黎筆熙,朱水波,殷桂林,張曉明,程旺生,程大新,陶 軍
·臨床研究·
鹽酸戊乙奎醚對(duì)體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù)患者全身炎癥反應(yīng)的影響
黎筆熙,朱水波,殷桂林,張曉明,程旺生,程大新,陶 軍
目的 探討鹽酸戊乙奎醚(PHC)對(duì)體外循環(huán)(CPB)心臟手術(shù)患者術(shù)后全身炎癥反應(yīng)的影響。方法 擇期體外循環(huán)下行心臟手術(shù)患者40例,心功能NYHA分級(jí)II~I(xiàn)II級(jí),按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字法分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,每組20例。觀察組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)前靜脈注射PHC 0.03 mg/kg;對(duì)照組患者相同時(shí)間點(diǎn)注射等容量的生理鹽水。分別于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前 (T0)、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)(T1)、手術(shù)后6 h(T2)、12 h(T3)、24 h(T4)等5個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)測(cè)定血漿IL-8、TNFα和NF-κB等水平。記錄麻醉藥物用量;記錄患者氣管導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間、ICU住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間等臨床指標(biāo)。結(jié)果 T1至T4兩組血漿IL-8和TNFα濃度顯著升高(P<0.05),觀察組IL-8和TNFα濃度顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。T1至T4兩組血漿NF-κB濃度顯著升高(P<0.05),觀察組NF-κB濃度顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組患者術(shù)后留置氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)間、ICU住院時(shí)間和術(shù)后總住院時(shí)間均小于對(duì)照組,但兩組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 PHC對(duì)CPB下心臟手術(shù)患者的系統(tǒng)性的炎癥反應(yīng)具有一定的抑制效應(yīng),其機(jī)制與其調(diào)控NF-κB信號(hào)通路的活性、減少IL-8和TNFα等炎性介質(zhì)的釋放有關(guān)。
體外循環(huán);心臟手術(shù);全身炎癥反應(yīng);鹽酸戊乙奎醚
炎癥反應(yīng)是體外循環(huán)(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)心臟手術(shù)后最基本的病理生理改變[1-3]。過度的炎癥狀態(tài)是誘發(fā)CPB下心臟手術(shù)患者術(shù)后發(fā)生低氧血癥、呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)乃至多臟器衰竭(MODS)的重要因素[4-6]。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道鹽酸戊乙奎醚(penehyclidine hydrochloride,PHC)對(duì)全身性炎癥反應(yīng)具有抑制作用,可以降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[7-9]。本研究通過測(cè)定CPB下心臟手術(shù)患者應(yīng)用PHC后,血漿白介素-8(IL-8)和腫瘤壞死因子α(TNFα)以及核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(NF-κB)等細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)水平的變化,探討PHC對(duì)CPB后全身炎癥反應(yīng)的干預(yù)效應(yīng)。
本研究方案報(bào)經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有患者簽署知情同意書。
1.1 病例選擇和分組 本研究納入40例年齡18~65歲、擇期在CPB下行心臟手術(shù)的患者。同時(shí)排除術(shù)前合并先天性心臟病、肝腎功能異常、發(fā)生急性感染、嚴(yán)重營養(yǎng)不良以及術(shù)后二次開胸止血的手術(shù)患者。所有患者按照常規(guī)臨床治療方案進(jìn)行治療。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字法分為PHC觀察組和對(duì)照組,每組20例。觀察組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)前靜脈注射PHC 0.03 mg/kg,用生理鹽水稀釋至5 ml后緩慢推注;對(duì)照組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)前靜脈注射等量生理鹽水。
1.2 麻醉方法 患者入室后開放外周靜脈通道,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖、脈搏血氧飽和度,局麻下左側(cè)橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)動(dòng)脈血壓并用于采集血標(biāo)本。麻醉誘導(dǎo)用藥為咪唑安定0.01 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.2 mg/kg、舒芬太尼3μg/kg、羅庫溴銨0.9 mg/kg順序靜脈推注,氣管插管后接麻醉機(jī)輔助呼吸,呼吸參數(shù)設(shè)定為VT=(6~8)ml/kg、f=(12~15)bpm、I∶E=1∶1.5,維持呼氣末CO2分壓(PETCO2)35~45 mm Hg。麻醉維持采用異丙酚持續(xù)泵注、舒芬太尼和羅庫溴銨間斷推注。全麻插管后經(jīng)右側(cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈穿刺置入7 F雙腔導(dǎo)管用于輸注血管活性藥物、輸血輸液并監(jiān)測(cè)中心靜脈壓。
1.3 CPB管理 CPB使用Jostra HL30型人工心肺機(jī)、Medtronic成人膜肺、國產(chǎn)CPB配套管路和動(dòng)脈微栓過濾器,初始預(yù)充液采用佳樂施1 000 ml+勃脈力A 500 ml。所有患者均取正中劈胸骨切口,全身肝素化(3 mg/kg)后分別經(jīng)升主動(dòng)脈和上、下腔靜脈插管建立體外循環(huán),采用中低溫(28~30℃)、非搏動(dòng)灌注,灌注流量為60~80 ml/(kg·min),維持平均動(dòng)脈壓50~60 mm Hg;采用中度血液稀釋,維持紅細(xì)胞比容0.25~0.30,根據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果適時(shí)輸注庫存紅細(xì)胞或采用超濾濃縮血液;轉(zhuǎn)流過程血?dú)夥治霾捎忙练€(wěn)態(tài)管理,氧流量與灌注流量比值設(shè)定為0.5~1.0∶1,維持PaCO2在35~45 mm Hg;心肌保護(hù)采用4∶1冷血停搏液順行灌注,首次灌注量為15~20 ml/kg,灌注間隔時(shí)間為30 min,后續(xù)灌注量為10~15 ml/kg;復(fù)溫時(shí)水溫與鼻咽溫的差值最大不超過8℃,最高水溫不超過39.0℃。
1.4 監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo) 觀察的主要指標(biāo)為血漿 IL-8、TNFα和NF-κB濃度。分別于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前(T0)、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)(T1)、手術(shù)后6 h(T2)、12 h(T3)、24 h(T4)5個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)用一次性注射器抽取2 ml動(dòng)脈血標(biāo)本保存于無菌離心管中,靜置30 min后以4 000 r/min的速度離心10 min,取上清液用無菌離心管保存于-40℃冰箱,用ELISA法集中測(cè)定IL-8、TNFα和NF-κB等細(xì)胞因子的含量。次要指標(biāo)為患者術(shù)后氣管導(dǎo)管拔管時(shí)間、ICU住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間等早期預(yù)后臨床指標(biāo)。記錄麻醉期間各種麻醉藥物用量;記錄麻醉期間和術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)血和液體出入量。
1.5 樣本量計(jì)算 在試驗(yàn)前進(jìn)行了每組4例的預(yù)試驗(yàn),在T3時(shí)點(diǎn)測(cè)得觀察組和對(duì)照組的NF-κB水平分別為(2.36±0.50)μg/L和(1.79±0.49)μg/L。以a=0.05,1-β=0.90,計(jì)算兩組出現(xiàn)NF-κB值有差別所需最小樣本量為17名,考慮到約20%的誤差,則每組納入20名患者。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(?x± s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本的t檢驗(yàn);不同時(shí)點(diǎn)間的比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量的方差分析。不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用中位數(shù)和四分位間距表示,組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料用頻數(shù)表示,采用X2檢驗(yàn);P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
對(duì)照組有1例患者術(shù)后行開胸探查止血術(shù),將其剔出統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。納入統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的樣本量分別為觀察組20例、對(duì)照組19例。
2.1 患者臨床資料 兩組患者年齡、體重指數(shù)、性別構(gòu)成比、疾病分布等差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);麻醉、手術(shù)時(shí)間以及體外循環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)流時(shí)間和升主動(dòng)脈阻斷時(shí)間等組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);麻醉藥物用量、心肌保護(hù)液灌注次數(shù)以及轉(zhuǎn)流過程中超濾液量?jī)山M間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組患者術(shù)中和術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)輸血、輸液量和液體出入量比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2 血漿IL-8濃度變化 T1至T4時(shí)點(diǎn)兩組患者血漿IL-8濃度均顯著升高(P<0.01)。T1至T4時(shí)點(diǎn)觀察組血漿IL-8濃度均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01)。見圖1。
表1 各組患者臨床資料比較(±s)
表1 各組患者臨床資料比較(±s)
項(xiàng)目 觀察組(n=20)對(duì)照組(n=19) P值年齡(歲) 45.4±11.4 45.0±8.9 0.900體重指數(shù)(kg/m2) 21.95±1.94 20.78±2.16 0.078男/女(n) 12/8 10/9 0.643麻醉維持用藥異丙酚(mg/kg) 24.52±6.64 25.22±7.63 0.760舒芬太尼(μg/kg) 8.12±3.31 7.59±2.31 0.562羅庫溴銨(mg/kg) 2.36±0.62 2.48±0.48 0.479病種分布 0.634風(fēng)濕性心臟?。╪) 11 9冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。╪) 9 10心功能NYHA分級(jí) 0.821Ⅱ級(jí)(n) 13 13Ⅲ級(jí)(n) 7 6麻醉時(shí)間(min) 349.8±77.9 329.7±73.8 0.407手術(shù)時(shí)間(min) 302.4±76.7 282.5±68.1 0.391轉(zhuǎn)流時(shí)間(min) 134.9±35.7 126.9±14.2 0.355阻斷時(shí)間(min) 82.9±26.0 72.7±19.1 0.164停搏液灌注次數(shù) 2.3±0.7 2.3±0.6 1.000超濾(ml) 1435.0±544.1 1630.0±585.0 0.282術(shù)中輸入量紅細(xì)胞(ml) 500.0±239.0 500.0±106.1 1.000血漿(ml) 360.0±164.7 370.0±301.2 0.934人工膠體(ml) 1520.0±262.4 1580.0±204.9 0.688晶體液(ml) 750.0±220.5 686.8±253.9 0.104術(shù)中出量出血量(ml) 632.5±53.0 680.0±54.9 0.160尿量(ml) 1485.0±661.2 1480.0±679.5 0.981術(shù)后24 h輸入量紅細(xì)胞(ml) 432.3±231.8 515.4±190.8 0.304血漿(ml) 647.5±316.4 772.5±237.2 0.166晶體液(ml) 2462.5±514.7 2525.5±383.6 0.663術(shù)后24 h出量胸腔引流量(ml) 434.7±172.4 428.5±151.0 0.904尿量(ml) 2634.9±429.1 2263.5±842.8 0.087
圖1 各組患者血漿IL-8濃度變化趨勢(shì)
2.3 血漿TNFα濃度變化 T1至T4時(shí)點(diǎn)兩組患者血漿TNFα濃度均顯著升高(P<0.01)。T1至T4時(shí)點(diǎn)觀察組血漿TNFα濃度均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01)。見圖2。
2.4 血漿NF-κB濃度變化 T1至T4時(shí)點(diǎn)兩組患者血漿NF-κB濃度均顯著升高(P<0.01)。T1至T4時(shí)點(diǎn)觀察組血漿NF-κB濃度均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01)。見圖3。
2.5 早期預(yù)后與臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸 觀察組患者術(shù)后留置氣管導(dǎo)管時(shí)間、ICU住院時(shí)間和術(shù)后總住院時(shí)間均小于對(duì)照組,但組間比較無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組患者住院期間無死亡病例發(fā)生。見表2。
圖2 各組患者血漿TNF-α濃度變化趨勢(shì)
圖3 各組患者血漿NF-κB濃度變化趨勢(shì)
表2 兩組患者氣管導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間、ICU住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)比較(中位數(shù)和四分位間距)
與CPB心臟手術(shù)相關(guān)的、最重要的細(xì)胞因子包括IL-8和TNFα等促炎因子[1]。IL-8是最強(qiáng)的中性粒細(xì)胞趨化因子,可以誘導(dǎo)肺毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)的中性粒細(xì)胞在肺組織的浸潤,繼而誘發(fā)一系列的鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng),從而啟動(dòng)炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致一系列的繼發(fā)性病理生理變化[6-10]。TNFα是內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞早期分泌的主要促炎細(xì)胞因子,在肺損傷的早期階段發(fā)揮啟動(dòng)因子的角色。它可以通過一系列的調(diào)控作用啟動(dòng)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞等炎性反應(yīng)細(xì)胞的活性,促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)過程的發(fā)生發(fā)展[11]。研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組手術(shù)患者IL-8和TNFα等炎性因子表達(dá)顯著上升,表明隨著外科手術(shù)的開始和體外循環(huán)等創(chuàng)傷性操作的進(jìn)展,觸發(fā)了體內(nèi)的炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),體內(nèi)炎性因子保持高分泌狀態(tài),并延續(xù)到術(shù)后治療階段。兩組手術(shù)患者術(shù)后NF-κB的表達(dá)顯著上調(diào),表明在CPB心臟手術(shù)患者的全身性和局部的炎癥反應(yīng)存在NF-κB信號(hào)通路的調(diào)控作用。NF-κB激活后,可誘導(dǎo)IL、TNFα等炎性介質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,而這些炎性因子又作為激動(dòng)劑反饋性作用于NF-κB,形成一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、具有級(jí)聯(lián)放大效應(yīng)的反饋調(diào)節(jié)環(huán)路,加重機(jī)體的炎癥反應(yīng)和組織損傷作用[12]。
觀察組患者血漿IL-8和TNFα等促炎細(xì)胞因子上升速度和峰值濃度均顯著低于對(duì)照組,表明預(yù)先靜脈注射PHC能夠有效抑制患者體內(nèi)的炎癥反應(yīng)、降低細(xì)胞因子的分泌水平。循環(huán)中 IL-8和TNFα的升高與術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展具有密切的關(guān)系[13-14]。IL-8和TNFα分泌減少,可以抑制全身性和局部組織的炎癥反應(yīng),減少組織器官內(nèi)白細(xì)胞的聚集和細(xì)胞凋亡,從而減少組織器官的損傷并改善其功能[15],促進(jìn)患者的術(shù)后康復(fù),在臨床上表現(xiàn)為觀察組患者氣管導(dǎo)管留置時(shí)間、ICU及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間縮短。Schwartz等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NF-κB信號(hào)通路激活、誘導(dǎo)促炎因子的大量釋放是炎癥反應(yīng)造成組織器官損傷的關(guān)鍵發(fā)病環(huán)節(jié),NF-κB的持續(xù)活化與組織器官損傷的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)[12]。研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組患者NF-κB的表達(dá)水平顯著低于對(duì)照組,表明PHC可以抑制NF-κB的表達(dá),從而抑制NF-κB信號(hào)通路的活性,減少IL-8和TNFα等促炎細(xì)胞因子的釋放,最終降低機(jī)體的炎癥反應(yīng),減輕組織損傷、改善器官功能。
綜上所述,PHC對(duì)CPB下心臟手術(shù)患者的系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)具有一定的抑制效應(yīng),其機(jī)制與其調(diào)控NF-κB信號(hào)通路的活性、減少IL-8和TNFα等炎性介質(zhì)的釋放有關(guān)。
[1] Inoue N,Oka N,Kitamura T,etal.Neutrophil elastase inhibitor sivelestat attenuates perioperative inflammatory response in pediat?ric heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass[J].Int Heart J,2013,54(3):149-153.
[2] Wang C,LiD,Qian Y,etal.Increasedmatrixmetalloproteinase-9 activity andmRNA expression in lung injury following cardiop?ulmonary bypass[J].Lab Invest,2012,92(6):910-916.
[3] Apostolakis EE,Koletsis EN,Baikoussis NG,etal.Strategies to prevent intraoperative lung injury during cardiopulmonary bypass[J].JCardiothorac Surg,2010,5:1.
[4] Frering B,Philip I,Dehoux M,et al.Circulating cytokines in patients undergoing normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1994,108(4):636-641.
[5] Giomarelli P,Scolletta S,Borrelli E,et al.Myocardial and lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass:role of interleukin(IL)-10[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2003,76(1):117-123.
[6] Zhang R,Wang Z,Wang H,et al.Effective pulmonary artery perfusion mode during cardiopulmonary bypass[J].Heart Surg Forum,2011,14(1):E18-E21.
[7] Xiao HT,Liao Z,Tong RS.Penehyclidine hydrochloride:a po?tential drug for treating COPD by attenuating Toll-like receptors[J].Drug Des Devel Ther,2012,6:317-322.
[8] Li BQ,Sun HC,Nie SN,et al.Effect of penehyclidine hydro?chloride on patients with acute lung injury and its mechanisms[J].Chin JTraumatol,2010,13(6):329-335.
[9] Cao HJ,Sun YJ,Zhang TZ,et al.Penehyclidine hydrochloride attenuates the cerebral injury in a rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass[J].Can JPhysiol Pharmacol,2013,91(7):521-527.
[10] Xie K,Yu Y,Huang Y,et al.Molecular hydrogen ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice through re?ducing inflammation and apoptosis[J].Shock,2012,37(5):548-555.
[11] Tracey KJ,Cerami A.Tumor necrosis factor:a pleiotropic cytokine and therapeutic target[J].Annu Rev Med,1994,45:491-503.
[12] EverhartMB,HanW,Sherrill TP,etal.Duration and intensity of NF-kappaB activity determine the severity of endotoxin-induced a?cute lung injury[J].J Immunol,2006,176(8):4995-5005.
[13] Chen G,You G,Wang Y,etal.Effects of synthetic colloids on oxi?dative stress and inflammatory response in hemorrhagic shock:com?parison of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4,hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5,and succinylated gelatin[J].Crit Care,2013,17(4):R141.
[14] 吳建濤,譚焱,殷桂林.內(nèi)皮素受體拮抗劑在肺缺血-再灌注損傷中保護(hù)作用的研究進(jìn)展[J].華南國防醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2011,25(6):545-547.
[15] Qi D,Gao M X,Yu Y.Intratracheal antitumor necrosis factor-al?pha antibody attenuates lung tissue damage following cardiopulmo?nary bypass[J].Artif Organs,2013,37(2):142-149.
[16] Schwartz MD,Moore EE,Moore FA,et al.Nuclear factor-kap?pa B is activated in alveolarmacrophages from patientswith acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Crit Care Med,1996,24(8):1285-1292.
Effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on system ic inflammatory reaction in pa?tients undergoing cardiac surgery w ith cardiopulmonary bypass
Li Bi-xi,Zhu Shui-bo,Yin Gui-lin,Zhang Xiao-ming,Cheng Wang-sheng,Cheng Da-xin,Tao Jun Department ofAnesthesiology,Wuhan General Hospital ofGuangzhou Command,Wuhan 430070,China Corresponding author:Zhang Xiao-ming,Email:whzyyzxm@sina.com
Objective To investigate effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride(PHC)on systemic inflammatory reaction in pa?tients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).M ethods Forty patients undergoing cardiac surgery with car?diopulmonary bypass were enrolled in the study.All patients were randomly divided into trial group and control group(twenty in each group).Patients in trial groupreceived an intravenous injection of 0.03 mg/kg PHC before anesthesia induction and those in control group were given the same volume of normal saline.Blood sampleswere collected at the following time points:before anesthesia induc?tion(T0),the end of the operation(T1),6 hours(T2),12 hours(T3)and 24 hours postoperatively(T4)for themeasurement of IL-8,TNFαand NF-κB.The outcomes included duration of intubation(DOI),length of intensive care unit stay(LOI)and length of hospital stay after the surgery(LOH).Results The plasma levels of IL-8 and TNFαincreased significantly from T1 to T4 in both groups,and those in trial group were statistical lower than control group from T1 to T4(P<0.05).The plasma level of NF-κB in?creased significantly from T1 to T4 in both groups,and those in trial group were lower than control group from T1 to T4(P<0.05).The DOI,LOIand LOH in trial groupwere shorter than control group,but therewere no statistically significantbetween two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion PHC inhibits systemic inflammatory response in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass,and itsmecha?nisms is relevant to the regulation of NF-κB signal way on the production of proinflammatory cytokinesas,like IL-8 and TNFα.
Cardiopulmonary bypass;Cardio surgery;Systemic inflammatory reaction;Penehyclidine hydrochloride
2016?03?15)
2016?03?28)
10.13498/j.cnki.chin.j.ecc.年.期.流水號(hào)
430070武漢,廣州軍區(qū)武漢總醫(yī)院麻醉科(黎筆熙、程旺生、程大新、陶 軍);廣州軍區(qū)武漢總醫(yī)院心胸外科(朱水波、殷桂林、張曉明)
張曉明,Email:whzyyzxm@sina.com