任笑川
摘 要: 由于受漢語(yǔ)言文化潛移默化的影響,在漢譯英中存在中式英語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題。本文從比喻性詞語(yǔ)、詞語(yǔ)搭配不當(dāng)?shù)染艂€(gè)方面介紹中式英語(yǔ)的各種表現(xiàn),在翻譯過(guò)程中可以引以為戒,不斷提高漢譯英的水平。
關(guān)鍵詞: 中式英語(yǔ) 文化空缺 翻譯
中式英語(yǔ)是漢譯英中存在的最大問(wèn)題。究其原因,主要有兩個(gè):一是對(duì)原文沒(méi)有透徹全面的理解,僅從文字的表面著眼,只顧及字面上一一對(duì)應(yīng),沒(méi)有譯出真正的含義,二是深受漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)和本民族思維和表達(dá)方式的影響,沿用了漢語(yǔ)的搭配和結(jié)構(gòu),使譯文生硬機(jī)械,甚至有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。下面我們了解中式英語(yǔ)的種種表現(xiàn)。
一些漢語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)雖在英語(yǔ)里有概念意義的對(duì)應(yīng)詞,但文化意義空缺,常見于比喻性詞語(yǔ)。若盲目按字面譯成英文,就會(huì)文不對(duì)題,貽笑大方。例如:“胸有成竹”若譯成“He has long had fully-grown bamboo in his bosom. ”,這種怪物豈不讓人毛骨悚然,唯恐避之不及。直譯行不通,只能意譯。參考譯文:He has long had a well-thought-out plan in his mind.又如:“扯后腿”對(duì)號(hào)入座譯成“to pull ones hind leg ”實(shí)在讓人一頭霧水,不知所云,其實(shí)to hinder一個(gè)詞就足以譯出其精義?!笆逞浴币膊荒茏g為to eat ones word(收回某人所說(shuō)的話),而應(yīng)譯成to go back on ones word或to break ones word?!八媸莻€(gè)衣服架子”若按字面譯成“Hes a real coat hanger. ”,則與原句的比喻意思差之千里,正確的譯法應(yīng)是“He really looks handsome in all kinds of clothes.”。
由于風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、生活經(jīng)歷和思維方式等差異,許多漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)雖能在英語(yǔ)中找到相同或相似的成語(yǔ)表達(dá),但含義卻不同,不能簡(jiǎn)單對(duì)應(yīng)以使表達(dá)效果大相徑庭。例如:“同舟共濟(jì)”譯成 “to be in the same boat”就失去了其團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作、共渡難關(guān)的本義,變成“面臨同樣的困難或危險(xiǎn)局面”。恰當(dāng)?shù)淖g法應(yīng)是 “to cooperate and help each other in order to ride out a difficulty”?!笆袢腿铡辈荒苤苯犹子糜⒄Z(yǔ)成語(yǔ)“to bark at the moon”(徒勞,瞎嚷嚷),而應(yīng)譯成“to make a fuss about something that one alone finds strange”?!胺旄驳亍币膊皇恰皌o move heaven and earth”(竭盡全力),而是“epoch-making”或“earth-shaking”?!芭l(fā)沖冠”與“to make ones hair stand on end”的詞義相距甚遠(yuǎn),因后者意思是使人“毛骨悚然”,應(yīng)譯為“to bristle with anger”或“to fly into a rage”。
忽略英語(yǔ)盡量避免詞語(yǔ)重復(fù)的習(xí)慣,翻譯時(shí)仍舊沿用漢語(yǔ)澄清句法關(guān)系,形成音節(jié)平衡而重復(fù)的特點(diǎn)。例如:在一篇介紹山西旅游業(yè)的文章中有這樣一個(gè)句子:Shanxi is one of the birthplaces of the civilization of the Chinese nation;Shanxi is the miniature of the 5000 years civilization of China; Shanxi is also the root of all people of Chinese descent.在這個(gè)句子里,“Shanxi”一詞重復(fù)出現(xiàn)三次,參考譯文:Being one of the birthplaces of the civilization of the Chinese nation,Shanxi is the miniature of the 5000 years civilization of China and also the root of all people of Chinese descent.又如:將“停止的論點(diǎn),悲觀的論點(diǎn),無(wú)所作為和驕傲自滿的論點(diǎn)都是錯(cuò)誤的”譯成“Ideas of stagnation,ideas of pessimism,ideas of inertia and ideas of complacency are all wrong.”, “ideas”一詞重復(fù)四次,可參考:Ideas of stagnation pessimism, inertia and complacency are all wrong.另外一例:“加快基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。以公路建設(shè)為重點(diǎn),加強(qiáng)鐵路,機(jī)場(chǎng),天然氣管道干線的建設(shè)?!痹嚤容^這兩種譯文:We should accelerate infrastructure development,concentrate on the development of highways and strengthen the developement of railways, airports and gas pipelines 與 We should accelerate infrastructure development. While mainly concentrating on highways, efforts should be made to build more railways, airports and gas pipelines. 前者重復(fù)使用“development”使譯文帶有濃厚的中文味道,而后者既忠實(shí)于原句意思,又避免了重復(fù),顯然優(yōu)于前者。
不了解中外文化差異,翻譯時(shí)用了在英語(yǔ)中有負(fù)面聯(lián)想意義的詞語(yǔ),落入文化陷阱。例如:“‘金三角經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)區(qū)”譯成 a special economic development zone : a “Golden Triangle”,而“Golden Triangle”通常指東南亞以毒品生產(chǎn)走私而出名的地區(qū),譯成Golden Delta就可消除誤解和不好的聯(lián)想?!敖瘕埮齐娚取弊g成“Golden Dragon” brand electric fan, 殊不知,“dragon”在西方人心目中是個(gè)令人生畏的怪獸。試想這種電扇如何打入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)?參考譯文:“Jinlong” brand electric fan.“‘芳草牌牙膏”譯成“Fang Cao”brand tooth paste,“fang”在英語(yǔ)中對(duì)應(yīng)的一個(gè)同音同形異義詞“fang”,詞義指蛇的毒牙或狗、狼等又尖又長(zhǎng)的牙齒。這種牙膏只能讓英美人士望而生畏,不敢使用,可改譯為 “Fragrant Grass”brand tooth paste。另外,把海南島的“天涯海角”譯成了The End of the World,始料不及的是這個(gè)短語(yǔ)的意思是“世界末日”,這種地方誰(shuí)敢去旅游呢?應(yīng)改譯為L(zhǎng)ands End或The Ends of the Earth 。
一個(gè)民族所特有的文化現(xiàn)象在另一個(gè)民族的文化中有可能空缺。面對(duì)語(yǔ)言間的對(duì)應(yīng)空缺,有時(shí)需生造詞語(yǔ)。如:“陰陽(yáng)”、“大字報(bào)”、“琵琶”、“太極拳”、“風(fēng)水”、“炕”分別譯為:Yin and Yang, dazibao, pi-pa, taijiquan, Feng-shui, kang。但是不能濫用漢語(yǔ)拼音取代應(yīng)該有的翻譯。例如:將“創(chuàng)業(yè)大樓”誤譯成chuangye building,應(yīng)改譯為enterprise building。把巨石上的刻字“南天一柱”譯為Nantian Yizhu等于沒(méi)有翻譯,試譯為A Pillar into the Southern Sky。
對(duì)漢語(yǔ)中一些地道的簡(jiǎn)略語(yǔ)缺乏認(rèn)真透徹的理解,因而翻譯成很不地道的英語(yǔ)。例如:“抓大放小”譯成“grasp the major and lose the minor”,試對(duì)照“to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones”?!伴T前三包”譯成“guarantee things in three repects in front of the door”, 可參考譯為“to be responsible for general sanitation, green covering and keeping good social order in a designated area outside the unit building”。“三通”譯成three-side connections,正確譯文是“three direct links of trade, mail, and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits”。“釘子戶”譯成a nail-like person, 改譯為“a person or household who refuses to move and bargains for unreasonablely high compensation when the land is requisitioned for a construction project”。
忽視詞語(yǔ)的搭配,脫離上下文理解詞的意思。例如:漢語(yǔ)的“開”字在不同的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)里有不同的譯法,不能簡(jiǎn)單劃一,一路“open”到底。“開支票”就不能說(shuō)open a check,而要說(shuō)to write a check?!伴_業(yè)”也非open business,而是to start business?!伴_玩笑”更與open無(wú)緣,應(yīng)該是to crack a joke。“開工”就可以用“open”嗎?不行,要說(shuō)to go into operation。另外一個(gè)漢字“心”也要小心使用,不能簡(jiǎn)單譯成“heart”一詞。例如:“心不在焉”是absent-minded, “心胸開闊”是broad-minded,“心里話”是ones innermost thoughts and feelings,“心心相印”譯為to have mutual affinity,“心甘情愿”譯作to be most willing to。一個(gè)“看”字并非表面上看起來(lái)那么簡(jiǎn)單,例如:“我看出了他的心事”應(yīng)譯為“I could read his thoughts. ”,而不是“I could see his mind.”。“明天去不去釣魚得看天氣。”,其中“看”字要譯為depend on, 與look at, see, watch統(tǒng)統(tǒng)無(wú)關(guān)。
不顧英文文法,硬套中文文法,出現(xiàn)了詞的用法錯(cuò)誤。例如:“托尼和市長(zhǎng)的女兒結(jié)了婚?!闭`譯為“Tony married with the daughter of the mayor.”,應(yīng)該把介詞“with”刪掉才對(duì)?!拔覒岩烧嬗羞@事?!眳s譯成“I doubt that it is true.”, 正確譯法為“I doubt whether it is true.”?!白诨▓@中的籬笆上,一只黃蜂蜇了我一下?!闭`譯成“Sitting on a fence in my garden, a wasp stung me.”,參考譯文“Sitting on a fence in my garden,I was stung by a wasp.”?!熬垡膊灰?,散也不易”照搬原句譯成了“To gather is not easy,to leave is not easy, either.”,合乎英文文法的譯文是“Its not easy to gather, nor is it to leave each other.”。詞的用法錯(cuò)誤常見于搭配錯(cuò)誤,如:某城市四處張貼了這樣兩條節(jié)水標(biāo)語(yǔ):THE CITY IS LACK OF WATER RESOURCES. PLEASE SAVE ON IT.(城市缺水。 請(qǐng)節(jié)約用水。)“l(fā)ack”是及物動(dòng)詞,原句應(yīng)改為THE CITY LACKS WATER RESOURCES,“save”也是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)跟“for”搭配,第二句可改為:PLEASE SAVE IT。
落入顏色陷阱,引起歧義和誤解。例如:“紅色帶子”誤譯為red tape(官僚習(xí)氣),應(yīng)譯為red ribbon?!包S色書籍”誤譯成yellow books(黃皮書),應(yīng)譯為pornographic books?!澳吧暮谌恕弊g成了black strangers(完全陌生的人),可對(duì)照unfamiliar black people。
以上為涉及中式英語(yǔ)的九種表現(xiàn)。盡管中國(guó)人由于受母語(yǔ)的干擾,漢文化根深蒂固的影響,在漢譯英的過(guò)程中不可避免帶有中文的味道,然而有兩點(diǎn)需要注意:一是避免引起歧義和誤解,二是要忠實(shí)于英文文法,不要摻雜中文文法,形成文法錯(cuò)誤。翻譯工作要有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)求實(shí)、精益求精的治學(xué)精神,注重翻譯理論的應(yīng)用,在實(shí)踐中不斷提高翻譯水平,力求將中式英語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)的頻率降到最低。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]徐江.輕松學(xué)習(xí)英漢互譯[M].天津:天津科技翻譯出版公司,2002.
[2]莊繹傳.英漢翻譯簡(jiǎn)明教程[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002.
[3]王治奎.大學(xué)漢英翻譯教程[M].濟(jì)南:山東大學(xué)出版社,2008.
[4]孫萬(wàn)彪,王恩銘.高級(jí)翻譯教程[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,2011.
[5]張曦.中級(jí)筆譯輔導(dǎo)教程[M].上海:上海交通大學(xué)出版社,2012.