)乳頭狀血管內(nèi)皮瘤、復(fù)合性血管內(nèi)皮瘤和卡波西樣血管內(nèi)皮瘤等)和惡性腫瘤(血管肉瘤和上皮樣血管內(nèi)皮瘤等)。血管腫瘤相關(guān)綜合征主要包括Kasabach-Merritt綜合征、PHACE綜合征和VHL綜合征。
脈管畸形包括毛細(xì)血管畸形、靜脈畸形、動(dòng)靜脈畸形、淋巴管畸形和混合性脈管畸形等。脈管畸形相關(guān)綜合征主要包括 Klippel-Trenaunay綜合征、Parkes-Weber綜合征、Sturge-Weber綜合征、Rendu-Osler-Weber綜合征、Maffucci綜合征、Blue rubber bleb nevus綜合征 (藍(lán)色橡皮乳頭樣痣綜合征)、Proteus 綜合征、CLOVE(S)綜合征、Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba綜合征、Gorham-Stout綜合征和Wyburn-Mason綜合征等。
Kasabach-Merritt綜合征 (KMS),又稱卡梅綜合征,于1940年首次被報(bào)道[1]。KMS是指巨大血管腫瘤伴有嚴(yán)重血小板減少、微血管病性溶血性貧血、繼發(fā)性纖維蛋白原和凝血因子消耗的一種臨床綜合征。多種血管腫瘤可以伴有KMS,如卡波西樣血管內(nèi)皮瘤(KHE)、叢狀血管瘤(TA)等,以KHE最為常見(jiàn)。KMS的臨床表現(xiàn)差異較大,其皮膚血管腫瘤特點(diǎn)是:KHE多為單發(fā)的巨大(>5 cm)血管瘤,且可在短時(shí)間內(nèi)迅速增大,常見(jiàn)于肢體近端;TA則顏色鮮紅,壓之不褪色,略突出于表面[2]。除了皮膚外,血管腫瘤還可發(fā)生于肝臟[3]、脾臟[4]、胰腺[5]等多種臟器。KMS的發(fā)病機(jī)制主要是腫瘤內(nèi)血小板潴留、局部和彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血,繼發(fā)消耗性凝血功能障礙[6]。實(shí)際上,部分脈管畸形也被證實(shí)能夠引起血小板減少以及凝血紊亂的表現(xiàn)。因此,1997年,Sarkar等[7]提出了卡梅現(xiàn)象(KMP)的概念作為統(tǒng)稱以替代KMS。
KMS的治療方法很多,手術(shù)為首選治療,對(duì)于重癥或手術(shù)難以切除的KMS可選擇血管瘤內(nèi)栓塞或硬化劑注射并結(jié)合激素治療,依然無(wú)效者可選擇長(zhǎng)春新堿化療、干擾素治療或放射治療[8-9]。對(duì)于KMS治療方法的研究還在繼續(xù),最近Choeyprasert等[10]報(bào)道了1例普萘洛爾單藥治療兒童輕度KMS的成功案例。近年來(lái)的研究顯示,由于激素治療的效果不穩(wěn)定且副作用較多,故不再被提倡用于KMS的治療,而長(zhǎng)春新堿抗血小板聯(lián)合治療成為了重要選擇。近來(lái),對(duì)雷帕霉素應(yīng)用的研究成為熱點(diǎn),但其臨床應(yīng)用還有待于進(jìn)一步的研究[11]。大部分的KMS發(fā)展緩慢甚至可自行消退,也有部分會(huì)長(zhǎng)期存在或在治療后復(fù)發(fā)。
PHACE綜合征是指頭頸部血管瘤伴有多個(gè)部位畸形,是一組神經(jīng)皮膚綜合征。PHACE綜合征典型臨床表現(xiàn)包括:后顱窩畸形(P)、血管瘤(H)、動(dòng)脈異常(A)、主動(dòng)脈縮窄和心臟畸形(C)、眼異常(E)。Frieden在1996年首先報(bào)道該疾病。除了上述癥狀,PHACE綜合征也存在一些特殊的病變,包括成視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞瘤、淋巴管畸形、面裂[12]或牙釉質(zhì)發(fā)育不全[13]等。該疾病女性兒童多見(jiàn)[14-15],病程中可能發(fā)生中風(fēng)和癲癇,也會(huì)出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言發(fā)育延遲和吞咽困難[16]。
PHACE綜合征中的血管瘤特點(diǎn)是:發(fā)生于頭頸部大面積血管瘤,其中前額和額顳部血管瘤的比例較高,孤立的上頜部位血管瘤很少見(jiàn)[17];增生期為6~18個(gè)月,然后消退;若血管瘤分布大于1個(gè)節(jié)段則PHACE綜合征的危險(xiǎn)較高[18]。PHACE綜合征的發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不清楚,因其在女性兒童中多發(fā),所以Sullivan等[14]提出該疾病可能與X染色體突變有關(guān)。
由于PHACE涉及多臟器的病變,因此需要多科室聯(lián)合治療。PHACE綜合征的血管瘤需謹(jǐn)慎采用普萘洛爾治療,為避免低血糖、氣喘、低血壓和心動(dòng)過(guò)緩等副作用,用藥劑量應(yīng)盡可能低,緩慢增加劑量,多次服用,同時(shí)嚴(yán)密隨訪和評(píng)價(jià)療效及其副作用[19]。
Von Hippel-Lindau 綜合征(VHL),又稱林島綜合征,是一種罕見(jiàn)的常染色體顯性遺傳疾病。其基本病變包括:發(fā)生于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)或視網(wǎng)膜的血管母細(xì)胞瘤、腎臟透明細(xì)胞癌、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤以及肝、腎、胰腺、附睪等多發(fā)囊腫或腫瘤[20]。VHL的致病基因位于3p25-p26[21],突變類型有1 500多種,突變類型不同而使其表型也不同。目前尚無(wú)法逆轉(zhuǎn)VHL的病程,也沒(méi)有特異性的治療方法。VHL很多表型都是由HIF2α的異常表達(dá)導(dǎo)致的,對(duì)HIF2α的小分子靶向治療可能改善疾病的多種癥狀[22];Feldman等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),VHL相關(guān)的血管母細(xì)胞瘤基質(zhì)細(xì)胞特異性表達(dá)生長(zhǎng)抑素受體 (SSTR2a,SSTR4和SSTR5),激活這些受體可下調(diào)基質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活性。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)為VHL的治療指出了新的方向。
Klippel-Trenaunay綜合征(KTS),又稱先天性靜脈畸形骨肥大綜合征,是指血管瘤伴發(fā)骨質(zhì)和軟組織肥大的一種臨床綜合征。其主要臨床表現(xiàn)為毛細(xì)血管畸形、靜脈畸形和骨軟組織肥大三聯(lián)征,淋巴管畸形也是KTS的常見(jiàn)特征。病變主要累及下肢,少數(shù)累及上肢,軀干少見(jiàn),也可累及顱腦和內(nèi)臟,如尿道、腦組織、縱膈、消化道等[24]。KTS的臨床表現(xiàn)與Parkes-Weber綜合征(PWS)以及其他一些血管瘤病變有較多相似之處,特別是PWS,需要相互鑒別[25]。KTS的病因尚不明確,可能與AGGF1(VG5Q)基因變異導(dǎo)致脈管發(fā)育異常有關(guān),如肢體靜脈數(shù)量增多、管徑擴(kuò)大和血流增加,深靜脈發(fā)育細(xì)小、閉塞或瓣膜缺如,淋巴管擴(kuò)張和淋巴管瘤形成等[26-27]。
由于KTS可累及各系統(tǒng),且病程進(jìn)展不可逆,因此KTS的治療以對(duì)癥處理、延緩病情發(fā)展和手術(shù)切除病理組織為主。對(duì)癥治療包括:壓迫治療、硬化劑注射、曲張淺靜脈剝脫或射頻治療、解除深靜脈壓迫等[28]。對(duì)于肢體肥大非常嚴(yán)重的患者,手術(shù)切除病理組織是減輕肢體負(fù)擔(dān)維持肢體功能的唯一選擇[29]。Sermsathanasawadi等[30]提出了一種超聲引導(dǎo)下的射頻熱消融聯(lián)合泡沫硬化劑療法。目前還有CO2激光消融和595 nm 脈沖染色激光(PDL)治療成功的報(bào)道[31-32],但長(zhǎng)期效果還有待觀察。
Parkes-Weber綜合征(PWS),又稱血管擴(kuò)張性肥大綜合征,是一種罕見(jiàn)的復(fù)雜的先天性血管畸形綜合征。其臨床表現(xiàn)和KTS頗為相似,雖然都伴有骨或軟組織肥大,但是屬于兩種不同性質(zhì)的混合性脈管畸形。KTS為低流量脈管畸形,有毛細(xì)血管、靜脈和淋巴管畸形,不伴有動(dòng)靜脈瘺。而PWS為高流量脈管畸形,有毛細(xì)血管和動(dòng)靜脈畸形,有豐富的動(dòng)靜脈瘺,不伴有淋巴管畸形。PWS患者具有RASA1基因突變,KTS患者不具有該突變[33]。
PWS具有廣泛的動(dòng)靜脈瘺,其治療非常困難,目前主要采用介入栓塞和手術(shù)切除。應(yīng)早期識(shí)別和確診PWS,根據(jù)病患的年齡和臨床特征制定個(gè)性化的治療方案,這樣可延緩病情發(fā)展以及避免一些不必要的侵襲性診斷實(shí)驗(yàn)[34]。
Sturge-Weber綜合征(SWS),又稱腦三叉神經(jīng)血管瘤病、腦顏面部血管瘤病,是一種以眼部、皮膚及腦毛細(xì)血管畸形為主要表現(xiàn)的先天性遺傳性疾病,常伴有面部肥大[35]。該綜合征中的血管瘤特點(diǎn)是,顏面皮膚毛細(xì)血管瘤位于三叉神經(jīng)第1支或第2支分布區(qū)域,常為單側(cè)性,僅10%為雙側(cè)性。腦膜葡萄狀血管瘤由位于蛛網(wǎng)膜下擴(kuò)張的靜脈組成,常累及大腦的枕葉及顳葉。腦面血管瘤對(duì)側(cè)可出現(xiàn)偏癱及偏身萎縮[36-37]。Sturge-Weber綜合征的病因?yàn)橄忍爝z傳,發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不清楚。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),體細(xì)胞的GNAQ基因突變可能與Sturge-Weber綜合征的面部血管瘤有關(guān)[38],也可能是纖維黏連蛋白基因突變所致[39],主要與發(fā)育異常導(dǎo)致的血管畸形有關(guān)。
Sturge-Weber綜合征以對(duì)癥治療為主,影像學(xué)檢查在診斷和治療中具有重要作用。面部毛細(xì)血管畸形可行激光治療,結(jié)合激素局部注射,較深的血管瘤也可手術(shù)切除,但需要做好充分的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備[35]。癲癇可用抗癲癇藥控制[40]。青光眼和突眼主要通過(guò)手術(shù)治療[41]。對(duì)于脈絡(luò)膜血管瘤的治療包括:光動(dòng)力治療、近距離放療、放射治療和抗血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子注射治療,但成功率不一且很有限[42]。近年來(lái),研究出了多個(gè)SWS潛在的生物靶點(diǎn),包括乙酰膽堿酯酶、堿性磷酸酶、HIF-1α和2α等,為Sturge-Weber綜合征的治療提供了新的可能[43]。
Rendu-Osler-Weber綜合征又稱為遺傳性出血性毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張癥(HHT),其主要臨床表現(xiàn)為皮膚、黏膜多發(fā)性成簇的毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張?;颊咦詢和陂_(kāi)始常有反復(fù)的鼻衄和黑便等出血現(xiàn)象。除了微觀的黏膜皮膚毛細(xì)血管擴(kuò)張,HHT還在其他部位引起較大的血管畸形,其中肺、腦和肝臟部位的動(dòng)靜脈畸形是引起HHT致命并發(fā)癥的主要原因[44-45]。HHT以常染色體顯性方式遺傳,是一類由于TGF-β信號(hào)通路異常導(dǎo)致的疾病,已經(jīng)證明至少有3個(gè)基因的突變與HHT有關(guān):endoglin 基因、Alk-1 基因[46]和 SMAD4 基因[47]。
HHT以對(duì)癥治療為主,包括保守或介入治療鼻出血、栓塞或手術(shù)治療內(nèi)臟動(dòng)靜脈畸形、抗凝和抗栓治療進(jìn)行性貧血等[48]。最近的研究提出了很多新的治療方法,包括運(yùn)用普奈洛爾、貝伐單抗治療難治性的HHT相關(guān)鼻出血[49-50]、二甲雙胍治療HHT的肺動(dòng)脈畸形[51],以及射頻消融治療HHT的毛細(xì)血管畸形[52]等。
Maffucci綜合征(MS)是指廣泛靜脈畸形合并內(nèi)生軟骨瘤病的一種罕見(jiàn)疾病?;颊叱錾鷷r(shí)并無(wú)表現(xiàn),而在童年和青春期時(shí)發(fā)病,臨床表現(xiàn)常為雙側(cè)性,但單側(cè)比較明顯,軟骨瘤常見(jiàn)于掌骨及指骨[53]。MS的血管畸形表現(xiàn)為:藍(lán)紫色,質(zhì)軟,可壓縮,皮膚上表現(xiàn)為小結(jié)節(jié)。大多表現(xiàn)在肢端,也有報(bào)道發(fā)生在胃腸道系統(tǒng)和上呼吸道系統(tǒng)[54-55]。Maffucci綜合征的發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚不清楚,可能與IDH2基因的突變有關(guān)[56]。Amyere等[57]通過(guò)對(duì)MS的軟骨瘤細(xì)胞的基因篩查發(fā)現(xiàn),在2p22.3、2q24.3和14q11.2三個(gè)位點(diǎn)有明顯的基因拷貝數(shù)的異常,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能為MS的病因研究揭開(kāi)新的篇章。
該疾病的治療主要有兩個(gè)方面:軟骨瘤治療以手術(shù)為主,放療為輔;廣泛的靜脈畸形較難治療,暫無(wú)特效的治療方法。患者肢體的功能常因腫瘤而受損,應(yīng)手術(shù)干預(yù)減輕畸形,要注意監(jiān)測(cè)骨骼和非骨骼腫瘤的惡變,特別是腦和腹部的腫瘤[58]。
Blue rubber bleb nevus綜合征(BRBNS),即藍(lán)色橡皮皰痣綜合征,也稱Bean綜合征,是指一種皮膚與內(nèi)臟同時(shí)出現(xiàn)散發(fā)的靜脈畸形的臨床綜合征。其典型的皮膚靜脈畸形表現(xiàn)為:藍(lán)黑色,橡皮樣,直徑從0.1 cm至5 cm不等。這種靜脈畸形還常發(fā)生于胃腸道中,造成胃腸道出血,繼而導(dǎo)致貧血和慢性凝血功能障礙[59-60]。除了皮膚與胃腸道,全身其他部位也會(huì)受累,包括神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、肝臟、肌肉等[61]。近來(lái)的研究表明,BRBNS的發(fā)病可能與體細(xì)胞中TIE2基因突變有關(guān)[62]。
該病的治療尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),主要是針對(duì)并發(fā)癥進(jìn)行對(duì)癥支持治療。皮膚病灶除非出現(xiàn)功能障礙或面部畸形,否則無(wú)需治療。對(duì)于消化道血管瘤的治療,分散、孤立病灶主要采用內(nèi)鏡下硬化劑治療、套扎術(shù)、電凝術(shù)和激光治療等[60]。若病變范圍局限,血管瘤分布密集,可考慮手術(shù)切除。因隨訪報(bào)道不一,總體預(yù)后難以評(píng)估。消化道大出血是其主要死亡原因。近年來(lái)開(kāi)始研究雷帕霉素對(duì)BRBNS的療效,但該藥物的治療尚未規(guī)范,還需更多的臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)其效果[63]。
Proteus綜合征(PS),又名“變形綜合征”,是非常罕見(jiàn)的綜合征。臨床表現(xiàn)多樣且復(fù)雜,病變范圍廣泛。其病理改變屬于一種罕見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)構(gòu)增生綜合征,以皮膚、骨骼及軟組織的不對(duì)稱過(guò)度生長(zhǎng)為主要特點(diǎn)[64]。其臨床表現(xiàn)包括:表皮痣、髓樣結(jié)締組織痣、低流量血管畸形、骨骼不對(duì)稱性的異常增生、腫瘤(脂肪瘤、腮腺腺瘤、卵巢囊腺瘤等)、面部畸形、肺栓塞、深靜脈血栓及其他異常[65]。目前已證實(shí)有91%以上的PS患者的體細(xì)胞有AKT1基因的突變[66]。Youssefian等[67]提出的PIK3CA基因也可能與該疾病有關(guān)。
Proteus綜合征目前仍無(wú)特效的治療方法,以對(duì)癥治療為主,包括:手術(shù)延遲或停止骨骼生長(zhǎng)、糾正骨骼畸形、監(jiān)測(cè)和治療深靜脈血栓以及肺栓塞、監(jiān)控肺部并發(fā)癥、治療皮膚病變尤其是髓樣結(jié)締組織痣以及特殊教育干預(yù)發(fā)育延遲等。PS的診斷困難造成治療的延遲,建立多學(xué)科的治療團(tuán)隊(duì)勢(shì)在必行,需要對(duì)患者不斷地進(jìn)行監(jiān)控和隨訪[68]。Agarwal等[69]提出的基因靶向治療,可能成為包括PS、VHL和Cowden綜合征等基因突變引起的臨床綜合征的未來(lái)治療方向。
CLOVE(S)綜合征是一種以先天性(C)脂肪瘤(L)過(guò)度生長(zhǎng)(O)、血管畸形(V)、表皮痣(E)和脊柱側(cè)彎以及其他骨骼畸形(S)為主要表現(xiàn)的臨床綜合征。該綜合征中脂肪瘤常見(jiàn)于背部和腹壁,表面有紅斑;血管畸形常見(jiàn)靜脈和淋巴管畸形,也有脊柱部位的動(dòng)靜脈畸形;骨骼畸形最常見(jiàn)的是脊柱側(cè)彎,也有肢體骨骼肥大畸形,如巨指;皮膚病變常見(jiàn)表皮痣,也有靜脈或淋巴囊泡[70]。
CLOVE(S)綜合征的病因尚不清楚,該疾病有著與KTS相同的信號(hào)通路的缺失[71],表明該疾病可能與PIK3CA基因突變有關(guān)[72]。治療目前以手術(shù)為主,主要是處理肢體肥大和血管畸形,綜合治療還需多學(xué)科聯(lián)合[73]。
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Syndrome Associated with Vascular Anomalies:Diagnosis and Treatment
XU Yuan,YUAN Siming.Department of Plastic Surgery,Jinling Hospital,Nanjing University School of Medicine,Nanjing 210002,China.Corresponding author:YUAN Siming(E-mail:yuansm@163.com).
【Summary】Vascular anomalies is a general term for all the diseases of blood vessel and lymph vessel abnormalities.The clinical symptom and classification of vascular anomalies are complex and controversial.Many types of vascular anomalies show the typical clinical symptoms when combined by other diseases,which is summed up as syndrome associated with vasculars nomalies.In this paper,the diagnosis and treatment of several typical syndrome associated with vascular anomalies were summarized.
Vascular anomalies;Vascular tumors;Vascular malformation;Syndrome associated with vascular anomalies
R732.2
B
1673-0364(2017)05-0268-05
10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2017.05.008
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81272989)。
210002 江蘇省南京市 南京大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬金陵醫(yī)院(南京軍區(qū)南京總醫(yī)院)燒傷整形科。
袁斯明(E-mail:yuansm@163.com)。
2017年8月19日;
2017年8月28日)